Business, Management and Accounting Strategy and Management

Diverse Legal and Medical Studies

Description

This cluster of papers focuses on competition law, market power, and regulatory frameworks in the European Union. It explores topics such as the Digital Markets Act, EU competition law, consumer protection, antitrust regulation, platform economy, unfair trading practices, and corporate governance. The papers analyze the role of producer organizations, the impact of public payment delays, and the implications of excessive pharmaceutical prices on public health.

Keywords

Digital Markets Act; EU Competition Law; Market Power; Consumer Protection; Antitrust Regulation; Platform Economy; Unfair Trading Practices; Regulatory Framework; Bargaining Power; Corporate Governance

ebenso unzweifelhaft, dass der Acker aller wirklich deduzierten coloniae civium Romanorum und der sonstigen Ackeraufteilungen auf römischem Boden zum ager divisus et assignatus gehörte.Die Unterbringung der zahlreichen Zwischenglieder aber und … ebenso unzweifelhaft, dass der Acker aller wirklich deduzierten coloniae civium Romanorum und der sonstigen Ackeraufteilungen auf römischem Boden zum ager divisus et assignatus gehörte.Die Unterbringung der zahlreichen Zwischenglieder aber und die Feststellung der Verwendung der einzelnen Formen erfordert einen Blick auf die
Although the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (hereinafter CISG) uses the term "avoidance" of contract and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (hereinafter … Although the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (hereinafter CISG) uses the term "avoidance" of contract and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (hereinafter UNIDROIT Principles) use the term "termination" of contract, both sets of rules deal with the same situation: one party has lost its interest in the contract due to a fundamental impairment in the performance of the other party and puts an end to the contract. In contrast to this situation, the UNIDROIT Principles use the term "avoidance" of contract only in the context of a remedy available to the aggrieved party in the event of an invalid contract on grounds of mistake, fraud, threat, or gross disparity; see Art. 3 UNIDROIT Principles. According to Art. 29 CISG, "termination" under the Convention means cancellation of the contract by (mere) agreement of the parties. The following primarily provides a comparative overview of Arts. 81 and 82 CISG and Arts. 7.3.5 and 7.3.6 UNIDROIT Principles. On that basis, this chapter addresses whether the UNIDROIT Principles provisions can be used to help interpret or supplement the CISG articles on the issue of the effects of avoidance of contract.
Summary 1. The European Union has legislative power to regulate the bona fide purchase on the basis of the European Certificate of Succession (hereinafter: Certificate) laid down in Article 69(4) … Summary 1. The European Union has legislative power to regulate the bona fide purchase on the basis of the European Certificate of Succession (hereinafter: Certificate) laid down in Article 69(4) Regulation (EU) No 650/2012. It is a competence ancillary to the legal framework for the European Certificate of Succession based on Article 81(2c) TFEU. 2. The interference with EU property rights (Art. 17 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Art. 1 Additional Protocol No 1 to the ECHR) due to the admission of good faith acquisitions in secondary law is justified because of adequate measures to safeguard the person who truly has the relevant authority mentioned in the Certificate (hereinafter: “truly authorized person”). 3. The good faith protection takes effect notwithstanding any contributions of the truly authorized person to the inaccuracy of the Certificate’s content. The purchaser’s good faith can be based on every valid certified copy of the Certificate without the original being required. The purchaser must have taken note of the specific copy and its content in order to act “on the basis of the information certified in the Certificate”. 4. A lack of the purchaser’s good faith with respect to the inaccuracy of the Certificate’s content is only relevant at the point in time when the transfer of property is being completed. 5. A disposal in the meaning of Article 69(4) Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 requires a transaction between two persons that are neither legally nor economically identical (a so-called “Verkehrsgeschäft”). 6. Certificates with contradictory content can separately serve as a valid basis for a bona fide purchase. 7. As its legal consequence, the bona fide purchase puts the purchaser in the same legal position as if he had transacted with the truly authorized person. This protection also includes the absence of inheritance-law based disposal restrictions. 8. The truly authorized person may claim a compensation according to the applicable substantive law. According to German substantive law, claims could be derived from § 816(1) BGB and from §§ 2018 et seqq. BGB as well as from public liability law.
