Efficient Desynchronization of Thermostatically Controlled Loads

2013-01-01

This paper considers demand side management in smart power grid systems containing significant numbers of thermostatically controlled loads such as air conditioning systems, heat pumps, etc. Recent studies have shown … This paper considers demand side management in smart power grid systems containing significant numbers of thermostatically controlled loads such as air conditioning systems, heat pumps, etc. Recent studies have shown that the overall power consumption of such systems can be regulated up and down centrally by broadcasting small setpoint change commands without significantly impacting consumer comfort. However, sudden simultaneous setpoint changes induce undesirable power consumption oscillations due to sudden synchronization of the on/off cycles of the individual units. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for counter-acting these unwanted oscillations, which requires neither central management of the individual units nor communication between units. We present a formal proof of convergence of homogeneous populations to desynchronized status, as well as simulations that indicate that the algorithm is able to effectively dampen power consumption oscillations for both homogeneous and heterogeneous populations of thermostatically controlled loads.

Chat View PDF

Thermostatic control for demand response using distributed averaging and deep neural networks

2019-01-01

Kshitij Singh , Pratik Bajaria

Smart buildings are the need of the day with increasing demand-supply ratios and deficiency to generate considerably. In any modern non-industrial infrastructure, these demands mainly comprise of thermostatically controlled loads … Smart buildings are the need of the day with increasing demand-supply ratios and deficiency to generate considerably. In any modern non-industrial infrastructure, these demands mainly comprise of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), which can be manoeuvred. TCL loads like air-conditioner, heater, refrigerator, are ubiquitous, and their operating times can be controlled to achieve desired aggregate power. This power aggregation, in turn, helps achieve load management targets and thereby serve as ancillary service (AS) to the power grid. In this work, a distributed averaging protocol is used to achieve the desired power aggregate set by the utility using steady-state desynchronization. The results are verified using a computer program for a homogeneous and heterogeneous population of TCLs. Further, load following scenario has been implemented using the utility as a reference. Apart from providing a significant AS to the power grid, the proposed idea also helps reduce the amplitude of power system oscillations imparted by the TCLs. Hardware-based results are obtained to verify its implementation feasibility in real-time. Additionally, we extend this idea to data-driven paradigm and provide comparisons therein.

Chat View PDF

Safe protocol for controlling power consumption by a heterogeneous population of loads

2012-06-01

Soumya Kundu , Nikolai A. Sinitsyn

Recent studies on control of aggregate power of an ensemble of thermostatically-controlled-loads (TCLs) have been concentrated on shifting the temperature set points of each TCL in the population. A sudden … Recent studies on control of aggregate power of an ensemble of thermostatically-controlled-loads (TCLs) have been concentrated on shifting the temperature set points of each TCL in the population. A sudden shift in the set point, however, is known to be associated with undesirable power oscillations which require closed-loop control strategies to regulate the aggregate power consumption of the population. In this article, we propose a new approach which we term as a "safe protocol" to implement the shift in temperature set point. It is shown analytically and verified numerically that by shifting the set point "safely" the aggregate power consumption can be changed to a different value within a time frame of the order of a TCL's cycle duration and avoid the undesired oscillations seen otherwise in a "sudden" shift. We discuss how the excess aggregate energy transferred under a safe shift in the set point could potentially mitigate the burden due to abnormal energy generation within a short time span.

Chat View PDF

Safe Protocol for Controlling Power Consumption by a Heterogeneous Population of Loads

2012-01-01

Soumya Kundu , Nikolai A. Sinitsyn

Recent studies on control of aggregate power of an ensemble of thermostatically-controlled-loads (TCLs) have been concentrated on shifting the temperature set points of each TCL in the population. A sudden … Recent studies on control of aggregate power of an ensemble of thermostatically-controlled-loads (TCLs) have been concentrated on shifting the temperature set points of each TCL in the population. A sudden shift in the set point, however, is known to be associated with undesirable power oscillations which require closed-loop control strategies to regulate the aggregate power consumption of the population. In this article, we propose a new approach which we term as a "safe protocol" to implement the shift in temperature set point. It is shown analytically and verified numerically that by shifting the set point "safely" the aggregate power consumption can be changed to a different value within a time frame of the order of a TCL's cycle duration and avoid the undesired oscillations seen otherwise in a "sudden" shift. We discuss how the excess aggregate energy transferred under a safe shift in the set point could potentially mitigate the burden due to abnormal energy generation within a short time span.

