Jonathan A C Sterne

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All published works

Action	Title	Year	Authors
+	A structural description of biases that generate immortal time	2024	Miguel A. Hernán Jonathan A C Sterne Julian P. T. Higgins Ian Shrier Sonia Hernández–Dı́az
+	A tool to assess risk of bias in non-randomized follow-up studies of exposure effects (ROBINS-E)	2024	Julian P. T. Higgins Rebecca L. Morgan Andrew A. Rooney Kyla W. Taylor Kristina A. Thayer Raquel A. Silva Courtney Lemeris Elie A. Akl Thomas F. Bateson Nancy D Berkman
+ PDF Chat	Reporting of Observational Studies Explicitly Aiming to Emulate Randomized Trials	2023	Harrison J Hansford Aidan G Cashin Matthew D. Jones Sonja A. Swanson Nazrul Islam Susan R. G. Douglas Rodrigo R N Rizzo Jack J Devonshire Sam A. Williams Issa J Dahabreh
+ PDF Chat	Comparative Effectiveness of Dynamic Treatment Strategies for Medication Use and Dosage: Emulating a Target Trial Using Observational Data	2023	Kate Birnie Charles Tomson Fergus Caskey Yoav Ben‐Shlomo Dorothea Nitsch Anna Casula Eleanor J. Murray Jonathan A C Sterne
+ PDF Chat	Development of the TrAnsparent ReportinG of observational studies Emulating a Target trial (TARGET) guideline	2023	Harrison J Hansford Aidan G Cashin Matthew D. Jones Sonja A. Swanson Nazrul Islam Issa J Dahabreh Barbra A. Dickerman Matthias Egger Xabier García‐Albéniz Robert Golub
+ PDF Chat	Comparative effectiveness of two- and three-dose schedules involving AZD1222 and BNT162b2 in people with kidney disease: a linked OpenSAFELY and UK Renal Registry cohort study	2022	Edward P K Parker Elsie Horne William Hulme John Tazare Bang Zheng Edward J Carr Fiona Loud Susan Lyon Viyaasan Mahalingasivam Brian MacKenna
+ PDF Chat	Estimating the Effectiveness of First Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine Against Mortality in England: A Quasi-Experimental Study	2022	Charlotte Bermingham Jasper Morgan Daniel Ayoubkhani Myer Glickman Nazrul Islam Aziz Sheikh Jonathan A C Sterne Andrew Walker Vahé Nafilyan
+ PDF Chat	Waning effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 covid-19 vaccines over six months since second dose: OpenSAFELY cohort study using linked electronic health records	2022	Elsie Horne William Hulme Ruth H. Keogh Tom Palmer Elizabeth Williamson Edward P K Parker Amelia Green Venexia Walker Alex J Walker Helen J Curtis
+ PDF Chat	COVID-19 trajectories among 57 million adults in England: a cohort study using electronic health records	2022	Johan H. Thygesen Christopher Tomlinson Sam Hollings Mehrdad A. Mizani Álex Handy Ashley Akbari Amitava Banerjee Jennifer Cooper Alvina G. Lai Kezhi Li
+ PDF Chat	Waning effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccines over six months since second dose: a cohort study using linked electronic health records	2022	Elsie Horne William Hulme Ruth H. Keogh Tom Palmer Elizabeth Williamson Edward P K Parker Amelia Green Venexia Walker Alex J Walker Helen J Curtis
+	An informatics consult approach for generating clinical evidence for treatment decisions	2021	Alvina G. Lai Wai Hoong Chang Constantinos A. Parisinos Michail Katsoulis Ruth Blackburn Anoop D Shah Vincent Nguyen Spiros Denaxas George Davey Smith Tom R. Gaunt
+	Estimating the effectiveness of first dose of COVID-19 vaccine against mortality in England: a quasi-experimental study	2021	Charlotte Bermingham Jasper Morgan Daniel Ayoubkhani Myer Glickman Nazrul Islam Aziz Sheikh Jonathan A C Sterne A. Sarah Walker Vahé Nafilyan
