Social Sciences Sociology and Political Science

Historical Gender and Feminism Studies

Description

This cluster of papers explores the intersection of Cold War politics, feminism, and transnational activism, with a focus on women's rights, gender studies, and socialist feminism. It delves into the historical, political, and social dynamics of feminist movements during the Cold War era, examining their impact on global relations and gender equality. The papers also address the challenges, initiatives, and dilemmas faced by feminism in the Global South, shedding light on the complexities of transnational feminist scholarship.

Keywords

Cold War; Feminism; Transnational; Gender; Women's Rights; Global South; Socialist Feminism; International Relations; Activism; Historiography

The essays in this interdisciplinary collection share the conviction that modern western paradigms of knowledge and reality are gender-biased. Some contributors challenge and revise western conceptions of the body as … The essays in this interdisciplinary collection share the conviction that modern western paradigms of knowledge and reality are gender-biased. Some contributors challenge and revise western conceptions of the body as the domain of the biological and 'natural, ' the enemy of reason, typically associated with women.
Why do some people prefer heterosexual love while others fancy the same sex? Is sexual identity biologically determined or a product of convention? In this brilliant and provocative book, the … Why do some people prefer heterosexual love while others fancy the same sex? Is sexual identity biologically determined or a product of convention? In this brilliant and provocative book, the acclaimed author of Myths of Gender argues that even the most fundamental knowledge about sex is shaped by the culture in which scientific knowledge is produced.Drawing on astonishing real-life cases and a probing analysis of centuries of scientific research, Fausto-Sterling demonstrates how scientists have historically politicized the body. In lively and impassioned prose, she breaks down three key dualisms - sex/gender, nature/nurture, and real/constructed - and asserts that individuals born as mixtures of male and female exist as one of five natural human variants and, as such, should not be forced to compromise their differences to fit a flawed societal definition of normality.
Feminist Geneaologies, Colonial Legacies, Democratic Futures provides a feminist anaylsis of the questions of sexual and gender politics, economic and cultural marginality, and anti-racist and anti-colonial practices both in the … Feminist Geneaologies, Colonial Legacies, Democratic Futures provides a feminist anaylsis of the questions of sexual and gender politics, economic and cultural marginality, and anti-racist and anti-colonial practices both in the "West" and in the "Third World." This collection, edited by Jacqui Alexander and Chandra Talpade Mohanty, charts the underlying theoretical perspectives and organization practices of the different varieties of feminism that take on questions of colonialism, imperialism, and the repressive rule of colonial, post-colonial and advanced capitalist nation-states. It provides a comparative, relational, historically grounded conception of feminist praxis that differs markedly from the liberal pluralist, multicultural understanding that sheapes some of the dominant version of Euro-American feminism. As a whole, the collection poses a unique challenge to the naturalization of gender based in the experiences, histories and practices of Euro-American women.
Much of the creativity of anthropology derives from the tension between two sets of demands: that we explain human universals, and that we explain cultural particulars. By this canon, woman … Much of the creativity of anthropology derives from the tension between two sets of demands: that we explain human universals, and that we explain cultural particulars. By this canon, woman provides us with one of the more challenging problems to be dealt with. The secondary status of woman in society is one of the true universals, a pan-cultural fact. Yet within that universal fact, the specific cultural conceptions and symbolizations of woman are extraordinarily diverse and even mutually contradictory. Further, the actual treatment of women and their relative power and contribution vary enormously from culture to culture, and over different periods in the history of particular cultural traditions. Both of these points – the universal fact and the cultural variation constitute problems to be explained.
In this work of feminist literary criticism the authors explore the works of many major 19th-century women writers. They chart a tangible desire expressed for freedom from the restraints of … In this work of feminist literary criticism the authors explore the works of many major 19th-century women writers. They chart a tangible desire expressed for freedom from the restraints of a confining patriarchal society and trace a distinctive female literary tradition.