Chat View PDF

Safe Protocol for Controlling Power Consumption by a Heterogeneous Population of Loads

2012-07-04

Soumya Kundu , Nikolai A. Sinitsyn

Recent studies on control of aggregate power of an ensemble of thermostatically-controlled-loads (TCLs) have been concentrated on shifting the temperature set points of each TCL in the population. A shift … Recent studies on control of aggregate power of an ensemble of thermostatically-controlled-loads (TCLs) have been concentrated on shifting the temperature set points of each TCL in the population. A shift in the set point, however, is known to be associated with undesirable power oscillations which require closed-loop control strategies to regulate the aggregate power consumption of the population. In this article, we propose a new approach which we term as a protocol to implement the shift in temperature set point. It is shown analytically and verified numerically that by shifting the set point safely the aggregate power consumption can be changed to a different value within a time frame of the order of a TCL's cycle duration and avoid the undesired oscillations seen otherwise in a sudden shift. We discuss how the excess aggregate energy transferred under a safe shift in the set point could potentially mitigate the burden due to abnormal energy generation within a short time span.

Chat View PDF

Low-Complexity Decentralized Algorithm for Aggregate Load Control of Thermostatic Loads

2020-10-30

Simon H. Tindemans , Goran Štrbac

Thermostatically controlled loads such as refrigerators are exceptionally suitable as a flexible demand resource. This article derives a decentralized load control algorithm for refrigerators. It is adapted from an existing … Thermostatically controlled loads such as refrigerators are exceptionally suitable as a flexible demand resource. This article derives a decentralized load control algorithm for refrigerators. It is adapted from an existing continuous time control approach, with the aim to achieve low computational complexity and an ability to handle discrete time steps of variable length-desirable features for embedding in appliances and high-throughput simulations. Simulation results of large populations of heterogeneous appliances illustrate the accurate aggregate control of power consumption and high computational efficiency. Tracking accuracy is quantified as a function of population size and time step size, and correlations in the tracking error are investigated. The controller is shown to be robust to errors in model specification and to sudden perturbations in the form of random refrigerator door openings.

Chat View PDF

Low-complexity control algorithm for decentralised demand response using thermostatic loads

2019-06-01

Simon H. Tindemans , Goran Štrbac

Thermostatically controlled loads such as refrigerators are exceptionally suitable as a flexible demand resource. This paper derives a decentralised load control algorithm for refrigerators. It is adapted from an existing … Thermostatically controlled loads such as refrigerators are exceptionally suitable as a flexible demand resource. This paper derives a decentralised load control algorithm for refrigerators. It is adapted from an existing continuous time control approach, with the aim to achieve low computational complexity and an ability to handle discrete time steps of variable length -- desirable features for embedding in appliances and high-throughput simulations. Simulation results of large populations of heterogeneous appliances illustrate the accurate aggregate control of power consumption and high computational efficiency.

Chat View PDF

A unified framework for coordination of thermostatically controlled loads

2021-01-01

Austin R. Coffman , Ana Bušić , Prabir Barooah

A collection of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) -- such as air conditioners and water heaters -- can vary their power consumption within limits to help the balancing authority of a … A collection of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) -- such as air conditioners and water heaters -- can vary their power consumption within limits to help the balancing authority of a power grid maintain demand supply balance. Doing so requires loads to coordinate their on/off decisions so that the aggregate power consumption profile tracks a grid-supplied reference. At the same time, each consumer's quality of service (QoS) must be maintained. While there is a large body of work on TCL coordination, there are several limitations. One is that they do not provide guarantees on the reference tracking performance and QoS maintenance. A second limitation of past work is that they do not provide a means to compute a suitable reference signal for power demand of a collection of TCLs. In this work we provide a framework that addresses these weaknesses. The framework enables coordination of an arbitrary number of TCLs that: (i) is computationally efficient, (ii) is implementable at the TCLs with local feedback and low communication, and (iii) enables reference tracking by the collection while ensuring that temperature and cycling constraints are satisfied at every TCL at all times. The framework is based on a Markov model obtained by discretizing a pair of Fokker-Planck equations derived in earlier work by Malhame and Chong [21]. We then use this model to design randomized policies for TCLs. The balancing authority broadcasts the same policy to all TCLs, and each TCL implements this policy which requires only local measurement to make on/off decisions. Simulation results are provided to support these claims.

