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Masses in graphenelike two-dimensional electronic systems: Topological defects in order parameters and their fractional exchange statistics
We classify all possible 36 gap-opening instabilities in graphenelike structures in two dimensions, i.e., masses of Dirac Hamiltonian when the spin, valley, and superconducting channels are included. These 36 order parameters break up into 56 possible quintuplets of masses that add in quadrature and hence do not compete and thus …