Abstract This article focuses on the concept of intersectionality, which is being used within the wider social sciences by feminists to theorize the relationship between different social categories: gender, race, … Abstract This article focuses on the concept of intersectionality, which is being used within the wider social sciences by feminists to theorize the relationship between different social categories: gender, race, sexuality, and so forth. Although research within the field of feminist geography has explored particular interconnections such as those between gender and race, the theoretical concept of intersectionality as debated in the wider social sciences has not been addressed. This article attempts to respond to that omission. It begins by tracing the emergence of debates about the interconnections between gender and other identities. It goes on to reflect on attempts to map geometries of oppressions. The emphasis then moves from theorizing intersectionality to questioning how it can be researched in practice by presenting a case study to illustrate intersectionality as lived experience. The conclusion demonstrates the contribution that feminist geography can make to advance the theorization of intersectionality through its appreciation of the significance of space in processes of subject formation. It calls for feminist geography to pay more attention to questions of power and social inequalities. Key Words: feminismidentityintersectionalitylived experience Notes 1I am grateful to Soile Veijola for suggesting this article as an example of how I might consider presenting the case study material, although I have not implemented this in as radical a way as she intended. 2This research was a joint project with Tracey Skelton, Department of Geography, Loughborough University, U.K., and Ruth Butler, Centre for Applied Social Studies, University of Hull, U.K. *I wish to thank Karen Dias and Jennifer Blecha in the strongest possible terms for inviting me to participate in the Department of Geography, University of Minnesota Fall 2004 speaker series, Feminism and Social Theory in Geography. Their hospitality was second to none and I was inspired by the conversations shared with them, and their colleagues, in both formal and informal settings during my visit. I am also very grateful to the three anonymous referees, to participants in a World University Network video seminar series, and to the staff and students at Christina Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland, where the paper was also presented for their very constructive comments and suggestions on the original draft of this article. The case study material used in the final section of this article is taken from a research project funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and carried out in collaboration with Tracey Skelton, Ruth Butler, and two research assistants (Sally McNamee and Carol Devanny). I wish to acknowledge their implicit role in this article through the use of the empirical material from one of the interviews conducted as part of this project. Additional informationNotes on contributorsGill Valentine A Professor
Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis Get access Joan W. Scott Joan W. Scott Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical … Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis Get access Joan W. Scott Joan W. Scott Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 91, Issue 5, December 1986, Pages 1053–1075, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/91.5.1053 Published: 01 December 1986
In this study of British middle-class feminism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Antoinette Burton explores an important but neglected historical dimension of the relationship between feminism and … In this study of British middle-class feminism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Antoinette Burton explores an important but neglected historical dimension of the relationship between feminism and imperialism. Demonstrating how feminists in the United Kingdom appropriated imperialistic ideology and rhetoric to justify their own right to equality, she reveals a variety of feminisms grounded in notions of moral and racial superiority. According to Burton, Victorian and Edwardian feminists such as Josephine Butler, Millicent Garrett Fawcett, and Mary Carpenter believed that the native women of colonial India constituted a special 'white woman's burden.' Although there were a number of prominent Indian women in Britain as well as in India working toward some of the same goals of equality, British feminists relied on images of an enslaved and primitive 'Oriental womanhood' in need of liberation at the hands of their emancipated British 'sisters.' Burton argues that this unquestioning acceptance of Britain's imperial status and of Anglo-Saxon racial superiority created a set of imperial feminist ideologies, the legacy of which must be recognized and understood by contemporary feminists.