Chat View PDF

Reduction of power grid fluctuations by communication between smart devices

2018-01-01

Eder Batista Tchawou Tchuisseu , Damià Gomila , Pere Colet

The increase of electric demand and the progressive integration of renewable sources threatens the stability of the power grid. To solve this issue, several methods have been proposed to control … The increase of electric demand and the progressive integration of renewable sources threatens the stability of the power grid. To solve this issue, several methods have been proposed to control the demand side instead of increasing the spinning reserve on the supply side. Here we focus on dynamic demand control (DDC), a method in which appliances can delay its scheduled operation if the electric frequency is outside a suitable range. We have recently shown that DDC effectively reduces small and medium-size frequency fluctuations but, due to the need of recovering pending tasks, the probability of large demand peaks, and hence large frequency fluctuations, may actually increase. Although these events are very rare they can potentially trigger a failure of the system and therefore strategies to avoid them have to be addressed. In this work, we introduce a new method including communication among DDC devices belonging to a given group, such that they can coordinate opposite actions to keep the group demand more stable. We show that for this method the amount of pending tasks decreases by a factor 10 while large frequency fluctuations are significantly reduced or even completely avoided.

Chat View PDF

Reduction of power grid fluctuations by communication between smart devices

2018-05-18

Eder Batista Tchawou Tchuisseu , Damià Gomila , Pere Colet

The increase of electric demand and the progressive integration of renewable sources threatens the stability of the power grid. To solve this issue, several methods have been proposed to control … The increase of electric demand and the progressive integration of renewable sources threatens the stability of the power grid. To solve this issue, several methods have been proposed to control the demand side instead of increasing the spinning reserve on the supply side. Here we focus on dynamic demand control (DDC), a method in which appliances can delay its scheduled operation if the electric frequency is outside a suitable range. We have recently shown that DDC effectively reduces small and medium-size frequency fluctuations but, due to the need of recovering pending tasks, the probability of large demand peaks, and hence large frequency fluctuations, may actually increase. Although these events are very rare they can potentially trigger a failure of the system and therefore strategies to avoid them have to be addressed. In this work, we introduce a new method including communication among DDC devices belonging to a given group, such that they can coordinate opposite actions to keep the group demand more stable. We show that for this method the amount of pending tasks decreases by a factor 10 while large frequency fluctuations are significantly reduced or even completely avoided.

Chat View PDF

Frequency Regulation With Thermostatically Controlled Loads: Aggregation of Dynamics and Synchronization

2021-10-26

Andreas Kasis , Ioannis Lestas

Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can provide ancillary services to the power network by aiding existing frequency-control mechanisms. TCLs are, however, characterized by an intrinsic limit cycle behavior, which raises the … Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can provide ancillary services to the power network by aiding existing frequency-control mechanisms. TCLs are, however, characterized by an intrinsic limit cycle behavior, which raises the risk that these could synchronize when coupled with the frequency dynamics of the power grid, i.e., simultaneously switch, inducing persistent and possibly catastrophic power oscillations. To address this problem, schemes with a randomized response time in their control policy have been proposed in the literature. However, such schemes introduce delays in the response of TCLs to frequency feedback that may limit their ability to provide fast support at urgencies. In this article, we present a deterministic control mechanism for TCLs such that those switch when prescribed frequency thresholds are exceeded in order to provide ancillary services to the power network. For the considered scheme, we provide analytic conditions, which ensure that synchronization is avoided. In particular, we show that as the number of loads tends to infinity, there exist arbitrarily long time intervals where the frequency deviations are arbitrarily small. Our analytical results are verified with simulations on the Northeast Power Coordinating Council 140-bus system, which demonstrate that the proposed scheme offers improved frequency response compared with existing implementations.