+ PDF Chat	An Informatics Consult approach for generating clinical evidence for treatment decisions	2021	Alvina G. Lai Wai Hoong Chang Constantinos A. Parisinos Michail Katsoulis Ruth Blackburn Anoop D Shah Vincent Nguyen Spiros Denaxas George Davey Smith Tom R. Gaunt
+ PDF Chat	Collider bias undermines our understanding of COVID-19 disease risk and severity	2020	Gareth J Griffith Tim Morris Matthew Tudball Annie Herbert Giulia Mancano Lindsey Pike Gemma C. Sharp Jonathan A C Sterne Tom Palmer George Davey Smith
+ PDF Chat	Impact of blinding on estimated treatment effects in randomised clinical trials: meta-epidemiological study	2020	Helene Moustgaard Gemma Clayton Hayley E. Jones Isabelle Boutron Lars Jørgensen David Ruben Teindl Laursen Mette Frahm Olsen Asger Sand Paludan-Müller Philippe Ravaud Jelena Savović
+ PDF Chat	Ten questions to consider when interpreting results of a meta‐epidemiological study—the MetaBLIND study as a case	2019	Helene Moustgaard Hayley E. Jones Jelena Savović Gemma Clayton Jonathan A C Sterne Julian P. T. Higgins Asbjørn Hróbjartsson
+	Assessing risk of bias in a non‐randomized study	2019	Jonathan A C Sterne Miguel A. Hernán Alexandra McAleenan Barnaby C Reeves Julian P. T. Higgins
+ PDF Chat	Design characteristics, risk of bias, and reporting of randomised controlled trials supporting approvals of cancer drugs by European Medicines Agency, 2014-16: cross sectional analysis	2019	Huseyin Naci Courtney Davis Jelena Savović Julian P. T. Higgins Jonathan A C Sterne Bishal Gyawali Xochitl Romo-Sandoval Nicola Handley Christopher M. Booth
+ PDF Chat	Adjusting Trial Results for Biases in Meta-Analysis: Combining Data-Based Evidence on Bias With Detailed Trial Assessment	2019	Kirsty Rhodes Jelena Savović Roy G. Elbers Hayley E. Jones Julian P. T. Higgins Jonathan A C Sterne Nicky J. Welton R. M. Turner
+ PDF Chat	Effect Estimates in Randomized Trials and Observational Studies: Comparing Apples With Apples	2019	Sara Lodi Andrew Phillips Jens Lundgren Roger Logan Shweta Sharma Stephen R. Cole Abdel Babiker Matthew Law Haitao Chu Dana Byrne
+ PDF Chat	Accounting for missing data in statistical analyses: multiple imputation is not always the answer	2019	Rachael A. Hughes Jon Heron Jonathan A C Sterne Kate Tilling
+ PDF Chat	GRADE guidelines: 18. How ROBINS-I and other tools to assess risk of bias in nonrandomized studies should be used to rate the certainty of a body of evidence	2018	Holger J. Schünemann Carlos A. Cuello‐García Elie A. Akl Reem A. Mustafa Joerg J Meerpohl Kris Thayer Rebecca L. Morgan Gerald Gartlehner Regina Kunz Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
+ PDF Chat	Association Between Risk-of-Bias Assessments and Results of Randomized Trials in Cochrane Reviews: The ROBES Meta-Epidemiologic Study	2017	Jelena Savović Rebecca M. Turner David Mawdsley Hayley E. Jones Rebecca Beynon Julian P. T. Higgins Jonathan A C Sterne
+	Analyzing Repeated Measurements while Accounting for Derivative Tracking, Varying Within-subject Variance, and Autocorrelation: The Xtmixediou Command	2017	Rachael A. Hughes Michael G. Kenward Jonathan A C Sterne Kate Tilling
+ PDF Chat	Methodological and statistical issues related to analysis of survival – Authors' reply	2017	Adam Trickey Margaret May Jonathan A C Sterne
