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Quantum phases and the spectrum of collective modes in a spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate with spin-orbital-angular-momentum coupling
Motivated by recent experiments [Chen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 113204 (2018); Chen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 250401 (2018)], we investigate the low-lying excitation spectrum of the ground-state phases of spin-orbital-angular-momentum-coupled (SOAM-coupled) spin-1 condensates. At vanishing detuning, a ferromagnetic SOAM-coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) can have two …