Florian Krammer

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All published works

Action	Title	Year	Authors
+	Antigenic drift and subtype interference shape A(H3N2) epidemic dynamics in the United States	2024	Amanda C. Perofsky John Huddleston C. Hansen John Barnes Thomas Rowe Xiyan Xu Rebecca Kondor David E. Wentworth Nicola S. Lewis Lynne Whittaker
+	Antigenic drift and subtype interference shape A(H3N2) epidemic dynamics in the United States	2024	Amanda C Perofsky John Huddleston C. Hansen John Barnes Thomas Rowe Xiyan Xu Rebecca Kondor David E. Wentworth Nicola S. Lewis Lynne Whittaker
+	Comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 neutralization titers reveals consistency between human and animal model serum and across assays	2024	Barbara Mühlemann Samuel Wilks Lauren Baracco Meriem Bekliz Juan Manuel Carreño Victor M. Corman Meredith E. Davis-Gardner Wanwisa Dejnirattisai Michael Diamond Daniel C. Douek
+	Integrated longitudinal multiomics study identifies immune programs associated with acute COVID-19 severity and mortality	2024	Jeremy P. Gygi Cole Maguire Ravi K. Patel Pramod Shinde Anna Konstorum Casey P. Shannon Leqi Xu Annmarie Hoch Naresh Doni Jayavelu Elias K. Haddad
+ PDF Chat	Antigenic drift and subtype interference shape A(H3N2) epidemic dynamics in the United States	2024	Amanda C. Perofsky John Huddleston C. Hansen John Barnes Thomas Rowe Xiyan Xu Rebecca Kondor David E. Wentworth Nicola S. Lewis Lynne Whittaker
+	Co-Administration of Seasonal Quadrivalent Influenza and Covid-19 Vaccines Leads to Enhanced Immune Responses to Influenza Virus and Reduced Immune Responses to Sars-Cov-2 in Naive Mice	2024	Anass Abbad Joshua Yueh Temima Yellin Gagandeep Singh Juan Manuel Carreño Jordan Clark Hiromi Muramatsu Sachchidanand Tiwari Disha Bhavsar Garazi Peña Alzua
+ PDF Chat	Mapping SARS-CoV-2 antigenic relationships and serological responses	2023	Samuel Wilks Barbara Mühlemann Xiaoying Shen Sina Türeli Eric B. LeGresley Antonia Netzl Miguela A. Caniza Jesus N. Chacaltana-Huarcaya Victor M. Corman Xiaoju Daniell
+ PDF Chat	Antigenic drift and subtype interference shape A(H3N2) epidemic dynamics in the United States	2023	Amanda C. Perofsky John Huddleston C. Hansen John Barnes Thomas Rowe Xiyan Xu Rebecca Kondor David E. Wentworth Nicola S. Lewis Lynne Whittaker
+	A research and development (R&D) roadmap for broadly protective coronavirus vaccines: A pandemic preparedness strategy	2023	Penny L. Moore T. Leighton Julie Ostrowsky Cory Anderson Richard Danila Angela K. Ulrich Eve Lackritz Angela J. Mehr Ralph S. Baric Norman W. Baylor
+ PDF Chat	Immune response to 2-dose BNT162b2 vaccination and risk of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection: The Shieldvacc-2 study	2022	Lisa Seekircher Zoltán Bánki Janine Kimpel Annika Rössler Helena Schäfer Barbara Falkensammer David Bante Lukas Forer Sebastian Schönherr Teresa Harthaller
+ PDF Chat	Predictors for Reactogenicity and Humoral Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Following Infection and mRNA Vaccination: A Regularized Mixed-Effects Modelling Approach	2022	Erin Williams Alexander Kizhner Valerie S. Stark Aria Nawab Daniel D. Muniz Felipe Echeverri Tribin Juan Manuel Carreño Dominika Bielak Gagandeep Singh Michael E. Hoffer