+	Estimation of the linear mixed integrated Ornstein–Uhlenbeck model	2017	Rachael A. Hughes Michael G. Kenward Jonathan A C Sterne Kate Tilling
+ PDF Chat	Biases in Randomized Trials	2016	Mohammad Alì Mansournia Julian P. T. Higgins Jonathan A C Sterne Miguel A. Hernán
+	Analyzing repeated measurements while accounting for derivative tracking varying within-subject variance and autocorrelation: the xtiou command	2016	Rachael A. Hughes Michael G. Kenward Jonathan A C Sterne Kate Tilling
+ PDF Chat	Sensitivity analysis for the effects of multiple unmeasured confounders	2016	Rolf H. H. Groenwold Jonathan A C Sterne Debbie A. Lawlor Karel G.M. Moons Arno W. Hoes Kate Tilling
+	CAP: Cluster randomised triAl of PSA testing for Prostate cancer Statistical Analysis Plan	2016	Chris Metcalfe Jonathan A C Sterne Emma L. Turner Richard M. Martin
+	CAP: Cluster randomised triAl of PSA testing for Prostate cancer Statistical Analysis Plan: version 1.5 26/07/2016	2016	Chris Metcalfe Jonathan A C Sterne Emma L. Turner Richard M. Martin
+ PDF Chat	Appropriate inclusion of interactions was needed to avoid bias in multiple imputation	2016	Kate Tilling Elizabeth Williamson Michael Spratt Jonathan A C Sterne James R. Carpenter
+ PDF Chat	Empirical Evidence of Study Design Biases in Randomized Trials: Systematic Review of Meta-Epidemiological Studies	2016	Matthew J. Page Julian P. T. Higgins Gemma Clayton Jonathan A C Sterne Asbjørn Hróbjartsson Jelena Savović
+	Analyzing repeated measurements while accounting for derivative tracking varying within-subject variance and autocorrelation: the xtiou command	2016	Rachael A. Hughes Michael G. Kenward Jonathan A C Sterne Kate Tilling
+ PDF Chat	Using observational data to emulate a randomized trial of dynamic treatment switching strategies	2016	Lauren E. Cain Michael S Saag Maya Petersen Margaret May Suzanne M Ingle Roger Logan James M. Robins Sophie Abgrall Bryan E. Shepherd Steven G. Deeks
+ PDF Chat	Estimating the effect of “treatment in the treated” - instrumental variable analysis vs conventional regression methods in the titre-2 trial in cardiac surgery	2015	Chris Rogers Katie Pike Jonathan A C Sterne Barnaby C Reeves
+ PDF Chat	Lack of Identification in Semiparametric Instrumental Variable Models With Binary Outcomes	2014	Stephen Burgess Raquel Granell Tom Palmer Jonathan A C Sterne Vanessa Didelez
+ PDF Chat	Comparison of imputation variance estimators	2014	Rachael A. Hughes Jonathan A C Sterne Kate Tilling
+ PDF Chat	Joint modelling rationale for chained equations	2014	Rachael A. Hughes Ian R. White Shaun R. Seaman James R. Carpenter Kate Tilling Jonathan A C Sterne
+	CAP: Cluster randomised triAl of PSA testing for Prostate cancer Statistical Analysis Plan: version 1.3 16/12/2014	2014	Chris Metcalfe Jonathan A C Sterne Emma L. Turner Richard M. Martin
+ PDF Chat	Guidance to detect, evaluate and prevent the problem of selective reporting in trial publications	2013	Kerry Dwan Paula Williamson Carrol Gamble Julian P. T. Higgins Jonathan A C Sterne Douglas G. Altman Mike Clarke Jamie J Kirkham
+ PDF Chat	Comparison of treatment effect sizes associated with surrogate and final patient relevant outcomes in randomised controlled trials: meta-epidemiological study	2013	Oriana Ciani Marc Buyse Ruth Garside Toby Pavey Ken Stein Jonathan A C Sterne R Taylor
+	Statistical Inference, Confidence Intervals and P‐Values	2013	Kate Tilling Sara Brookes Jonathan A C Sterne
