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Evolution of the surface structures on SrTiO<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow /><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>(110) tuned by Ti or Sr concentration
The surface structure of the SrTiO${}_{3}$(110) polar surface is studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Monophased reconstructions in (5 $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 1), (4 $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 1), (2 $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 8), and (6 $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 8) are obtained, respectively, and the evolution between these phases can be tuned reversibly by adjusting the …