Chat View PDF

COHORT

2020-11-18

Bingqing Chen , Jonathan Francis , Marco Pritoni +2 more

Demand flexibility is increasingly important for power grids. Careful coordination of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can modulate energy demand, decrease operating costs, and increase grid resiliency. We propose a novel … Demand flexibility is increasingly important for power grids. Careful coordination of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can modulate energy demand, decrease operating costs, and increase grid resiliency. We propose a novel distributed control framework for the Coordination Of HeterOgeneous Residential Thermostatically controlled loads (COHORT). COHORT is a practical, scalable, and versatile solution that coordinates a population of TCLs to jointly optimize a grid-level objective, while satisfying each TCL's end-use requirements and operational constraints. To achieve that, we decompose the grid-scale problem into subproblems and coordinate their solutions to find the global optimum using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The TCLs' local problems are distributed to and computed in parallel at each TCL, making COHORT highly scalable and privacy-preserving. While each TCL poses combinatorial and non-convex constraints, we characterize these constraints as a convex set through relaxation, thereby making COHORT computationally viable over long planning horizons. After coordination, each TCL is responsible for its own control and tracks the agreed-upon power trajectory with its preferred strategy. In this work, we translate continuous power back to discrete on/off actuation, using pulse width modulation. COHORT is generalizable to a wide range of grid objectives, which we demonstrate through three distinct use cases: generation following, minimizing ramping, and peak load curtailment. In a notable experiment, we validated our approach through a hardware-in-the-loop simulation, including a real-world air conditioner (AC) controlled via a smart thermostat, and simulated instances of ACs modeled after real-world data traces. During the 15-day experimental period, COHORT reduced daily peak loads by an average of 12.5% and maintained comfortable temperatures.

Chat View PDF

Frequency regulation with thermostatically controlled loads: aggregation of dynamics and synchronization

2020-02-16

Andreas Kasis , Ioannis Lestas

Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can provide ancillary services to the power network by aiding existing frequency control mechanisms. TCLs are, however, characterized by an intrinsic limit cycle behavior which raises … Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can provide ancillary services to the power network by aiding existing frequency control mechanisms. TCLs are, however, characterized by an intrinsic limit cycle behavior which raises the risk that these could synchronize when coupled with the frequency dynamics of the power grid, i.e. simultaneously switch, inducing persistent and possibly catastrophic power oscillations. To address this problem, schemes with a randomized response time in their control policy have been proposed in the literature. However, such schemes introduce delays in the response of TCLs to frequency feedback that may limit their ability to provide fast support at urgencies. In this paper, we present a deterministic control mechanism for TCLs such that those switch when prescribed frequency thresholds are exceeded in order to provide ancillary services to the power network. For the considered scheme, we provide analytic conditions which ensure that synchronization is avoided. In particular, we show that as the number of loads tends to infinity, there exist arbitrarily long time intervals where the frequency deviations are arbitrarily small. Our analytical results are verified with simulations on the Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) 140-bus system, which demonstrate that the proposed scheme offers improved frequency response compared to conventional implementations.

Frequency regulation with thermostatically controlled loads: aggregation of dynamics and synchronization

2020-01-01

Andreas Kasis , Ioannis Lestas

Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can provide ancillary services to the power network by aiding existing frequency control mechanisms. TCLs are, however, characterized by an intrinsic limit cycle behavior which raises … Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can provide ancillary services to the power network by aiding existing frequency control mechanisms. TCLs are, however, characterized by an intrinsic limit cycle behavior which raises the risk that these could synchronize when coupled with the frequency dynamics of the power grid, i.e. simultaneously switch, inducing persistent and possibly catastrophic power oscillations. To address this problem, schemes with a randomized response time in their control policy have been proposed in the literature. However, such schemes introduce delays in the response of TCLs to frequency feedback that may limit their ability to provide fast support at urgencies. In this paper, we present a deterministic control mechanism for TCLs such that those switch when prescribed frequency thresholds are exceeded in order to provide ancillary services to the power network. For the considered scheme, we provide analytic conditions which ensure that synchronization is avoided. In particular, we show that as the number of loads tends to infinity, there exist arbitrarily long time intervals where the frequency deviations are arbitrarily small. Our analytical results are verified with simulations on the Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) 140-bus system, which demonstrate that the proposed scheme offers improved frequency response compared to conventional implementations.

