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<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>CP</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">U</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math>lattice gauge theory in three dimensions: Phase structure, spins, gauge bosons, and instantons
In this paper we study a 3D lattice spin model of CP$^1$ Schwinger-bosons coupled with dynamical compact U(1) gauge bosons. The model contains two parameters; the gauge coupling and the hopping parameter of CP$^1$ bosons. At large (weak) gauge couplings, the model reduces to the classical O(3) (O(4)) spin model …