Journal Article Book Reviews Get access Position, and Change: a Study in Law and Logic. By Lars Lindahl. Translated from the Swedish by Paul Needham. (Dordrecht: Reidel. 1977. Pp. x … Journal Article Book Reviews Get access Position, and Change: a Study in Law and Logic. By Lars Lindahl. Translated from the Swedish by Paul Needham. (Dordrecht: Reidel. 1977. Pp. x + 229.) R. F. Atkinson R. F. Atkinson Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 29, Issue 115, April 1979, Pages 183–185, https://doi.org/10.2307/2219498 Published: 01 April 1979
Bleibt die vom Schuldner erbrachte Leistung hinter der vertraglich versprochenen zuruck, bestimmt sich der Umfang der Glaubigerrechte wegen der ausbleibenden Leistung masgeblich danach, ob der bewirkte Teil nach den Wertungen … Bleibt die vom Schuldner erbrachte Leistung hinter der vertraglich versprochenen zuruck, bestimmt sich der Umfang der Glaubigerrechte wegen der ausbleibenden Leistung masgeblich danach, ob der bewirkte Teil nach den Wertungen des allgemeinen Schuldrechts eine Teilleistung darstellt. Der Beitrag bestimmt diesen Begriff.
The digitalisation of the economy with data as the new critical resource is a technological revolution which requires an adaptation of the legal framework for markets and the economy. This … The digitalisation of the economy with data as the new critical resource is a technological revolution which requires an adaptation of the legal framework for markets and the economy. This paper analyzes the privacy concerns in the digital economy from an economics perspective. What can we learn from economics whether and to what extent we need legal rules helping to protect privacy? Particularly important are the complex tradeoff problems between benefits and costs of privacy and disclosure. This paper claims that it is not sufficient to look for policy solutions only in one field of the law, as, e.g. competition law or data protection law, rather an integrated approach from different regulatory perspectives is necessary. This paper focusses on competition policy, consumer policy, and data protection policy as the three main regulatory perspectives that are relevant for privacy concerns. For all three policies it is discussed from an economic perspective how these policies might help to remedy market failures in regard to privacy rights and privacy preferences of individuals, and how a more integrated regulatory approach can be developed.
Wir konnen Ihnen nicht die Arbeit abnehmen, aber Gewicht. Nach der erfolgreichen Aufgliederung der ersten Auflage des Handkommentars in neun handliche, benutzerfreundliche Einzelbande erscheint nunmehr die zweite Auflage neu in … Wir konnen Ihnen nicht die Arbeit abnehmen, aber Gewicht. Nach der erfolgreichen Aufgliederung der ersten Auflage des Handkommentars in neun handliche, benutzerfreundliche Einzelbande erscheint nunmehr die zweite Auflage neu in zehn Banden. Optimiert zeigt sich der Inhalt neben der Aktualisierung von Rechtsprechung und Literatur durch die Thematisierung aller bis zum Erscheinungsdatum beschlossenen Gesetzesrevisionen wie in etwa der neuen Bestimmungen zum Kindes- und Erwachsenenschutzrecht, zum Immobiliarsachen- und zum Namensrecht. Auch das 2009 in Kraft getretene Bucheffektengesetz - ein Gesetz von zentraler Bedeutung fur die Finanzmarkte - wurde in die Kommentierung mit aufgenommen. Die Ubersetzung der Gesetzestexte ins Englische wurde um diejenige des OR und des IPRG bereichert. 