Supertoroidal light pulses as electromagnetic skyrmions propagating in free space
Supertoroidal light pulses as electromagnetic skyrmions propagating in free space
Topological complex transient electromagnetic fields give access to nontrivial light-matter interactions and provide additional degrees of freedom for information transfer. An important example of such electromagnetic excitations are space-time non-separable single-cycle pulses of toroidal topology, the exact solutions of Maxwell's equations described by Hellwarth and Nouchi in 1996 and recently …