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Historical and Linguistic Studies

Works Count: 132536

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This cluster of papers explores the historical interactions, translations, and interpretations between Christianity and Islam, including topics such as early Christian apologetics, Islamic manuscripts, Eusebian apparatus, gospel translations, and cultural transmission. It provides insights into the complex and multifaceted relationship between these two major religious traditions throughout history.

Keywords

Christian-Muslim Relations; Gospel Translation; Early Christian Apologetics; Islamic Manuscripts; Eusebian Apparatus; Medieval Synagogue; Byzantine Understanding of Qur'an; Muslim Readings of Gospels; Arabic Bible Translations; Cultural Transmission

Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur

1996-01-01

Carl Brockelmann

This work provides a bibliographical reference tool for Arab literature. It provides coverage from pre-Islamic times to the early 20th century. This work provides a bibliographical reference tool for Arab literature. It provides coverage from pre-Islamic times to the early 20th century.

A Commentary on the Satires of Juvenal

1982-01-01

Thomas G. Palaima , E. Courtney

Author(s): Courtney, Edward | Abstract: Edward Courtney's study of the Satires of Juvenal is the only full-scale commentary on the corpus since the nineteenth century and retains its value for … Author(s): Courtney, Edward | Abstract: Edward Courtney's study of the Satires of Juvenal is the only full-scale commentary on the corpus since the nineteenth century and retains its value for students and scholars a generation after its first appearance in 1980. This commentary incorporates the findings of classical study up to that time, including the work of A. E. Housman, new discoveries such as those of papyri, and the expanding horizons of classical research. Courtney elucidates the form of each poem and the progression of thought, and offers many suggestions for the adjustment of traditional punctuation. In addition to basic explanation of the text, the commentary offers a detailed understanding of the literary and historical context, including thorough treatment of social customs, realia, development of the Latin language, and rhetorical features. The Introduction discusses Juvenal's life, his development as a satirist, his view of society and morals, his style, and his handling of metre.

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Beyond the Written Word: Oral Aspects of Scripture in History of Religion

1989-01-01

Frank R. Podgorski , William A. Graham

Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Part I. Of Written and Spoken Words: 1. Writing and written culture 2. The print textuality of modern culture 3. Books, reading and literacy in the premodern … Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Part I. Of Written and Spoken Words: 1. Writing and written culture 2. The print textuality of modern culture 3. Books, reading and literacy in the premodern west Part II. Of Written and Spoken Scripture: 4. Scripture in Judeo-Christian perspective 5. Holy writ and holy word 6. Scripture as spoken word: the Indian paradigm Part III. 'An Arabic Reciting': Qur`an as Spoken Book: 7. Revelation and recitation 8. Muslim scripture as spoken word 9. Voicing the Qur`an: questions of meaning Part IV. 'The Lively Oracles of God': Bible as Spoken Word: 10. The spoken word of Christian holy writ 11. God's word in the desert 12. Hearing and seeing: the rhetoric of Martin Luther Conclusion.

The Phonology And Morphology Of Arabic

2002-04-11

Janet C. E. Watson

Abstract This book is the first comprehensive account of the phonology and morphology of Arabic. It is a pioneering work of scholarship, based on the author's research in the region. … Abstract This book is the first comprehensive account of the phonology and morphology of Arabic. It is a pioneering work of scholarship, based on the author's research in the region. Arabic is a Semitic language spoken by some 250 million people in an area stretching from Morocco in the West to parts of Iran in the East. Apart from its great intrinsic interest, the importance of the language for phonological and morphological theory lies, as the author shows, in its rich root-and-pattern morphology and its large set of guttural consonants. Dr Watson focuses on two eastern dialects, Cairene and San'ani. Cairene is typical of an advanced urban Mediterranean dialect and has a cultural importance throughout the Arab world; it is also the variety learned by most foreign speakers of Arabic. San'ani, spoken in Yemen, is representative of a conservative peninsula dialect. In addition the book makes extensive reference to other dialects as well as to classical and Modern Standard Arabic. The volume opens with an overview of the history and varieties of Arabic, and of the study of phonology within the Arab linguistic tradition. Successive chapters then cover dialectal differences and similarities, and the position of Arabic within Semitic; the phoneme system and the representation of phonological features; the syllable and syllabification; word stress; derivational morphology; inflectional morphology; lexical phonology; and post-lexical phonology. The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic will be of great interest to Arabists and comparative Semiticists, as well as to phonologists, morphologists, and linguists more generally.

The ornament of the world: how Muslims, Jews, and Christians created a culture of tolerance in medieval Spain

2003-02-01

María Rosa Menocal

A rich and thriving culture where literature, science and religious tolerance flourished for 700 years is the subject of this enthralling history of medieval Spain. Living side by side in … A rich and thriving culture where literature, science and religious tolerance flourished for 700 years is the subject of this enthralling history of medieval Spain. Living side by side in the Andalusian kingdoms, the 'peoples of the book' produced statesmen, poets and philosophers who influenced the rest of Europe in dramatic ways, giving it the first translations of Plato and Aristotle, love songs and secular poetry plus remarkable feats of architecture and technology. This evocative account explores the lost history whose legacy and lessons have a powerful resonance in today's world.