Chat View PDF

Ensemble of Thermostatically Controlled Loads: Statistical Physics Approach

2017-08-11

Michael Chertkov , Vladimir Chernyak

Abstract Thermostatically controlled loads, e.g., air conditioners and heaters, are by far the most widespread consumers of electricity. Normally the devices are calibrated to provide the so-called bang-bang control – … Abstract Thermostatically controlled loads, e.g., air conditioners and heaters, are by far the most widespread consumers of electricity. Normally the devices are calibrated to provide the so-called bang-bang control – changing from on to off, and vice versa, depending on temperature. We considered aggregation of a large group of similar devices into a statistical ensemble, where the devices operate following the same dynamics, subject to stochastic perturbations and randomized, Poisson on/off switching policy. Using theoretical and computational tools of statistical physics, we analyzed how the ensemble relaxes to a stationary distribution and established a relationship between the relaxation and the statistics of the probability flux associated with devices’ cycling in the mixed (discrete, switch on/off, and continuous temperature) phase space. This allowed us to derive the spectrum of the non-equilibrium (detailed balance broken) statistical system and uncover how switching policy affects oscillatory trends and the speed of the relaxation. Relaxation of the ensemble is of practical interest because it describes how the ensemble recovers from significant perturbations, e.g., forced temporary switching off aimed at utilizing the flexibility of the ensemble to provide “demand response” services to change consumption temporarily to balance a larger power grid. We discuss how the statistical analysis can guide further development of the emerging demand response technology.

Chat View PDF

Ensemble of Thermostatically Controlled Loads: Statistical Physics Approach

2017-01-17

Michael Chertkov , Vladimir Chernyak

Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCL), e.g. air-conditioners and heaters, are by far the most wide-spread consumers of electricity. Normally the devices are calibrated to provide the so-called bang-bang control of temperature … Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCL), e.g. air-conditioners and heaters, are by far the most wide-spread consumers of electricity. Normally the devices are calibrated to provide the so-called bang-bang control of temperature - changing from on to off , and vice versa, depending on temperature. Aggregation of a large group of similar devices into a statistical ensemble is considered, where the devices operate following the same dynamics subject to stochastic perturbations and randomized, Poisson on/off switching policy. We analyze, using theoretical and computational tools of statistical physics, how the ensemble relaxes to a stationary distribution and establish relation between the re- laxation and statistics of the probability flux, associated with devices' cycling in the mixed (discrete, switch on/off , and continuous, temperature) phase space. This allowed us to derive and analyze spec- trum of the non-equilibrium (detailed balance broken) statistical system. and uncover how switching policy affects oscillatory trend and speed of the relaxation. Relaxation of the ensemble is of a practical interest because it describes how the ensemble recovers from significant perturbations, e.g. forceful temporary switching o aimed at utilizing flexibility of the ensemble in providing "demand response" services relieving consumption temporarily to balance larger power grid. We discuss how the statistical analysis can guide further development of the emerging demand response technology.

Chat View PDF

Ensemble of Thermostatically Controlled Loads: Statistical Physics Approach

2017-01-01

Michael Chertkov , Vladimir Chernyak

Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCL), e.g. air-conditioners and heaters, are by far the most wide-spread consumers of electricity. Normally the devices are calibrated to provide the so-called bang-bang control of temperature … Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCL), e.g. air-conditioners and heaters, are by far the most wide-spread consumers of electricity. Normally the devices are calibrated to provide the so-called bang-bang control of temperature -- changing from on to off, and vice versa, depending on temperature. Aggregation of a large group of similar devices into a statistical ensemble is considered, where the devices operate following the same dynamics subject to stochastic perturbations and randomized, Poisson on/off switching policy. We analyze, using theoretical and computational tools of statistical physics, how the ensemble relaxes to a stationary distribution and establish relation between the relaxation and statistics of the probability flux, associated with devices' cycling in the mixed (discrete, switch on/off, and continuous, temperature) phase space. This allowed us to derive and analyze spectrum of the non-equilibrium (detailed balance broken) statistical system and uncover how switching policy affects oscillatory trend and speed of the relaxation. Relaxation of the ensemble is of a practical interest because it describes how the ensemble recovers from significant perturbations, e.g. forceful temporary switching off aimed at utilizing flexibility of the ensemble in providing "demand response" services relieving consumption temporarily to balance larger power grid. We discuss how the statistical analysis can guide further development of the emerging demand response technology.