+ PDF Chat	Defining the risk of SARS-CoV-2 variants on immune protection	2022	Marciela M. DeGrace Elodie Ghedin Matthew B. Frieman Florian Krammer Alba Grifoni Arghavan Alisoltani Galit Alter Rama Rao Amara Ralph S. Baric Dan H. Barouch
+ PDF Chat	Induction of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies by CoronaVac and BNT162b2 vaccines in naïve and previously infected individuals	2022	Nicolás A. Muena Tamara García‐Salum Catalina Pardo‐Roa María José Avendaño Eileen Serrano Jorge Lévican Leonardo I. Almonacid Gonzalo Valenzuela Estefany Poblete Shirin Strohmeier
+ PDF Chat	Impacts of rapid mass vaccination against SARS-CoV2 in an early variant of concern hotspot	2022	Jörg Paetzold Janine Kimpel Katie Bates Michael Hummer Florian Krammer Dorotheé von Laer Hannes Winner
+ PDF Chat	SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections in vaccinated individuals: measurement, causes and impact	2021	Marc Lipsitch Florian Krammer Gili Regev‐Yochay Yaniv Lustig Ran D. Balicer
+ PDF Chat	Host Predictors of Broadly Cross-Reactive Antibodies Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variants of Concern Differ Between Infection and Vaccination	2021	Li Tang Sean Cherry Elaine Tuomanen Ericka Kirkpatrick Roubidoux Chun-Yang Lin Kim Allison Ashleigh Gowen Pamela Freiden E. Kaitlynn Allen Yin Su
+ PDF Chat	Household level SARS-CoV-2 sero-epidemiology in a high prevalence group of adults and children-implications for community infection control	2021	Alan Werzberger Juan Manuel Carreño Sinai Serocore Team Adam Polinger Florian Krammer Philip Zachariah
+	The effects of rapid mass vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and its Variants-of-Concern: Evidence from an early VoCs hotspot	2021	Joerg Paetzold Florian Krammer Dorotheé von Laer Hannes Winner Janine Kimpel Katie Bates Michael Hummer
+ PDF Chat	SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses	2021	Jackson S. Turner Jane A. O’Halloran Elizaveta Kalaidina Wooseob Kim Aaron J. Schmitz Julian Q. Zhou Tingting Lei Mahima Thapa Rita E. Chen James Brett Case
+	Long-lasting neutralizing antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals are robustly boosted by immunization with the CoronaVac and BNT162b2 vaccines	2021	Nicolás A. Muena Tamara García‐Salum Catalina Pardo‐Roa Eileen Serrano Jorge Lévican María José Avendaño Leonardo I. Almonacid Gonzalo Valenzuela Estefany Poblete Shirin Strohmeier
+	High levels of endemic coronaviruses reactive CD4+ T cells in SARS-CoV-2 seronegative health care workers	2021	Ricardo Filipe da Silva Antunes Suresh Pallikkuth Erin Williams Esther Dawen Yu José Mateus Lorenzo Quiambao Eric Wang Stephen A. Rawlings Daniel Stadlbauer Kaijun Jiang
+	Attack rates amongst household members of outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 in Bergen, Norway: A case-ascertained study	2021	Kanika Kuwelker Fan Zhou Bjørn Blomberg Sarah Lartey Karl A. Brokstad Mai-Chi Trieu Amit Bansal Anders Madsen Florian Krammer Kristin G. I. Mohn
+	SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and subsequent infection risk in healthy young adults: a prospective cohort study	2021	Andrew G. Letizia Yongchao Ge Sindhu Vangeti Carl Goforth Dawn L. Weir Natalia A. Kuzmina Hua‐Wei Chen Dan Ewing Alessandra Soares‐Schanoski Mary‐Catherine George
+	Pandemic Vaccines: How Are We Going to Be Better Prepared Next Time?	2020	Florian Krammer
