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On Simulating the Proton-irradiation of O<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O Ices Using Astrochemical-type Models, with Implications for Bulk Reactivity
Many astrochemical models today explicitly consider the species that comprise the bulk of interstellar dust grain ice-mantles separately from those in the top few monolayers. Bombardment of these ices by ionizing radiation - whether in the form of cosmic rays, stellar winds, or radionuclide emission - represents an astrochemically viable …