Emergence of Gibbs Ensemble as the Unique Steady State in Open Quantum
Systems
Emergence of Gibbs Ensemble as the Unique Steady State in Open Quantum
Systems
We explicitly construct unique non-equilibrium steady state (NESS) of Lindblad master equation characterized by a Gibbs ensemble $\rho_{\text{NESS}} \propto e^{-\beta \tilde{H}}$, where the effective Hamiltonian $\tilde{H}$ consists only of $U(1)$ conserved charges of the original Hamiltonian. Specifically, when the original Hamiltonian has multiple charges, it is possible to couple them …