+ PDF Chat	Design, analysis and reporting of active-control randomised trials: a systematic review	2013	Lang’o Odondi Chris Metcalfe Jonathan A C Sterne
+	Methods for dealing with time‐dependent confounding	2012	Rhian Daniel Simon Cousens Bianca De Stavola Michael G. Kenward Jonathan A C Sterne
+	Severity of bias of a simple estimator of the causal odds ratio in Mendelian randomization studies	2012	Roger Harbord Vanessa Didelez Tom Palmer Sha Meng Jonathan A C Sterne Nuala A. Sheehan
+	Influence of Reported Study Design Characteristics on Intervention Effect Estimates From Randomized, Controlled Trials	2012	Jelena Savović Hayley E. Jones Douglas G. Altman Ross Harris Peter Jüni Julie Pildal Bodil Als‐Nielsen Ethan M. Balk Christian Gluud Lise Lotte Gluud
+	G-estimation for Accelerated Failure Time Models	2012	Kate Tilling Jonathan A C Sterne Vanessa Didelez
+ PDF Chat	Instrumental Variable Estimation of Causal Risk Ratios and Causal Odds Ratios in Mendelian Randomization Analyses	2011	Tom Palmer Jonathan A C Sterne Roger Harbord Debbie A. Lawlor Nuala A. Sheehan Meng Sha Raquel Granell George Davey Smith Vanessa Didelez
+ PDF Chat	Using multiple genetic variants as instrumental variables for modifiable risk factors	2011	Tom Palmer Debbie A. Lawlor Roger Harbord Nuala A. Sheehan Jonathan H. Tobias Nicholas J. Timpson George Davey Smith Jonathan A C Sterne
+	Inclusion of methodological filters in searches for diagnostic test accuracy studies misses relevant studies	2010	Penny Whiting Angela Wood Rebecca Beynon Margaret Burke Jonathan A C Sterne Julie Glanville
+	A sequential Cox approach for estimating the causal effect of treatment in the presence of time‐dependent confounding applied to data from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study	2010	Jon Michael Gran Kjetil Røysland Marcel Wolbers Vanessa Didelez Jonathan A C Sterne Bruno Ledergerber Hansjakob Furrer Viktor von Wyl Odd O. Aalen
+ PDF Chat	Strategies for Multiple Imputation in Longitudinal Studies	2010	Michael Spratt James R. Carpenter Jonathan A C Sterne John B. Carlin Jon Heron J. Henderson Kate Tilling
+ PDF Chat	Updated Tests for Small-study Effects in Meta-analyses	2009	Roger Harbord Ross Harris Jonathan A C Sterne
+	Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls	2009	Jonathan A C Sterne Ian R. White John B. Carlin Michael Spratt Patrick Royston Michael G. Kenward Angela Wood James R. Carpenter
+	When should HIV-1 infected persons initiate antiretroviral therapy? Collaborative analysis of HIV Cohort Studies	2009	Jonathan A C Sterne Margaret May
+	Evidence-based diagnosis	2008	Penny Whiting Roger Harbord Isabel de Salis Matthias Egger Jonathan A C Sterne
+ PDF Chat	Models for Potentially Biased Evidence in Meta-Analysis using Empirically Based Priors	2008	Nicky J. Welton A. E. Ades John B. Carlin D. G. Altman Jonathan A C Sterne
+ PDF Chat	Metan: Fixed- and Random-Effects Meta-Analysis	2008	Ross J. Harris Jonathan J Deeks Douglas G. Altman Mike Bradburn Roger Harbord Jonathan A C Sterne
+ PDF Chat	Empirical evidence of bias in treatment effect estimates in controlled trials with different interventions and outcomes: meta-epidemiological study	2008	Lesley J. Wood Matthias Egger Lise Lotte Gluud Kenneth F. Schulz Peter Jüni Douglas G. Altman Christian Gluud Richard M. Martin Anthony J G Wood Jonathan A C Sterne
