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Quantum Spin-Hall Effect and Topologically Invariant Chern Numbers
We present a topological description of the quantum spin-Hall effect (QSHE) in a two-dimensional electron system on a honeycomb lattice with both intrinsic and Rashba spin-orbit couplings. We show that the topology of the band insulator can be characterized by a 2 x 2 matrix of first Chern integers. The …