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Spectroscopic characterization of a multiband complex oxide: Insulating and conducting cement 12CaO<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mo>·</mml:mo></mml:math>7Al<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow /><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>O<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow /><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>
Natural 12CaO$\cdot$7Al$_2$O$_3$ (C12A7) is a wide bandgap insulator, but conductivity can be realized by introducing oxygen deficiency. Currently, there are two competing models explaining conductivity in oxygen-deficient C12A7, one involving the electron transfer via a "cage conduction band" inside the nominal band gap, the other involving electron hopping along framework …