Computing Ground States of Spin-1 Bose–Einstein Condensates by the Normalized Gradient Flow
Computing Ground States of Spin-1 Bose–Einstein Condensates by the Normalized Gradient Flow
In this paper, we propose an efficient and accurate numerical method for computing the ground state of spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) by using the normalized gradient flow or imaginary time method. The key idea is to find a third projection or normalization condition based on the relation between the chemical …