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Clues about the scarcity of stripped-envelope stars from the evolutionary state of the sdO+Be binary system<i>φ</i>Persei
Stripped-envelope stars (SESs) form in binary systems after losing mass through Roche-lobe overflow. They bear astrophysical significance as sources of UV and ionizing radiation in older stellar populations and, if sufficiently massive, as stripped supernova progenitors. Binary evolutionary models predict them to be common, but only a handful of subdwarfs …