Chat View PDF

Super-relaxation of space-time-quantized ensemble of energy loads.

2020-08-03

I. A. Luchnikov , David Métivier , Henni Ouerdane +1 more

Ensembles of thermostatically controlled loads (TCL) provide a significant demand response reserve for the system operator to balance power grids. However, this also results in the parasitic synchronization of individual … Ensembles of thermostatically controlled loads (TCL) provide a significant demand response reserve for the system operator to balance power grids. However, this also results in the parasitic synchronization of individual devices within the ensemble leading to long post-demand-response oscillations in the integrated energy consumption of the ensemble. The synchronization is eventually destructed by fluctuations, thus leading to the (pre-demand response) steady state; however, this natural desynchronization, or relaxation to a statistically steady-state is too long. A resolution of this problem consists in measuring the ensemble's instantaneous consumption and using it as a feedback to stochastic switching of the ensemble's devices between on- and off- states. It was recently shown with a simplified continuous-time model that carefully tuned nonlinear feedback results in a fast relaxation of the ensemble energy consumption -- coined super-relaxation. Since both state information and control signals are discrete, the actual TCL devices operation is space-time quantized, and this must be considered for realistic TCL ensemble modelling. Here, assuming that states are characterized by a temperature (quantifying comfort) and the air conditioner regime (on, off), we construct a discrete model based on the probabilistic description of state transitions. We demonstrate that super-relaxation holds in such a more realistic setting, and that while it is stable against randomness in the stochastic matrix of the quantized model, it remains sensitive to the time discretization scheme. Aiming to achieve a balance between super-relaxation and customer's comfort, we analyze the dependence of super-relaxation on details of the space-time quantization, and provide a simple analytical criterion to avoid undesirable oscillations in consumption.

Chat View PDF

Load Synchronization and Sustained Oscillations Induced by Transactive Control

2017-02-16

Salman Nazir , Ian A. Hiskens

Transactive or market-based coordination strategies have recently been proposed for controlling the aggregate demand of a large number of electric loads. Such schemes offer operational benefits such as enforcing distribution … Transactive or market-based coordination strategies have recently been proposed for controlling the aggregate demand of a large number of electric loads. Such schemes offer operational benefits such as enforcing distribution feeder capacity limits and providing users with flexibility to consume energy based on the price they are willing to pay. However, this paper demonstrates that they are also prone to load synchronization and power oscillations. A transactive energy framework has been adopted and applied to a population of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs). A modified TCL switching logic takes into account market coordination signals, alongside the natural hysteresis-based switching conditions. Studies of this market-based coordination scheme suggest that several factors may contribute to load synchronism, including sharp changes in the market prices that are broadcast to loads, lack of diversity in user specified bid curves, low feeder limits that are encountered periodically, and the form of user bid curves. Case studies illustrate challenges associated with market-based coordination strategies and provide insights into modifications that address those issues.

Load Synchronization and Sustained Oscillations Induced by Transactive Control

2017-01-01

Md Salman Nazir , Ian A. Hiskens

Transactive or market-based coordination strategies have recently been proposed for controlling the aggregate demand of a large number of electric loads. Such schemes offer operational benefits such as enforcing distribution … Transactive or market-based coordination strategies have recently been proposed for controlling the aggregate demand of a large number of electric loads. Such schemes offer operational benefits such as enforcing distribution feeder capacity limits and providing users with flexibility to consume energy based on the price they are willing to pay. However, this paper demonstrates that they are also prone to load synchronization and power oscillations. A transactive energy framework has been adopted and applied to a population of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs). A modified TCL switching logic takes into account market coordination signals, alongside the natural hysteresis-based switching conditions. Studies of this market-based coordination scheme suggest that several factors may contribute to load synchronism, including sharp changes in the market prices that are broadcast to loads, lack of diversity in user specified bid curves, low feeder limits that are encountered periodically, and the form of user bid curves. Case studies illustrate challenges associated with market-based coordination strategies and provide insights into modifications that address those issues.

Chat View PDF

Efficient Desynchronization of Thermostatically Controlled Loads

Authors

Abstract

Locations

Ask a Question About This Paper

Summary