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Collective excitations in cigar-shaped spin-orbit-coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates

Collective excitations in cigar-shaped spin-orbit-coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates

We study theoretically the collective excitations of a spin-orbit-coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate with antiferromagnetic spin-exchange interactions in a cigar-shaped trapping potential at zero and finite temperatures using the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory with Popov approximation. The collective modes at zero temperature are corroborated by real-time evolution of the ground state subjected to …