Non-Stationarities in Extra-Large-Scale Massive MIMO
Non-Stationarities in Extra-Large-Scale Massive MIMO
Massive MIMO, a key technology for increasing area spectral efficiency in cellular systems, was developed assuming moderately sized apertures. In this article, we argue that massive MIMO systems behave differently in large-scale regimes due to spatial non-stationarity. In the large-scale regime, with arrays of around 50 wavelengths, the terminals see …