1. Personen- und Familienrecht inkl. Kindes- und Erwachsenenschutzrecht (Art. 1-456 ZGB) 2. Erbrecht (Art. 457-640 ZGB) 3. Sachenrecht (Art. 641-977 ZGB) 4.Obligationenrecht Allgemeine Bestimmungen (Art. 1-183 OR) 5. Vertragsverhaltnisse Teil 1: Innominatkontrakte, Kauf, Tausch, Schenkung, Miete, Leihe (Art. 184-318 OR) 6. Vertragsverhaltnisse Teil 2: Arbeitsvertrag, Werkvertrag, Auftrag, GoA, Burgschaft (Art. 319-529 OR) 7. Personengesellschaften und Aktiengesellschaft (Art. 530-771 OR) 8. GmbH, Genossenschaft, Handelsregister und Wertpapiere (Art. 772-1186 OR), Bucheffektengesetz 9. Wirtschaftsrechtliche Nebenerlasse: KKG, FusG, UWG und PauRG 10. Internationales Privatrecht (Art. 1-200 IPRG)
In addition to many small improvements over the previous edition, the chapter on the market impact of anti-competitive strategies has been completely revised. In addition, the key elements of the … In addition to many small improvements over the previous edition, the chapter on the market impact of anti-competitive strategies has been completely revised. In addition, the key elements of the 8th Cartel Amendment have been incorporated with consideration of the literature and legal precedents through June 2013. While the textbook can serve as an introduction, it does assume prior knowledge about price theory and economic policy.&nbsp
Not every Greek who bore a Roman name was a Roman citizen. Dittenberger formulated the rule by which the possession of Roman citizenship may be inferred. He writes of the … Not every Greek who bore a Roman name was a Roman citizen. Dittenberger formulated the rule by which the possession of Roman citizenship may be inferred. He writes of the inscription Κορνήλιος Άφροδεισιεὺς ἐποίει ‘Da auch kein Cognomen steht, ist der Gentilname offenbar nicht als solcher, sondern als Individualname gebraucht, was in römischer Zeit in Griechenland zuweilen vorkommt und da am sichersten zu erkennen ist, wo der Vatername im Genetiv dazutritt (Αντώνιος Μενάνδρου, CIA iii, 1133), oder der Name selbst ‘patronymisch verwendet wird (Βειτάλιος Πομπωνίου, IG Sept. i, 2445), oder beides zugleich stattfindet (Αντώνιος Άντωνίου, CIA iii, 1120). Alles dies hat bei einem wirklichen Gentilnamen absolut keinen Sinn; aber auch die Bezeichnung eines Griechen bloss mit einem nomen gentile kann nur so verstanden werden, dass dies an Stelle eines griechischen Individualnamens gebraucht ist. Folgeweise hat man in diesen Fällen auch nicht das mindeste Recht, aus dem lateinischen Namen auf den Besitz des römischen Bürgerrechts zu schliessen.’
This dataset holds the observations recorded during the GEO Biodiversity Day "schlittschuhweiher" This dataset holds the observations recorded during the GEO Biodiversity Day "schlittschuhweiher"
Das Lehrbuch gibt einen Uberblick uber alle wichtigen Vertragstypen des OR sowie Kreditsicherungs- und Innominatvertrage. Ein eigenes Kapitel wird dem Wiener Kaufrecht (CISG) gewidmet. Besonderes Gewicht liegt auf Abgrenzungsfragen, etwa … Das Lehrbuch gibt einen Uberblick uber alle wichtigen Vertragstypen des OR sowie Kreditsicherungs- und Innominatvertrage. Ein eigenes Kapitel wird dem Wiener Kaufrecht (CISG) gewidmet. Besonderes Gewicht liegt auf Abgrenzungsfragen, etwa im Bereich des Auftragsrechts und der Geschaftsfuhrung ohne Auftrag, sowie auf Theorie und Praxis der Innominatvertrage einschliesslich des Leasingvertrags. Das Lehrbuch ist auf Studierende ausgerichtet, die sich bereits mit dem Allgemeinen Teil des OR auseinandergesetzt haben, und folgt dem bewahrten Litera-B-Konzept: Jedes Kapitel wird mit einem Fallbeispiel eingefuhrt. Anhand von Kontrollfragen kann gepruft werden, ob der Stoff des Kapitels verstanden wurde.