of the body, multiculturalism, and the social formations that interpret bodily differences. The essay asserts that integrating disability as a cat- egory of analysis and a system of representation deepens, … of the body, multiculturalism, and the social formations that interpret bodily differences. The essay asserts that integrating disability as a cat- egory of analysis and a system of representation deepens, expands, and challenges feminist theory. To elaborate on these premises, the essay discusses four fundamental and interpenetrating domains of feminist theory: representation, the body, identity, and activism, suggesting some critical inquiries that considering disability can generate within these theoretical arenas. Over the last several years, disability studies has moved out of the applied fields of medicine, social work, and rehabilitation to become a vibrant new field of inquiry within the critical genre of identity studies. Charged with the residual fervor of the Civil Rights Movement, Women's Studies and race studies established a model in the academy for identity-based critical enterprises that followed, such as gender studies, queer studies, disability studies, and a proliferation of ethnic studies, all of which have enriched and complicated our understandings of social justice, subject formation, subjugated knowledges, and collective action. Even though disability studies is now flourishing in disciplines such as history, literature, religion, theater, and philosophy in precisely the same way feminist studies did twenty-five years ago, many of its practitioners do not recognize that disability studies is part of this larger undertaking that can be called identity studies. Indeed, I must wearily conclude that much of current disability studies does a great deal of wheel reinventing. This is largely because many disability studies scholars simply do not know either feminist theory or the institutional history of Women's Stud- ies. All too often, the pronouncements in disability studies of what we need to start addressing are precisely issues that feminist theory has been grappling with for years. This is not to say that feminist theory can be
Preface to the Thirtieth Anniversary Edition Acknowledgments Introduction Part I: Toward a Feminist History 1. Women's History 2. Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis Part II: Gender and Class … Preface to the Thirtieth Anniversary Edition Acknowledgments Introduction Part I: Toward a Feminist History 1. Women's History 2. Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis Part II: Gender and Class 3. On Language, Gender, and Working-Class History 4. Women in The Making of the English Working Class Part III: Gender in History 5. Work Identities for Men and Women: The Politics of Work and Family in the Parisian Garment Trades in 1848 6. A Statistical Representation of Work: La Statistique de l'industrie a Paris, 1847-1848 7. L'ouvriere! Mot impie, sordide . . .: Women Workers in the Discourse of French Political Economy, 1840-1860 Part IV: Equality and Difference 8. The Sears Case 9. American Women Historians, 1884-1984 10. The Conundrum of Equality Notes Index
In “Heterosexualism and the Colonial/Modern Gender System” (Lugones 2007), I proposed to read the relation between the colonizer and the colonized in terms of gender, race, and sexuality. By this … In “Heterosexualism and the Colonial/Modern Gender System” (Lugones 2007), I proposed to read the relation between the colonizer and the colonized in terms of gender, race, and sexuality. By this I did not mean to add a gendered reading and a racial reading to the already understood colonial relations. Rather I proposed a rereading of modern capitalist colonial modernity itself. This is because the colonial imposition of gender cuts across questions of ecology, economics, government, relations with the spirit world, and knowledge, as well as across everyday practices that either habituate us to take care of the world or to destroy it. I propose this framework not as an abstraction from lived experience, but as a lens that enables us to see what is hidden from our understandings of both race and gender and the relation of each to normative heterosexuality.
This chapter seeks to explain the invisibility and modes of visibility of racism, race difference, and whiteness. It discusses a feminist commitment to drawing on women’s daily lives as a … This chapter seeks to explain the invisibility and modes of visibility of racism, race difference, and whiteness. It discusses a feminist commitment to drawing on women’s daily lives as a resource for analyzing society. The chapter draws on both theoretical and substantive analyses of race, racism, and colonialism in the United States and beyond. It argues that the discourse against interracial relationships entails specifically racialized constructions of white femininity in relation to racialized masculinities. The chapter suggests that white women and men were placed, respectively, as victim and rescuer in the discourse against interracial sexuality, vis-a-vis the supposed sexual threat posed by men of color toward white women. It also argues that both heterosexual and lesbian white women’s strategies for coping with the burdens that racism placed on interracial couples seemed at times to be distinctively “female” ones.