+ PDF Chat	SARS-CoV-2–Specific Neutralizing Antibody Responses in Norwegian Health Care Workers After the First Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Cohort Study	2020	Mai-Chi Trieu Amit Bansal Anders Madsen Fan Zhou Marianne Sævik Juha Vahokoski Karl A. Brokstad Florian Krammer Camilla Tøndel Kristin G. I. Mohn
+	High attack rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection through household-transmission: a prospective study	2020	Kanika Kuwelker Fan Zhou Bjørn Blomberg Sarah Lartey Karl A. Brokstad Mai-Chi Trieu Anders Madsen Florian Krammer Kristin Greve-Isdahl Mohn Camilla Tøndel
+ PDF Chat	Repeated cross-sectional sero-monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in New York City	2020	Daniel Stadlbauer Jessica Tan Kaijun Jiang Matthew M. Hernandez Shelcie Fabre Fatima Amanat Su Hui Catherine Teo Guha Asthagiri Arunkumar Meagan McMahon Christina Capuano
+ PDF Chat	Neutralizing Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Convalescent Sera	2020	William T. Lee Roxie C. Girardin Alan P. Dupuis Karen E. Kulas Anne F. Payne Susan J. Wong Suzanne Arinsburg Freddy T. Nguyen Damodara Rao Mendu Adolfo Firpo‐Betancourt
+	Scientific consensus on the COVID-19 pandemic: we need to act now	2020	Nisreen A Alwan Rochelle Burgess Simon Ashworth Rupert Beale Nahid Bhadelia Debby Bogaert Jennifer B. Dowd Isabella Eckerle Lynn R. Goldman Trisha Greenhalgh
+ PDF Chat	SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development	2020	Florian Krammer
+	SARS-CoV-2 infection severity is linked to superior humoral immunity against the spike	2020	Jenna J. Guthmiller Olivia Stovicek Jiaolong Wang Siriruk Changrob Lei Li Peter Halfmann Nai‐Ying Zheng Henry A. Utset Christopher T. Stamper Haley L. Dugan
+	Seroconversion of a city: Longitudinal monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in New York City	2020	Daniel Stadlbauer Jessica Tan Kaijun Jiang Matthew M. Hernandez Shelcie Fabre Fatima Amanat Su Hui Catherine Teo Guha Asthagiri Arunkumar Meagan McMahon Jeffrey S. Jhang
+ PDF Chat	Seroconversion in household members of COVID-19 outpatients	2020	Rebecca Jane Cox Karl A. Brokstad Florian Krammer Nina Langeland Bjørn Blomberg Kanika Kuwelker Sarah Lartey Dagrun Waag Linchausen Kristin G. I. Mohn Francisco Gómez Real
+ PDF Chat	Introductions and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the New York City area	2020	Ana S. González-Reiche Matthew M. Hernandez Mitchell J. Sullivan Brianne Ciferri Hala Alshammary Ajay Obla Shelcie Fabre Giulio Kleiner José Polanco Zenab Khan
+	Introductions and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the New York City area	2020	Ana S. González-Reiche Matthew M. Hernandez Mitchell J. Sullivan Brianne Ciferri Hala Alshammary Ajay Obla Shelcie Fabre Giulio Kleiner José Polanco Zenab Khan
+	Dengue and Zika: The Complexities of Being Related	2019	Florian Krammer Jean K. Lim
+ PDF Chat	Stopping emerging influenza viruses at their origin	2017	Florian Krammer

Common Coauthors

Coauthor	Papers Together
Viviana Simon	7
Harm van Bakel	7
David E. Wentworth	5
Juan Manuel Carreño	5
Noriko Kishida	4
Trevor Bedford	4
Ruth Harvey	4
Hideki Hasegawa	4
Seiichiro Fujisaki	4
Burcu Ermetal	4
Lynne Whittaker	4
C. Hansen	4
John Huddleston	4
Karl A. Brokstad	4
John W. McCauley	4
Rebecca Jane Cox	4
Peter Halfmann	4
Cécile Viboud	4
Kanta Subbarao	4
Yoshihiro Kawaoka	4
Juha Vahokoski	4
Xiyan Xu	4
Daniel Stadlbauer	4
Mónica Galiano	4
Matthew M. Hernandez	4
Fatima Amanat	4