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Consumer behaviour and market development trends serve as a foundation for selecting appropriate marketing decisions and tools. This article explores the influence of consumer behaviour on marketing decisions in Armenia’s … Consumer behaviour and market development trends serve as a foundation for selecting appropriate marketing decisions and tools. This article explores the influence of consumer behaviour on marketing decisions in Armenia’s dairy market. Consumers primarily prefer natural, additive-free products, and their brand choices are determined by trust in the producer, family preferences, price and product accessibility. Supermarkets remain the main point of purchase for dairy products, though the role of online platforms is growing steadily. The main sources of information include promotional campaigns in supermarkets and social media. As a result, dairy producers in Armenia need to integrate both traditional and digital marketing approaches to effectively respond to market demands.
Finansal kiralama ilişkisinde kiralanan çoğunlukla bir satıcıdan temin edilmektedir. Kiralananı bir satıcıdan temin eden kiraya verenin kiralanan ile ilişkisi çoğunlukla sınırlıdır. Malın belirlenmesi ve pazarlığı gibi aşamalarda bulunmayan, teknik özelliklerini … Finansal kiralama ilişkisinde kiralanan çoğunlukla bir satıcıdan temin edilmektedir. Kiralananı bir satıcıdan temin eden kiraya verenin kiralanan ile ilişkisi çoğunlukla sınırlıdır. Malın belirlenmesi ve pazarlığı gibi aşamalarda bulunmayan, teknik özelliklerini bilmeyen kiraya veren, yalnızca kiracının belirlediği ürünü satın alır. Ürünün teslimi de çoğu zaman doğrudan kiracıya yapılır. Bu durumda kiralananda bulunan bir ayıptan kiraya vereni sorumlu tutmak hakkaniyete uygun olmayacaktır. Nitekim 13/12/2012 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren 6361 sayılı Finansal Kiralama, Faktoring ve Finansman Şirketleri Kanunu’nun (FFFK) 24/6. maddesinde kiralananın bir satıcıdan/üreticiden veya kiracıdan (sat-geri kirala) temin edilmesi hallerinde kiraya verenin ayıplardan sorumlu olmayacağı açıkça düzenlenmiştir. Kiraya verenin ayıptan sorumlu olduğu tek ihtimal daha önceden uhdesinde bulunan bir malın sözleşme konusu olmasıdır. Kiralananın bir satıcıdan temin edilmesi durumunda kiracı bir sorumluluğu bulunmayan kiraya verene başvuramayacağı gibi satış sözleşmesinin tarafı olmadığından satıcıya da başvuramaz. Bu durumda kiracı, kiraya verenin satış sözleşmesinden doğan haklarına dayanarak satıcının sorumluluğuna gidebilir. Ancak bunun için kiraya verenin kiracıya bu hususta yetki vermesi gerekir. Çalışmamızda kiraya verenin kiracıya verdiği bu yetkinin hukuki niteliği ve kiracının satıcıya karşı sahip olduğu haklar incelenmiştir.
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2025-06-09
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This article analyzes the experience of the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) in financing small business entities through commercial banks. Based on SBA practices such as credit guarantees, interest rate … This article analyzes the experience of the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) in financing small business entities through commercial banks. Based on SBA practices such as credit guarantees, interest rate regulation, business development centers, and digital infrastructure, strategic recommendations tailored to Uzbekistan’s context are proposed. These include strengthening credit guarantee systems, launching a digital guarantee portal, establishing advisory centers, regulating interest rates, and improving monitoring systems. The proposed measures aim to enhance the efficiency of small business financing mechanisms in Uzbekistan.