Intersectionality has attracted substantial scholarly attention in the 1990s. Rather than examining gender, race, class, and nation as distinctive social hierarchies, intersectionality examines how they mutually construct one another. I … Intersectionality has attracted substantial scholarly attention in the 1990s. Rather than examining gender, race, class, and nation as distinctive social hierarchies, intersectionality examines how they mutually construct one another. I explore how the traditional family ideal functions as a privileged exemplar of intersectionality in the United States. Each of its six dimensions demonstrates specific connections between family as a gendered system of social organization, racial ideas and practices, and constructions of U.S. national identity.
As the first full-length study of the history of sexuality in America, Intimate Matters offered trenchant insights into the sexual behavior of Americans from colonial times to the present. Now, … As the first full-length study of the history of sexuality in America, Intimate Matters offered trenchant insights into the sexual behavior of Americans from colonial times to the present. Now, twenty-five years after its first publication, this ground-breaking classic is back in a crucial and updated third edition. With new and extended chapters, John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman give us an even deeper understanding of how sexuality has dramatically influenced politics and culture throughout our history and into the present. Hailed by critics for its comprehensive approach and noted by the US Supreme Court in the landmark Lawrence v. Texas ruling, Intimate Matters details the changes in sexuality and the ongoing growth of individual freedoms in the United States through meticulous research and lucid prose.
Imperialism and Motherhood Get access Anna Davin Anna Davin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar History Workshop Journal, Volume 5, Issue 1, SPRING 1978, … Imperialism and Motherhood Get access Anna Davin Anna Davin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar History Workshop Journal, Volume 5, Issue 1, SPRING 1978, Pages 9–66, https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/5.1.9 Published: 01 March 1978
This chapter draws from theatrical, anthropological, and philosophical discourses, but mainly phenomenology, to show that what is called gender identity is a performative accomplishment compelled by social sanction and taboo. … This chapter draws from theatrical, anthropological, and philosophical discourses, but mainly phenomenology, to show that what is called gender identity is a performative accomplishment compelled by social sanction and taboo. Feminist theory has often been critical of naturalistic explanations of sex and sexuality that assume that the meaning of women’s social existence can be derived from some fact of their physiology. For both Beauvoir and Merleau-Ponty, the body is understood to be an active process of embodying certain cultural and historical possibilities, a complicated process of appropriation, which any phenomenological theory of constitution needs to describe. In order to describe the gendered body, a phenomenological theory of constitution requires an expansion of the conventional view of acts to mean both that which constitutes meaning and through which meaning is performed or enacted. The feminist appropriation of the phenomenological theory of constitution might employ the notion of an act in a richly ambiguous sense.
Abstract These essays describe diverse aspects of women’s lived body experience in modern Western societies. They combine theoretical description of experience with normative evaluation of the unjust constraints on freedom … Abstract These essays describe diverse aspects of women’s lived body experience in modern Western societies. They combine theoretical description of experience with normative evaluation of the unjust constraints on freedom and opportunity that continue to burden many women. The lead essay rethinks the purpose of the category of “gender” for feminist theory, after important debates have questioned its usefulness. Other essays include reflection on the meaning of being at home and the need for privacy in old age residencies. Aspects of the experience of women and girls that have received little attention even in feminist theory are analyzed, such as the sexuality of breasts, or menstruation as punctuation in a woman’s life story. The phenomenology of moving in a pregnant body and the tactile pleasures of clothing are also considered.
