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Fermion masses and mixings in a minimal<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo>×</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>supersymmetric grand unified theory
A supersymmetric $SO(10)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{A}_{4}$ grand unified theory model is constructed for fermion masses and mixing by introducing a minimal set of low dimensional Higgs representations needed to break the gauge symmetry down to $SU(3{)}_{c}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1{)}_{\mathrm{em}}$. The hierarchy of fermion masses can be understood in the framework of ${A}_{4}$ symmetry. From the ${A}_{4}$-invariant …