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The Kustaanheimo–Stiefel transformation in geometric algebra
The Kustaanheimo-Stiefel (KS) transformation maps the non-linear and singular equations of motion of the three-dimensional Kepler problem to the linear and regular equations of a four-dimensional harmonic oscillator. It is used extensively in studies of the perturbed Kepler problem in celestial mechanics and atomic physics. In contrast to the conventional …