+	metandi: Stata software for statistically rigorous meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies	2008	RM Harbord Penny Whiting Jonathan A C Sterne
+	Systematic reviews of test accuracy should search a range of databases to identify primary studies	2007	Penny Whiting Angela Wood Margaret Burke Jonathan A C Sterne Julie Glanville
+	An atlas of suicide mortality: England and Wales, 1988–1994	2007	Nicos Middleton Jonathan A C Sterne David Gunnell
+ PDF Chat	The Impact of Residual and Unmeasured Confounding in Epidemiologic Studies: A Simulation Study	2007	Zoe Fewell George Davey Smith Jonathan A C Sterne
+	77 Use Of Offspring Body Mass Index As An Instrumental Variable Suggests That The Causal Effect Of Increased Bmi On Mortality Is Underestimated In Conventional Observational Studies	2006	George Davey Smith Jonathan A C Sterne Per Tynelius Debbie A. Lawlor Finn Rasmussen
+	A unification of models for meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies	2006	Roger Harbord Jonathan J Deeks Matthias Egger Penny Whiting Jonathan A C Sterne
+	A comparison of socio-demographic and psychological factors between patients consenting to randomisation and those selecting treatment (the ProtecT study)	2006	Nicola Mills Chris Metcalfe Carine Ronsmans Michael Davis J. Athene Lane Jonathan A C Sterne T. J. Peters Freddie C. Hamdy David E. Neal Jenny Donovan
+	Using Bivariate Models to Understand between‐ and within‐Cluster Regression Coefficients, with Application to Twin Data	2006	Lyle C. Gurrin John B. Carlin Jonathan A C Sterne Gillian S. Dite John L. Hopper
+	A modified test for small‐study effects in meta‐analyses of controlled trials with binary endpoints	2005	Roger Harbord Matthias Egger Jonathan A C Sterne
+ PDF Chat	Controlling for Time-dependent Confounding using Marginal Structural Models	2004	Zoe Fewell Miguel A. Hernán Frederick Wolfe Kate Tilling Hyon K. Choi Jonathan A C Sterne
+	Development and validation of a prognostic model for survival time data: application to prognosis of HIV positive patients treated with antiretroviral therapy	2004	Margaret May Patrick Royston Matthias Egger Amy C. Justice Jonathan A C Sterne
+	Controlling for time-dependent confounding using marginal structural models	2004	Zoe Fewell Miguel A. Hernán Fred Wolfe Kate Tilling Hayon Michelle Choi Jonathan A C Sterne
+ PDF Chat	Funnel Plots in Meta-analysis	2004	Jonathan A C Sterne Roger Harbord
+	Controlling for time-dependent confounding using marginal structural models	2004	Zoe Fewell Miguel A. Hernán Fred Wolfe Kate Tilling Hayon Michelle Choi Jonathan A C Sterne
+ PDF Chat	Comparison of methods for analysing cluster randomized trials: an example involving a factorial design	2003	T. J. Peters Suzanne H Richards CR Bankhead A. E. Ades Jonathan A C Sterne
+ PDF Chat	Commentary: Null points—has interpretation of significance tests improved?	2003	Jonathan A C Sterne
+	G-estimation of Causal Effects, Allowing for Time-varying Confounding	2002	Jonathan A C Sterne Kate Tilling
+	Statistical methods for assessing the influence of study characteristics on treatment effects in ‘meta‐epidemiological’ research	2002	Jonathan A C Sterne Peter Jüni Kenneth F. Schulz Douglas G. Altman Christopher Bartlett Matthias Egger
+	Estimating the Effect of Cardiovascular Risk Factors on All-Cause Mortality and Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease Using G-Estimation: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study	2002	Kate Tilling Jonathan A C Sterne Moysés Szklo