Journal Article Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. By Eric Lott. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. x, 314 pp. $24.95, ISBN 0-19-507832-2.) Get access Elspeth … Journal Article Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. By Eric Lott. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. x, 314 pp. $24.95, ISBN 0-19-507832-2.) Get access Elspeth Brown Elspeth Brown Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 83, Issue 1, June 1996, Pages 197–198, https://doi.org/10.2307/2945517 Published: 01 June 1996
The concept `patriarchy', while being vital for feminist analysis, has been criticised for not being able to deal with historical and cross-cultural variation in the forms of women's subordination. This … The concept `patriarchy', while being vital for feminist analysis, has been criticised for not being able to deal with historical and cross-cultural variation in the forms of women's subordination. This paper presents a new way of theorising patriarchy to meet these objections; one which is flexible enough to take account of its various forms, but rigorous enough to be an effective tool for analysis. It leaves behind base-superstructure models of patriarchy in which there is only one base, which have led to many of the rigidities which have been identified, arguing instead for a model of patriarchy as six partially-interdependent structures. The paper concludes with a discussion of the different forms of patriarchy in recent British history.
Written over a span of more than two decades, the essays by Iris Marion Young collected in this volume describe diverse aspects of women's lived body experience in modern Western … Written over a span of more than two decades, the essays by Iris Marion Young collected in this volume describe diverse aspects of women's lived body experience in modern Western societies. Drawing on the ideas of several twentieth century continental philosophers-including Simone de Beauvoir, Martin Heidegger, Luce Irigaray, Julia Kristeva, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty-Young constructs rigorous analytic categories for interpreting embodied subjectivity. The essays combine theoretical description of experience with normative evaluation of the unjust constraints on their freedom and opportunity that continue to burden many women. The lead essay rethinks the purpose of the category of gender for feminist theory, after important debates have questioned its usefulness. Young's classic essay, Throwing Like a Girl, is reprinted here, along with a comment of the impact of that essay twenty years later. Newer essays include reflection on the meaning of being at home, and the need for privacy in old age residences. Other essays analyze aspects of the experience of women and girls that have received little attention even in feminist theory-such as the sexuality of breasts, or menstruation as punctuation in a woman's life story. Young describes the phenomenology of moving in a pregnant body and the tactile pleasures of clothing. While academically rigorous, the essays are also written with engaging style, incorporating vivid imagery and autobiographical narrative. On Female Body Experience raises issues and takes positions that speak to scholars and students in philosophy, sociology, geography, medicine, nursing, and education.
The Second Wave collects many of the major essays of feminist theory of the past forty years, essays by the figures who have made key contributions to feminist theory during … The Second Wave collects many of the major essays of feminist theory of the past forty years, essays by the figures who have made key contributions to feminist theory during this period and have generated extensive discussion. Organized historically, these essays provide a sense of the major turning points in feminist theory. Contributors include: Norma Alarcon, Linda Alcoff, Michele Barrett, Elsa Barkley Brown, Judith Butler, Nancy Chodorow, Patricia Hill Collins, Simone de Beauvoir, Shulamith Firestone, Nancy Fraser, Carol Gilligan, Heidi Hartmann, Nancy C. M. Hartsock, Luce Irigaray, Catharine MacKinnon, Uma Narayan, Linda Nicholson, Ellen Rooney, Gayle Rubin, Gayatri Spivak, Wendy W. Williams and Monique Wittig.