Rodney S. Daniels	4
Amit Bansal	4
Thomas Rowe	4
Geir Bredholt	4
Francisco Gómez Real	4
Shelcie Fabre	4
John Barnes	4
Janine Kimpel	4
Fan Zhou	4
Sheena G. Sullivan	4
Ian Barr	4
Bjørn Blomberg	4
Amanda C Perofsky	4
Emilia Mia Sordillo	4
Nicola S. Lewis	4
Kazuya Nakamura	4
Shinji Watanabe	4
Rebecca Kondor	4
Nina Langeland	4
Sarah Lartey	4
Anders Madsen	4
Ana S. Gonzalez‐Reiche	3
David C. Montefiori	3
Camilla Tøndel	3

Commonly Cited References

Action	Title	Year	Authors	# of times referenced
+ PDF Chat	Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study	2020	Benjamin J. Cowling Sheikh Taslim Ali Tiffany Ng Tim K. Tsang Julian C. M. Li Min Whui Fong Qiuyan Liao Mike Yat Wah Kwan So Lun Lee Susan S. Chiu	4
+ PDF Chat	The impact of COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on the future dynamics of endemic infections	2020	Rachel E. Baker Sang Woo Park Wenchang Yang Gabriel A. Vecchi C. Jessica E. Metcalf Bryan T. Grenfell	4
+ PDF Chat	GISAID: Global initiative on sharing all influenza data – from vision to reality	2017	Yuelong Shu John W. McCauley	4
+ PDF Chat	Exploring the effect of previous inactivated influenza vaccination on seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness against medically attended influenza: Results of the European I‐<scp>MOVE</scp> multicentre test‐negative case‐control study, 2011/2012‐2016/2017	2018	Marta Valenciano Esther Kissling Amparo Larrauri Baltazar Nunes Daniela Piţigoi Joan O’Donnell Annicka Reuß J Horváth Iwona Paradowska‐Stankiewicz Caterina Rizzo	4
+ PDF Chat	Conditional permutation importance revisited	2020	Dries Debeer Carolin Strobl	4
+	Integrating genotypes and phenotypes improves long-term forecasts of seasonal influenza A/H3N2 evolution	2020	John Huddleston John Barnes Thomas Rowe Xiyan Xu Rebecca Kondor David E. Wentworth Lynne Whittaker Burcu Ermetal Rodney S. Daniels John W. McCauley	4
+ PDF Chat	<i>Stan</i>: A Probabilistic Programming Language	2017	Bob Carpenter Andrew Gelman Matthew D. Hoffman Daniel C. Lee Ben Goodrich Michael Betancourt Marcus A. Brubaker Jiqiang Guo Peter Li Allen Riddell	4
+ PDF Chat	Serial Vaccination and the Antigenic Distance Hypothesis: Effects on Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness During A(H3N2) Epidemics in Canada, 2010–2011 to 2014–2015	2017	Danuta M. Skowronski Catharine Chambers Gaston De Serres Suzana Sabaiduc Anne‐Luise Winter James A. Dickinson Jonathan B. Gubbay Kevin Fonseca Steven J. Drews Hugues Charest	4
+	Conjunction of factors triggering waves of seasonal influenza	2018	Ishanu Chattopadhyay Emre Kıcıman Joshua W. Elliott Jeffrey Shaman Andrey Rzhetsky	4
+ PDF Chat	Continental synchronicity of human influenza virus epidemics despite climactic variation	2018	Jemma L. Geoghegan Aldo Saavedra Sebastián Duchêne Sheena G. Sullivan Ian Barr Edward C. Holmes	4
+ PDF Chat	Deploying digital health data to optimize influenza surveillance at national and local scales	2018	Elizabeth C. Lee Ali Arab Sandra Goldlust Cécile Viboud Bryan T. Grenfell Shweta Bansal	4
+	Urbanization and humidity shape the intensity of influenza epidemics in U.S. cities	2018	Benjamin D. Dalziel Stephen M. Kissler Julia R. Gog Cécile Viboud Ottar N. Bjørnstad C. Jessica E. Metcalf Bryan T. Grenfell	4
+ PDF Chat	The impact of climate and antigenic evolution on seasonal influenza virus epidemics in Australia	2020	Edward K. S. Lam Dylan H. Morris Aeron C. Hurt Ian Barr Colin A. Russell	4
