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Small Superconducting Grain in the Canonical Ensemble

Small Superconducting Grain in the Canonical Ensemble

By means of the Lanczos method we analyze superconducting correlations in ultrasmall grains at fixed particle number. We compute the ground state properties and the excitation gap of the pairing Hamiltonian as a function of the level spacing $\delta$. Both quantities turn out to be parity dependent and universal functions …