+	Teaching hypothesis tests – time for significant change?	2002	Jonathan A C Sterne
+	Foreword	2002	Laurence Moore T. J. Peters Jonathan A C Sterne
+ PDF Chat	Estimation of the incidence of stroke using a capture-recapture model including covariates	2001	Kate Tilling Jonathan A C Sterne Charles Wolfe
+	Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis	2001	Jonathan A C Sterne Matthias Egger
+	Empirical evidence of bias? The hazard of ignoring heterogeneity in meta-epidemiology	2001	Jonathan A C Sterne Christopher Bartlett Peter Jüni Matthias Egger
+ PDF Chat	Sifting the evidence—what's wrong with significance tests?	2001	Jonathan A C Sterne George Davey Smith
+	G-estimation of the effect of exposures in longitudinal studies	2001	Jonathan A C Sterne Kate Tilling
+ PDF Chat	Estimating incidence of stroke using capture-recapture models	2001	Kate Tilling Jonathan A C Sterne Charles Wolfe
+	Investigating and Dealing with Publication and Other Biases	2001	Jonathan A C Sterne Matthias Egger George Davey Smith
+	G-estimation of the effect of exposures in longitudinal studies	2001	Jonathan A C Sterne Kate Tilling
+	Publication and related bias in meta-analysis	2000	Jonathan A C Sterne David J. Gavaghan Matthias Egger
+ PDF Chat	Capture-Recapture Models Including Covariate Effects	1999	Kate Tilling Jonathan A C Sterne
+	Essentials of Medical Statistics	1991	Jonathan A C Sterne

Common Coauthors

Coauthor	Papers Together
Kate Tilling	24
Matthias Egger	13
Miguel A. Hernán	12
Julian P. T. Higgins	12
George Davey Smith	9
Roger Harbord	9
Jelena Savović	8
Tom Palmer	7
Rachael A. Hughes	7
Michael G. Kenward	6
Chris Metcalfe	5
Douglas G. Altman	5
Penny Whiting	5
Vanessa Didelez	5
Hayley E. Jones	5
Nazrul Islam	5
Margaret May	4
Debbie A. Lawlor	4
Angela Wood	4
Zoe Fewell	4
James R. Carpenter	4
Elsie Horne	4
Ben Goldacre	4
Peter Jüni	4
John B. Carlin	4
Asbjørn Hróbjartsson	4
Richard M. Martin	4
Vahé Nafilyan	3
Nuala A. Sheehan	3
Amir Mehrkar	3
Riyaz Patel	3
Gemma Clayton	3
Seb Bacon	3
Amy C. Justice	3
Spiros Denaxas	3
Alastair K. Denniston	3
Charles Wolfe	3
Emma L. Turner	3
Venexia Walker	3
Brian MacKenna	3
Kenneth F. Schulz	3
Michail Katsoulis	3
Alvina G. Lai	3
Reecha Sofat	3
Nicky J. Welton	3
William Hulme	3
T. J. Peters	3
Jonathan J Deeks	3
Sara Lodi	3
Edward P K Parker	3

Commonly Cited References

Action	Title	Year	Authors	# of times referenced
+	Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials	1995	Klaus‐Peter Schulz	13
+	Empirical Evidence of Bias	1995	Kenneth F. Schulz	9
+	Statistical Analysis With Missing Data	1989	Maureen Lahiff Roderick J. A. Little Donald B. Rubin	9
+	Marginal Structural Models and Causal Inference in Epidemiology	2000	James M. Robins Miguel A. Hernán Babette Brumback	8
+	Statistical methods for assessing the influence of study characteristics on treatment effects in ‘meta‐epidemiological’ research	2002	Jonathan A C Sterne Peter Jüni Kenneth F. Schulz Douglas G. Altman Christopher Bartlett Matthias Egger	8
+ PDF Chat	Using Big Data to Emulate a Target Trial When a Randomized Trial Is Not Available: Table 1.	2016	Miguel A. Hernán James M. Robins	8
+	Publication and related bias in meta-analysis	2000	Jonathan A C Sterne David J. Gavaghan Matthias Egger	8
+ PDF Chat	Models for Potentially Biased Evidence in Meta-Analysis using Empirically Based Priors	2008	Nicky J. Welton A. E. Ades John B. Carlin D. G. Altman Jonathan A C Sterne	6
