Symmetry-breaking effects of instantons in parton gauge theories
Symmetry-breaking effects of instantons in parton gauge theories
Compact quantum electrodynamics $({\mathrm{CQED}}_{3})$ with Dirac fermionic matter provides an adequate framework for elucidating the universal low-energy physics of a wide variety of $(2+1)\mathrm{D}$ strongly correlated systems. Fractionalized states of matter correspond to its deconfined phases, where the gauge field is effectively noncompact, while conventional broken-symmetry phases are associated with …