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Nonlinear Optical Probe of Tunable Surface Electrons on a Topological Insulator
We use ultrafast laser pulses to experimentally demonstrate that the second-order optical response of bulk single crystals of the topological insulator ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ is sensitive to its surface electrons. By performing surface doping dependence measurements as a function of photon polarization and sample orientation we show that second harmonic generation can …