Acknowledgments Introduction: Myths of the Modern 1. Modernity and Feminism 2. On Nostalgia: The Prehistoric Woman 3. Imagined Pleasures: The Erotics and Aesthetics of consumption 4. Masking Masculinity: The Feminization … Acknowledgments Introduction: Myths of the Modern 1. Modernity and Feminism 2. On Nostalgia: The Prehistoric Woman 3. Imagined Pleasures: The Erotics and Aesthetics of consumption 4. Masking Masculinity: The Feminization of Writing 5. Love, God, and the Orient: Reading the Popular Sublime 6. Visions of the New: feminist Discourses of Evolution and revolution 7. The Art of Perversion: Female Sadists and male Cyborgs Afterword: Rewriting the Mordern Notes Index
Andrei Florin Sora | Philobiblon Transylvanian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Humanities
Wazir Jahan Karim | WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks
Wazir Jahan Karim | WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks
| Open Book Publishers
This book offers a groundbreaking exploration of the pervasive issue of gender-based violence (GBV) within the realms of art and cultural production. This collection of essays delves into both the … This book offers a groundbreaking exploration of the pervasive issue of gender-based violence (GBV) within the realms of art and cultural production. This collection of essays delves into both the overt and subtle forms of GBV. It spans sexual harassment, assault, and the everyday sexism ingrained in creative workplaces and art schools, in both professional and private dimensions. The book covers a wide array of artistic sectors—opera, visual arts, music, and theatre—across diverse global contexts, from Europe to Asia and North America. By incorporating feminist and sociological theories, the essays not only examine the structural power dynamics that perpetuate GBV but also highlight efforts to challenge and dismantle these systems. The book addresses both criminal acts of violence and the "ordinary" forms of sexism that pervade artistic spaces, making visible the normalized patterns of behavior that maintain gender inequality. The volume is divided into three parts: the production of GBV, its representations in cultural work, and the initiatives to counteract it. A crucial contribution to ongoing discussions of workplace and educational inequality, this timely volume fills a notable gap in research on gender-based violence within the arts. Its methodological rigor and international perspective ensure that it will serve as a key resource for scholars, practitioners, and advocates alike.
In the past five years, the testimonies published on social media by ‘Balancetonecoledart’ (‘expose your art school’) and the ones that accompanied a manifesto ‘for a #Metoo of the art … In the past five years, the testimonies published on social media by ‘Balancetonecoledart’ (‘expose your art school’) and the ones that accompanied a manifesto ‘for a #Metoo of the art world’ called attention to the fact that art schools are one of the sites of gender-based violence in the contemporary art. Yet, contrary to gender-based violence in university and elite academic institutions, gender-based violence in artistic higher education remains largely under-documented. Based on the case of French schools of visual arts, this chapter studies the forms of gender-based violence experienced by female students, the social processes and relations that produce and silence them, and their consequences for women’s integration in the contemporary art world. It draws on qualitative data collected during two different fieldworks: interviews with around fifty graduates and six instructors of a prestigious French art school, an ethnography of its exam entrance; interviews with seven art schools’ instructors, four members of feminist collectives fighting gender-based violence in higher artistic education, two workers in the ministry of Culture, and documents produced by feminist collectives. This case study reveals that gender-based violence does not disappear in contexts where women are a majority. Overall, the chapter emphasises how gender-based violence in artistic education constrains women’s creative abilities and access to professional norms and networks, and thus contributes to perpetuate gender segregation in contemporary art.
Blessy Sharon Samjose | State University of New York Press eBooks
Heike Krösche | Think! Historically: teaching history and the dialogue of disciplines
Social differences and inequalities are constantly constructed and reproduced in historical learning processes. The diversity of students and teachers, as well as the consideration of complex inequalities in connection with … Social differences and inequalities are constantly constructed and reproduced in historical learning processes. The diversity of students and teachers, as well as the consideration of complex inequalities in connection with the subjects of history lessons, cannot be captured with the help of rigid categories that are viewed in isolation from one another. Rather, to accommodate this diversity, it is necessary to break down one-dimensional perspectives on social inequality and binary thinking. Accordingly, the intersectional approach focusses on the interaction of social differences. Furthermore, the approach of interdependent categories is essential for intersectionality research in history education, according to which inequality relations are inherent in a given category, such as dis/ability. In this context, not only are open and research-led approaches to categories of difference necessary from a history education perspective, but the consideration of dis/ability as an interdependent category seems particularly relevant.
