Spectroscopic investigations on trivalent ruthenium ions in ruthenium
perovskite oxide thin films
Spectroscopic investigations on trivalent ruthenium ions in ruthenium
perovskite oxide thin films
The $d^5$ electron configurations under the crystal field, spin-orbit coupling, and Coulomb interaction give rise to a plethora of profound ground states. Ruthenium perovskite oxides exhibit a number of unconventional properties yet the Ru$^{4+}$ state ($4d^4$) is usually stable in these materials. In this regard, Ru$^{3+}$ ions in perovskite materials …