Hohe Wellen hatte im Januar 2025 der Entscheid des Kantonsgerichts Zug geworfen, der die Ringier AG verpflichtete, Jolanda Spiess-Hegglin einen Gewinn von CHF 309’531.00 zuzüglich Zinsen herauszugeben, dies für vier … Hohe Wellen hatte im Januar 2025 der Entscheid des Kantonsgerichts Zug geworfen, der die Ringier AG verpflichtete, Jolanda Spiess-Hegglin einen Gewinn von CHF 309’531.00 zuzüglich Zinsen herauszugeben, dies für vier im «Blick», «Blick am Abend» und auf «Blick Online» publizierte Artikel rund um die landesweit bekannt gewordene Zuger Landammannfeier. Der Entscheid, den medialex in der Ausgabe 01/2025 besprochen hat, kam für das Autorenteam nicht überraschend, denn das Bundesgericht habe die Richtung dafür vorgegeben. Der nachfolgende Beitrag zeigt detailliert auf, wie das Kantonsgericht Zug den Nettogewinn für die erwähnten vier Artikel berechnet hat. Obwohl der Entscheid nicht rechtskräftig sei, komme ihm in mehrerer Hinsicht Signalwirkung zu. Der Entscheid mache deutlich, dass bei gewissen widerrechtlichen Persönlichkeitsverletzungen im Einzelfall handfeste finanzielle Folgen drohten. Er zeige konkret, wie die Gewinnherausgabe berechnet werden könne, aber auch, wie aufwändig und teuer das medienrechtliche Vorgehen sei. Insofern helfe der Entscheid vor allem Medienopfern, die sich diesen Aufwand leisten und die Prozessrisiken eingehen könnten.
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| Monatsschrift für Deutsches Recht
| Veterinary Record
Abstract Laura Stutt, marketing and digital officer Abstract Laura Stutt, marketing and digital officer
| Monatsschrift für Deutsches Recht
| Monatsschrift für Deutsches Recht
Azınlık pay sahibine Anonim Şirketlerin Genel Kurul Toplantılarının Usul ve Esasları İle Bu Toplantılarda Bulunacak Bakanlık Temsilcileri Hakkında Yönetmelik (BTY) m. 32/3 ile genel kurulda Bakanlık temsilcisi görevlendirilmesine ilişkin talep … Azınlık pay sahibine Anonim Şirketlerin Genel Kurul Toplantılarının Usul ve Esasları İle Bu Toplantılarda Bulunacak Bakanlık Temsilcileri Hakkında Yönetmelik (BTY) m. 32/3 ile genel kurulda Bakanlık temsilcisi görevlendirilmesine ilişkin talep hakkı düzenlenmiştir. Anonim şirketlerde diğer azınlık hakları Türk Ticaret Kanunu’nda düzenlenmişken; sadece bu hak Yönetmelikte yer almıştır. Azınlık bu hakkı kullanarak, Bakanlık temsilcisinin genel kurula katılmasını ve toplantının hukuka uygun bir şekilde yürütülmesini sağlayabilir. Ancak BTY m. 32/3 hükmü incelendiğinde azınlığın Bakanlık temsilcisi talep hakkının karmaşık bir usule bağlandığı görülmektedir. Ayrıca hükümde bir yaptırım öngörülmemiş olması da azınlık pay sahiplerinin bu hakkını kullanılmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Zira azınlık pay sahiplerinin talep hakkı için şirkete yapacağı başvuru, çoğunlukla yönetim kurulu tarafından dikkate alınmayacaktır. Bu çalışma kapsamında azınlık pay sahiplerinin Bakanlık temsilcisi talep hakkının daha işlevsel olabilmesi bakımından bir değerlendirme yapılacaktır.
