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Keldysh approach for nonequilibrium phase transitions in quantum optics: Beyond the Dicke model in optical cavities
We investigate nonequilibrium phase transitions for driven atomic ensembles interacting with a cavity mode and coupled to a Markovian dissipative bath. In the thermodynamic limit and at low frequencies, we show that the distribution function of the photonic mode is thermal, with an effective temperature set by the atom-photon interaction …