+	Explaining heterogeneity in meta-analysis: a comparison of methods	1999	Simon G. Thompson Stephen J. Sharp	6
+	A new approach to causal inference in mortality studies with a sustained exposure period—application to control of the healthy worker survivor effect	1986	James M. Robins	6
+	Operating Characteristics of a Rank Correlation Test for Publication Bias	1994	Colin B. Begg Madhuchhanda Mazumdar	6
+ PDF Chat	Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test	1997	Matthias Egger George Davey Smith Martin Schneider C. Minder	6
+	Reported Methodologic Quality and Discrepancies between Large and Small Randomized Trials in Meta-Analyses	2001	Lise Lotte Kjaergard John Villumsen Christian Gluud	6
+	Marginal Structural Models to Estimate the Causal Effect of Zidovudine on the Survival of HIV-Positive Men	2000	Miguel A. Hernán Babette Brumback James M. Robins	5
+	Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys	1987	Donald B. Rubin	5
+	The importance of allocation concealment and patient blinding in osteoarthritis trials: A meta‐epidemiologic study	2009	Eveline Nüesch Stephan Reichenbach Sven Trelle Anne WS Rutjes Katharina Liewald Rebekka Sterchi Douglas G. Altman Peter Jüni	5
+	Causal Diagrams for Epidemiologic Research	1999	Sander Greenland Judea Pearl James M. Robins	5
+	Avoidable flaws in observational analyses: an application to statins and cancer	2019	Barbra A. Dickerman Xabier García‐Albéniz Roger Logan Spiros Denaxas Miguel A. Hernán	5
+	Inference and missing data	1976	Donald B. Rubin	5
+	A Structural Approach to Selection Bias	2004	Miguel A. Hernán Sonia Hernández–Dı́az James M. Robins	5
+ PDF Chat	Specifying a target trial prevents immortal time bias and other self-inflicted injuries in observational analyses	2016	Miguel A. Hernán Brian C. Sauer Sonia Hernández–Dı́az Robert W. Platt Ian Shrier	5
+ PDF Chat	Empirical evidence of bias in treatment effect estimates in controlled trials with different interventions and outcomes: meta-epidemiological study	2008	Lesley J. Wood Matthias Egger Lise Lotte Gluud Kenneth F. Schulz Peter Jüni Douglas G. Altman Christian Gluud Richard M. Martin Anthony J G Wood Jonathan A C Sterne	5
+	Instruments for Causal Inference	2006	Miguel A. Hernán James M. Robins	5
+	Air Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Heart Disease in Eight U.S. Counties	1999	Sander Greenland J. Pearl James M. Robins	5
+	Influence of Reported Study Design Characteristics on Intervention Effect Estimates From Randomized, Controlled Trials	2012	Jelena Savović Hayley E. Jones Douglas G. Altman Ross Harris Peter Jüni Julie Pildal Bodil Als‐Nielsen Ethan M. Balk Christian Gluud Lise Lotte Gluud	5
+	Correlation of Quality Measures With Estimates of Treatment Effect in Meta-analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials	2002	Ethan M. Balk	5
+	A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity	1980	Halbert White	5
+ PDF Chat	Observer bias in randomized clinical trials with time-to-event outcomes: systematic review of trials with both blinded and non-blinded outcome assessors	2014	Asbjørn Hróbjartsson Ann Sofia Skou Thomsen Frida Emanuelsson Britta Tendal Jeppe Vejlgaard Rasmussen Jørgen Hilden Isabelle Boutron Philippe Ravaud Stig Brorson	4
+	Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data	1997	Joseph L. Schafer	4
