A Cantor set of tori with monodromy near a focus–focus singularity

Abstract

We write down an asymptotic expression for action coordinates in an integrable Hamiltonian system with a focus–focus equilibrium. From the singularity in the actions we deduce that the Arnol'd determinant grows infinitely large near the pinched torus. Moreover, we prove that it is possible to globally parameterize the Liouville tori by their frequencies. If one perturbs this integrable system, then the KAM tori form a Whitney smooth family: they can be smoothly interpolated by a torus bundle that is diffeomorphic to the bundle of Liouville tori of the unperturbed integrable system. As is well known, this bundle of Liouville tori is not trivial. Our result implies that the KAM tori have monodromy. In semi-classical quantum mechanics, quantization rules select sequences of KAM tori that correspond to quantum levels. Hence a global labelling of quantum levels by two quantum numbers is not possible.

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