This study explores the dynamics of competition law within the context of platform-based economies and artificial intelligence (AI), using a case study of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in … This study explores the dynamics of competition law within the context of platform-based economies and artificial intelligence (AI), using a case study of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Bandung City. Employing a socio-legal qualitative approach and thematic analysis of field observations and in-depth interviews with business actors and legal experts, the research reveals that MSMEs’ reliance on digital platforms creates an imbalanced structural power relationship. Algorithmic control over visibility, pricing, and penalties restricts the economic autonomy of small-scale entrepreneurs, resulting in a new form of dominance not yet addressed by conventional antitrust frameworks. The study recommends digital legal reforms that include algorithmic transparency, system audits, and the active involvement of MSMEs in platform policy-making processes. These findings highlight the urgent need to redefine the concept of market dominance in the age of data and AI, as well as the importance of cross-sector collaboration in building a fair, competitive, and inclusive digital ecosystem.
A Nazarov | Bulletin of Kemerovo State University Series Humanities and Social Sciences
Enforced sale of property and property rights by public bidding is an important enforcement law procedure. However, in its current state, it requires some improvement. For instance, it would be … Enforced sale of property and property rights by public bidding is an important enforcement law procedure. However, in its current state, it requires some improvement. For instance, it would be more effective if the winner could sign the contract without having to increase the initial selling price. The requirements for the number of repeat bidders could also be mitigated: a situation with a sole bidder creates an artificial barrier for enforced sale of debtor’s property. The procedure needs new norms of bankruptcy law in terms of determining the amount of the deposit made by the bidders, with fixed upper and lower limits. Another improvement would be an agreement with the participant who offers the next highest price in case the original winner refuses. The current deadlines for enforced sale contradict the actual market conditions. To prevent undervalued prices, the period for enforced sale should be longer. Currently, a limited access to information about the property being sold makes it difficult for potential bidders to access the procedure, which reduces the competition. The auction documents should include a standardized image of the property and a valuation report to give potential participants a good idea of the auction item and its state. To attract more buyers, the bidding could be announced on major online advertising platforms, e.g., Avito, CYAN, Drom, etc.
Fransız hukukunda hizmet sözleşmesi sonrası rekabet yasağı ile ilgili olarak açık bir hüküm bulunmamaktadır. Ancak C. trav. art. L.1221-1, C. trav. art. L. 1411-1 ve C. trav. art. 1411-4 hükmü … Fransız hukukunda hizmet sözleşmesi sonrası rekabet yasağı ile ilgili olarak açık bir hüküm bulunmamaktadır. Ancak C. trav. art. L.1221-1, C. trav. art. L. 1411-1 ve C. trav. art. 1411-4 hükmü birlikte değerlendirilmekte ve hizmet sözleşmesi sırasında ve sonrasındaki rekabet yasağından kaynaklanan tüm uyuşmazlıklar açısından iş mahkemesinin görevli olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Ancak işçinin ve/veya yeni işverenin davranışının haksız rekabet de teşkil etmesi durumunda ticaret mahkemelerinin görevli olduğu, ticaret mahkemesinin iş mahkemesince hizmet sözleşmesinin geçerliliği hususunda vereceği kararı beklemesi gerektiği belirtilmektedir. Türk hukukunda hizmet sözleşmesi sonrası rekabet yasağından doğan uyuşmazlıklarda görevli mahkeme meselesi tartışmalıdır. Kanımızca TTK m. 4/1,c hükmü İşK m. 5/1,a’ya nazaran özel hüküm niteliğinde olduğundan, belirtilen uyuşmazlıklarda asliye ticaret mahkemeleri görevlidir. Ayrıca müşteri çevresi, ticari sır, iş sırrı, üretim sırrı kavramları işverenin ekonomik menfaatinin korunması ile yakından ilişkili olup, asliye ticaret mahkemelerinin uzmanlık alanında yer almaktadır. Hizmet sözleşmesinin haklı sebep olmaksızın feshedildiğine dair bir uyuşmazlık veya dava bulunduğu takdirde, iş mahkemesi kararı, ticaret mahkemesi tarafından bekletici sorun yapılmalıdır.