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Modeling Heterogeneous Variance–Covariance Components in Two-Level Models

Modeling Heterogeneous Variance–Covariance Components in Two-Level Models

Applications of multilevel models to continuous outcomes nearly always assume constant residual variance and constant random effects variances and covariances. However, modeling heterogeneity of variance can prove a useful indicator of model misspecification, and in some educational and behavioral studies, it may even be of direct substantive interest. The purpose …