+	Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus	2020	Bette Korber Will Fischer S. Gnanakaran Hyejin Yoon James Theiler W. P. Abfalterer Nicolas Hengartner Elena E. Giorgi Tanmoy Bhattacharya Brian Foley	4
+ PDF Chat	Beta Regression for Modelling Rates and Proportions	2004	Silvia L. P. Ferrari Francisco Cribari‐Neto	4
+ PDF Chat	Correlation of Influenza Virus Excess Mortality with Antigenic Variation: Application to Rapid Estimation of Influenza Mortality Burden	2010	Aiping Wu Yousong Peng Xiangjun Du Yuelong Shu Taijiao Jiang	4
+	The global impact of influenza on morbidity and mortality	1999	Lone Simonsen	4
+ PDF Chat	Human mobility and the spatial transmission of influenza in the United States	2017	Vivek Charu Scott L. Zeger Julia R. Gog Ottar N. Bjørnstad Stephen M. Kissler Lone Simonsen Bryan T. Grenfell Cécile Viboud	4
+	Incubation periods of acute respiratory viral infections: a systematic review	2009	Justin Lessler Nicholas G Reich Ron Brookmeyer Trish M. Perl Kenrad E. Nelson Derek A. T. Cummings	4
+ PDF Chat	Predicting the Epidemic Sizes of Influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B: A Statistical Method	2011	Edward Goldstein Sarah Cobey Saki Takahashi Joel C. Miller Marc Lipsitch	4
+ PDF Chat	Seasonality in risk of pandemic influenza emergence	2017	Spencer J. Fox Joel C. Miller Lauren Ancel Meyers	4
+ PDF Chat	A New Framework and Software to Estimate Time-Varying Reproduction Numbers During Epidemics	2013	Anne Cori Neil M. Ferguson Christophe Fraser Simon Cauchemez	4
+ PDF Chat	Influenza Epidemics in the United States, France, and Australia, 1972–19971	2004	Cécile Viboud Pierre‐Yves Boëlle Khashayar Pakdaman Fabrice Carrat Alain‐Jacques Valleron Antoine Flahault	4
+ PDF Chat	Forecasting the spatial transmission of influenza in the United States	2018	Sen Pei Sasikiran Kandula Wan Yang Jeffrey Shaman	4
+ PDF Chat	Association between the 2008–09 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine and Pandemic H1N1 Illness during Spring–Summer 2009: Four Observational Studies from Canada	2010	Danuta M. Skowronski Gaston De Serres Natasha S. Crowcroft Naveed Z. Janjua Nicole Boulianne Travis Salway Laura C. Rosella James A. Dickinson Rodica Gilca Pam Sethi	4
+	Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing	1995	Yoav Benjamini Yosef Hochberg	4
+ PDF Chat	Impact of Repeated Vaccination on Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A(H3N2) and B During 8 Seasons	2014	Huong Q. McLean Mark G. Thompson Maria E. Sundaram Jennifer K. Meece David L. McClure Thomas C. Friedrich Edward A. Belongia	4
+ PDF Chat	Multiyear Climate Variability and Dengue—El Niño Southern Oscillation, Weather, and Dengue Incidence in Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Thailand: A Longitudinal Data Analysis	2009	Michael A. Johansson Derek A. T. Cummings Gregory E. Glass	4
+ PDF Chat	Dynamic interactions of influenza viruses in Hong Kong during 1998-2018	2020	Wan Yang Eric H. Y. Lau Benjamin J. Cowling	4
+	Original Antigenic Sin: How First Exposure Shapes Lifelong Anti–Influenza Virus Immune Responses	2019	Ali Zhang Hannah D. Stacey Caitlin E. Mullarkey Matthew S. Miller	4
+	Estimating vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza using a sentinel physician network: Results from the 2005–2006 season of dual A and B vaccine mismatch in Canada	2006	Danuta M. Skowronski Cindy Masaro Trijntje L. Kwindt Annie Mak M Petrić Yanbing Li R. Sebastian Mei Chong Theresa Tam Gaston De Serres	4
