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Robust nonequilibrium surface currents in the three-dimensional Hofstadter model
Genuinely two-dimensional robust crosscurrents---which flow against the natural direction of heat flux--- have been missing since the discovery of their one-dimensional counterpart. We provide a setup to realize them on a cubic three-dimensional (3D) lattice hosting a Hofstadter model coupled to two heat baths with different temperatures. We show that …