Juan Martínez Gil | RELIES Revista del Laboratorio Iberoamericano para el Estudio Sociohistórico de las Sexualidades
El presente artículo examina la representación trans en la Transición española, un periodo en el que convergieron el afloramiento de visibilidad de estas identidades en el contexto del destape, con … El presente artículo examina la representación trans en la Transición española, un periodo en el que convergieron el afloramiento de visibilidad de estas identidades en el contexto del destape, con la llegada al país de la categoría médica de transexualidad, que ya tenía un largo recorrido en otros contextos nacionales. Tras introducir la cuestión y comentar brevemente las relaciones que la crítica ha establecido entre lo trans y el proceso político transicional, el artículo remarca la importancia que tuvo este periodo de visibilidad sin precedentes para la configuración de una identidad trans en España. Asimismo, se propone la denominación de este fenómeno como “sarampión travesti” en un acto de reapropiación de las teorías de contagio social que circulaban en la época. Por último, el artículo se centra en el análisis de una sección de entrevistas del seminario Party denominada “El travesti de la semana”, donde múltiples mujeres trans contaron sus experiencias y expectativas vitales y explicaron cómo entendían su identidad.
Dawn Langan Teele | Annual Review of Political Science
From 2000 to 2020, more than 20 countries marked a century of women's suffrage. These anniversaries occurred alongside a period of rich theoretical innovation in the democratization literature, producing a … From 2000 to 2020, more than 20 countries marked a century of women's suffrage. These anniversaries occurred alongside a period of rich theoretical innovation in the democratization literature, producing a decade of research on the causes and consequences of women's suffrage. This body of research pushes against the narrative that suffrage happened automatically with modernization and the claims that early women voters were apathetic and conservative and did not get what they wanted out of politics. New scholarship reveals how political competition and suffragists’ strategies were key components of suffrage reform and how women, who often cast the largest number of votes in any given context, could shift the balance toward left parties if they were highly mobilized in cities. Finally, a growing body of scholarship has shown how suffrage led to expansions of early welfare state policies. Future work should examine these dynamics in suffrage's second wave and outside of the global North.
Maríufræðin hefur lengi verið baráttufólki fyrir kvenréttindum hugleikin. Frægt dæmi um rammpólitíska nýtúlkun á Maríufræðinni er gjörningur pönkhljómsveitarinnar Pussy Riot í dómkirkju Krists frelsara í Moskvu í febrúarmánuði árið 2012. … Maríufræðin hefur lengi verið baráttufólki fyrir kvenréttindum hugleikin. Frægt dæmi um rammpólitíska nýtúlkun á Maríufræðinni er gjörningur pönkhljómsveitarinnar Pussy Riot í dómkirkju Krists frelsara í Moskvu í febrúarmánuði árið 2012. Þá stilltu meðlimir hljómsveitarinnar sér upp næst helgimyndahliðinu. Þar signdu þær sig, hófu háværan söng undir íkoninu af Maríu meyju og gagnrýndu undirlægjuhátt kirkju og menntastofnana gagn-vart ríkisvaldinu. Pussy Riot kölluðu gjörninginn pönkbæn og ákölluðu Maríu meyju í bæn sinni. Pönkbænin var sungin í helgidóminum og því má með nokkrum rétti túlka ákall Pussy Riot til meyjarinnar sem sunginn bænasálm. En er um sálm að ræða að hefðbundnum skilningi? Hvað er sálmur og geta sálmar verið siðvenjubrjótandi? Hvers konar guðfræði-hugmyndir um kynhlutverk eru taldar hæfa Maríu? Á hvaða hátt mótar myndmál sálmanna hugarheim þeirra sem sækja helgihaldið og hvers konar kynhlutverk birta þeir? Hvaða áhrif geta pönkbænin og femínískar og afnýlenduvæddar áherslur haft á það hvernig Maríu-myndirnar eru túlkaðar í sálmabókinni? Greininni er skipt í fimm undirkafla. Í fyrsta undirkaflanum er horft í baksýnisspegil til bandarískra og brasilískra kvennaguðfræðinga í lok tuttugustu aldar. Í öðrum undirkaflanum er greint frá straumum og stefnum í sálmafræði með sérstakri áherslu á félagslegt réttlæti er varðar kyn og afnýlenduvæðingu. Í þeim þriðja víkur sögunni að guðfræðilegri umræðu um Pussy Riot viðburðinn og dregin eru fram helstu atriði sem tengja má við sálmafræðina. Í fjórða kaflanum eru skoðuð teikn um aukinn fjölbreytileika í sálmabókinni og í fimmta og síðasta kaflanum er meyjarstef Sálmabókar íslensku kirkjunnar greint í ljósi sálmafræðinnar.
