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Estimating the effect of “treatment in the treated” - instrumental variable analysis vs conventional regression methods in the titre-2 trial in cardiac surgery
Methods Adults undergoing cardiac surgery with post-operative haemoglobin <9g/dL were recruited. Participants were randomised to transfusion if haemoglobin <7.5g/dL (restrictive) or <9g/dL (liberal). The primary analyses were by intention-to-treat. A secondary analysis of a composite outcome (serious infection or ischaemic event or death in the 3-months after randomisation) to assess …