+	Predicting evolution from the shape of genealogical trees	2014	Richard A. Neher Colin A. Russell Boris I. Shraiman	4
+ PDF Chat	Estimates of the reproduction number for seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza: a systematic review of the literature	2014	Matthew Biggerstaff Simon Cauchemez Carrie Reed Manoj Gambhir Lyn Finelli	4
+	Estimating regression models with unknown break‐points	2003	Vito M. R. Muggeo	4
+	Estimation of the Serial Interval of Influenza	2009	Benjamin J. Cowling Vicky J. Fang Steven Riley Malik Peiris GM Leung	4
+ PDF Chat	Absolute humidity modulates influenza survival, transmission, and seasonality	2009	Jeffrey Shaman Melvin A. Kohn	4
+	Synchrony, Waves, and Spatial Hierarchies in the Spread of Influenza	2006	Cécile Viboud Ottar N. Bjørnstad David L. Smith Lone Simonsen Mark A. Miller Bryan T. Grenfell	4
+	Epochal Evolution Shapes the Phylodynamics of Interpandemic Influenza A (H3N2) in Humans	2006	Katia Koelle Sarah Cobey Bryan T. Grenfell Mercedes Pascual	4
+ PDF Chat	Conditional variable importance for random forests	2008	Carolin Strobl Anne‐Laure Boulesteix Thomas Kneib Thomas Augustin Achim Zeileis	4
+ PDF Chat	Strategies for containing an emerging influenza pandemic in Southeast Asia	2005	Neil M. Ferguson Derek A. T. Cummings Simon Cauchemez Christophe Fraser Steven Riley Aronrag Meeyai Sopon Iamsirithaworn Donald S. Burke	4
+ PDF Chat	Influenza Epidemics in Iceland Over 9 Decades: Changes in Timing and Synchrony With the United States and Europe	2012	Daniel M. Weinberger Tyra Grove Krause Kåre Mølbak Andrew Cliff Haraldur Bríem Cécile Viboud Magnús Gottfreðsson	4
+	Integrating influenza antigenic dynamics with molecular evolution	2014	Trevor Bedford Marc A. Suchard Philippe Lemey Gytis Dudas Victoria Gregory Alan Hay John W. McCauley Colin A. Russell Derek J. Smith Andrew Rambaut	4
+	Influenza drift and epidemic size: the race between generating and escaping immunity	2003	Maciej F. Boni Julia R. Gog Viggo Andreasen F. Christiansen	4
+	Evolution-informed forecasting of seasonal influenza A (H3N2)	2017	Xiangjun Du Aaron A. King Robert J. Woods Mercedes Pascual	4
+	Multiannual forecasting of seasonal influenza dynamics reveals climatic and evolutionary drivers	2014	Jacob Bock Axelsen Rami Yaari Bryan T. Grenfell Lewi Stone	4
+ PDF Chat	Absolute Humidity and the Seasonal Onset of Influenza in the Continental United States	2010	Jeffrey Shaman Virginia E. Pitzer Cécile Viboud Bryan T. Grenfell Marc Lipsitch	4
+	Travelling waves and spatial hierarchies in measles epidemics	2001	Bryan T. Grenfell Ottar N. Bjørnstad Jens Kappey	4
+ PDF Chat	Patterns of Influenza-associated Mortality among US Elderly by Geographic Region and Virus Subtype, 1968–1998	2006	Sharon K. Greene Edward L. Ionides Mark L. Wilson	4
+	Prediction, dynamics, and visualization of antigenic phenotypes of seasonal influenza viruses	2016	Richard A. Neher Trevor Bedford Rodney S. Daniels Colin A. Russell Boris I. Shraiman	4
+ PDF Chat	Decreased influenza activity during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, Australia, Chile, and South Africa, 2020	2020	Sonja J. Olsen Eduardo Azziz‐Baumgartner Alicia Budd Lynnette Brammer Sheena G. Sullivan Rodrigo Fasce Pineda Cheryl Cohen Alicia M. Fry	4