This study examines the transformation of women’s gleaning practices in Essex, a predominantly agrarian county in southeastern England, between 1830 and 1890. Against the backdrop of land privatization, agricultural capitalism, … This study examines the transformation of women’s gleaning practices in Essex, a predominantly agrarian county in southeastern England, between 1830 and 1890. Against the backdrop of land privatization, agricultural capitalism, and shifting legal interpretations of customary rights, gleaning—a long-standing survival strategy for rural poor women—became increasingly criminalized. As courts progressively prioritized landowners’ claims over customary access, the erosion of gleaning rights signalled a broader crisis of subsistence, in which marginalized communities lost access to informal economies that had sustained them for generations. Three interrelated processes drove this shift. First, legal ambiguity rendered gleaning increasingly precarious; judicial rulings oscillated between recognizing its economic necessity and reinforcing property rights, ultimately undermining poor women’s claims. Second, gendered moral scrutiny shaped legal outcomes, as female gleaners were often portrayed as disorderly trespassers rather than impoverished labourers seeking sustenance. Finally, changes in labour structures further restricted gleaning: by limiting post-harvest access to the families of hired farmworkers, landowners not only extended surveillance mechanisms into rural households but also deepened the exclusion of women without formal employment. These shifts left non-wage-earning women particularly vulnerable, forcing them to choose between destitution and legal prosecution. This study argues that the decline of gleaning in Essex exemplifies the intersection of economic dispossession, legal marginalization, and gendered discipline in nineteenth-century rural Britain. The crisis of gleaning highlights the precariousness of informal economies under industrialization, illustrating how legal frameworks and capitalist property regimes exacerbated class and gender inequalities. This case contributes to broader discussions on historical subsistence crises, legal exclusion, and the enduring consequences of economic restructuring for marginalized communities.
Dans A Woman’s Empire: Russian Women and Imperial Expansion in Asia, Katya Hokanson, professeure associée de littérature russe et comparée à l’université de l’Oregon, interroge le rôle des femmes dans … Dans A Woman’s Empire: Russian Women and Imperial Expansion in Asia, Katya Hokanson, professeure associée de littérature russe et comparée à l’université de l’Oregon, interroge le rôle des femmes dans l’expansion russe en Asie centrale au XIXe siècle
Sandra Eder | Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A
This article examines Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity, a pivotal concept in contemporary feminist and queer theory. Originating from Butler’s Gender Trouble (1990) and further developed in Bodies That … This article examines Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity, a pivotal concept in contemporary feminist and queer theory. Originating from Butler’s Gender Trouble (1990) and further developed in Bodies That Matter (1993), the theory challenges traditional distinctions between sex and gender by arguing that both are socially constructed through performative acts. Butler critiques the binary notion that biological sex predetermines gender identity, instead proposing that gender is continually constituted through repeated social performances within a regulatory framework Butler calls the “heterosexual matrix”. Drawing on J.L. Austin’s speech act theory and Jacques Derrida’s concepts of citationality and iterability, Butler asserts that gender is not an inherent trait but an effect produced through iterative acts. The article also explores Butler’s engagement with Louis Althusser’s concept of interpellation to explain how individuals are assigned gender identities at birth. It highlights how normative gender constructs are maintained through social rituals and coercive mechanisms, but also how these norms can be destabilized through subversive repetitions, such as parody and drag. The discussion underscores Butler’s view of agency as emerging within the discursive constraints of gender norms, offering a pathway to challenge and transform these structures through performative resignification.