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The Higgs-Amplitude mode in the optical conductivity in the presence of a supercurrent: Gauge invariant forumulation
Observing the amplitude-Higgs mode in superconductors has been a central challenge in condensed matter physics. Unlike the phase mode in the electromagnetic (EM) response, the amplitude mode is not needed to satisfy gauge invariance. Indeed, it couples to linear EM response properties only in special superconductors that are associated with …