+	G-estimation of Causal Effects, Allowing for Time-varying Confounding	2002	Jonathan A C Sterne Kate Tilling	4
+	Multiple imputation of missing blood pressure covariates in survival analysis	1999	Stef van Buuren Hendriek C. Boshuizen D.L. Knook	4
+	Publication Bias: A Problem in Interpreting Medical Data	1988	Colin B. Begg Jesse A. Berlin	4
+ PDF Chat	Bias in Clinical Intervention Research	2006	Lise Lotte Gluud	4
+ PDF Chat	G-estimation of Causal Effects: Isolated Systolic Hypertension and Cardiovascular Death in the Framingham Heart Study	1998	J. C. M. Witteman Ralph B. D’Agostino Theo Stijnen William B. Kannel Johanna Cobb Maria de Ridder Albert Hofman James M. Robins	4
+ PDF Chat	Observer bias in randomised clinical trials with binary outcomes: systematic review of trials with both blinded and non-blinded outcome assessors	2012	Asbjørn Hróbjartsson Ann Sofia Skou Thomsen Frida Emanuelsson Britta Tendal Jørgen Hilden Isabelle Boutron Philippe Ravaud Stig Brorson	4
+ PDF Chat	General Methods for Monitoring Convergence of Iterative Simulations	1998	Stephen P. Brooks Andrew Gelman	4
+	Multivariable modelling for meta‐epidemiological assessment of the association between trial quality and treatment effects estimated in randomized clinical trials	2006	Volkert Siersma Bodil Als‐Nielsen W. Chen Jørgen Hilden Lise Lotte Gluud Christian Gluud	4
+ PDF Chat	Empirical Evidence of Study Design Biases in Randomized Trials: Systematic Review of Meta-Epidemiological Studies	2016	Matthew J. Page Julian P. T. Higgins Gemma Clayton Jonathan A C Sterne Asbjørn Hróbjartsson Jelena Savović	4
+	Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls	2009	Jonathan A C Sterne Ian R. White John B. Carlin Michael Spratt Patrick Royston Michael G. Kenward Angela Wood James R. Carpenter	4
+	Single-Center Trials Show Larger Treatment Effects Than Multicenter Trials: Evidence From a Meta-epidemiologic Study	2011	Agnès Dechartres Isabelle Boutron Ludovic Trinquart Pierre Charles Philippe Ravaud	4
+ PDF Chat	Impact of allocation concealment on conclusions drawn from meta-analyses of randomized trials	2007	Julie Pildal Asbjørn Hróbjartsson Karsten Juhl Jørgensen Jørgen Hilden Douglas G. Altman Peter C Gøtzsche	4
+ PDF Chat	Mendelian Randomisation and Causal Inference in Observational Epidemiology	2008	Nuala A. Sheehan Vanessa Didelez Paul R. Burton Martin D. Tobin	4
+ PDF Chat	Bayesian Measures of Model Complexity and Fit	2002	David J. Spiegelhalter Nicola Best Bradley P. Carlin Angelika van der Linde	4
+	Mendelian randomization as an instrumental variable approach to causal inference	2007	Vanessa Didelez Nuala A. Sheehan	4
+ PDF Chat	Identification of Causal Effects Using Instrumental Variables	1996	Joshua D. Angrist Guido W. Imbens Donald B. Rubin	4
+ PDF Chat	How to estimate the effect of treatment duration on survival outcomes using observational data	2018	Miguel A. Hernán	4
+	Estimating the causal effect of smoking cessation in the presence of confounding factors using a rank preserving structural failure time model	1993	Steven D. Mark James M. Robins	3
+	Bias and efficiency of multiple imputation compared with complete‐case analysis for missing covariate values	2010	Ian R. White John B. Carlin	3
+	None	2000	David J. Lunn Andrew C. Thomas Nicky Best David J. Spiegelhalter	3
+	Multiple imputation: current perspectives	2007	Michael G. Kenward James R. Carpenter	3