GREEKS AND THEIR PAST IN THE SECOND SOPHISTIC

1970-01-01

E. L. Bowie

GREEKS AND THEIR PAST IN THE SECOND SOPHISTIC* E. L. Bowie E. L. Bowie Corpus Christi CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar *An … GREEKS AND THEIR PAST IN THE SECOND SOPHISTIC* E. L. Bowie E. L. Bowie Corpus Christi CollegeOxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar *An earlier draft of this paper was read to the Oxford Philological Society on 1 December 1967. I am very grateful to its members and to the editorial board of this journal for their helpful criticism. Author Notes Past & Present, Volume 46, Issue 1, February 1970, Pages 3–41, https://doi.org/10.1093/past/46.1.3 Published: 01 February 1970

The Muqaddimah. An Introduction to History

1962-12-31

Heinrich Simon , Ibn Khaldūn , Franz Rosenthal

The Muqaddimah, often translated as Introduction or Prolegomenon, is the most important Islamic history of the premodern world. Written by the great fourteenth-century Arab scholar Ibn Khaldun (d. 1406), this … The Muqaddimah, often translated as Introduction or Prolegomenon, is the most important Islamic history of the premodern world. Written by the great fourteenth-century Arab scholar Ibn Khaldun (d. 1406), this monumental work laid down the foundations of several fields of knowledge, including philosophy of history, sociology, ethnography, and economics. The first complete English translation, by the eminent Islamicist and interpreter of Arabic literature Franz Rosenthal, was published in three volumes in 1958 as part of the Bollingen Series and received immediate acclaim in America and abroad. A one-volume abridged version of Rosenthal's masterful translation was first published in 1969. This new edition of the abridged version, with the addition of a key section of Rosenthal's own introduction to the three-volume edition, and with a new introduction by Bruce B. Lawrence, will reintroduce this seminal work to twenty-first-century students and scholars of Islam and of medieval and ancient history.

The Secular Scripture: A Study of the Structure of Romance

1977-01-01

Α. Owen Aldridge , Northrop Frye

1. The Word and World of Man 2. The Context of Romance 3. Our Lady of Pain: Heroes and Heroines of Romance 4. The Bottomless Dream: Themes of Descent 5. … 1. The Word and World of Man 2. The Context of Romance 3. Our Lady of Pain: Heroes and Heroines of Romance 4. The Bottomless Dream: Themes of Descent 5. Quis Hic Locus? Themes of Ascent 6. The Recovery of Myth Notes Index

Christianity and the rhetoric of Empire: the development of Christian discourse

1992-02-01

Averil Cameron

Many reasons can be given for the rise of Christianity in late antiquity and its flourishing in the medieval world. In asking how Christianity succeeded in becoming the dominant ideology … Many reasons can be given for the rise of Christianity in late antiquity and its flourishing in the medieval world. In asking how Christianity succeeded in becoming the dominant ideology in the unpromising circumstances of the Roman Empire, Averil Cameron turns to the development of Christian discourse over the first to sixth centuries A.D., investigating the discourse's essential characteristics, its effects on existing forms of communication, and its eventual preeminence. Scholars of late antiquity and general readers interested in this crucial historical period will be intrigued by her exploration of these influential changes in modes of communication. The emphasis that Christians placed on languagewriting, talking, and preachingmade possible the formation of a powerful and indeed a totalizing discourse, argues the author. Christian discourse was sufficiently flexible to be used as a public and political instrument, yet at the same time to be used to express private feelings and emotion. Embracing the two opposing poles of logic and mystery, it contributed powerfully to the gradual acceptance of Christianity and the faith's transformation from the enthusiasm of a small sect to an institutionalized world religion.

A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic

1962-07-01

Majed F. Saʿid , Hans Wehr , J. Milton Cowan

Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains

1989-10-01

J. K. Elliott , J. P. Louw , Eugene A. Nida

A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research

1916-01-01

William H. P. Hatch , A. T. Robertson

History, Historicism, and the Social Logic of the Text in the Middle Ages

1990-01-01

Gabrielle M. Spiegel

Constantine and Eusebius

1982-12-01

Walter Emil Kaegi , T. D. Barnes

PART ONE: Constantine 1. Diocletian and Maximiam 2. Galerius and the Christians 3. The Rise of Constantine 4. The Christian Emperor of the West 5. Constantine and Licinius PART TWO: … PART ONE: Constantine 1. Diocletian and Maximiam 2. Galerius and the Christians 3. The Rise of Constantine 4. The Christian Emperor of the West 5. Constantine and Licinius PART TWO: Eusebius 6. Origen and Caesarea 7. Biblical Scholarship and the Chronicle 8. The History of the Church 9. Persecution 10. Eusebius as Apologist PART THREE: The Christian Empire 11. Before Constantine 12. The Council of Nicaea 13. Ecclesiastical Politics 14. The New Monarchy 15. Eusebius and Constantine Epilogue Chronological Table Editions and Translations of Eusebius Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index of Passages of Eusebius Discussed General Index

Mikra. Text, Translation, Reading and Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity

1991-10-01

H. G. M. Williamson , Martin Jan Mulder

Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums

1982-01-01

Fuat Sezgin

Vorwort I. Einfurhung II. Grammatiker im Irak III. Grammatiker in Persien IV. Grammatiker in Syrien-Arabien V. Grammatiker in Agypten VI. Grammatiker in Nordafrika VII. Grammatiker in Spanien VIII. Anonyme Werke … Vorwort I. Einfurhung II. Grammatiker im Irak III. Grammatiker in Persien IV. Grammatiker in Syrien-Arabien V. Grammatiker in Agypten VI. Grammatiker in Nordafrika VII. Grammatiker in Spanien VIII. Anonyme Werke IX. Sprachphilosophie und die Beziehung der Grammatik zur Logik Nachtrage Indices

Listening for the Text: On the Uses of the past

1991-01-01

Kurt Olsson , Brian Stock

Preface Acknowledgments Introduction: Orality, Literacy, and the Sense of the Past Ch. 1. History, Literature, Textuality Ch. 2. Medieval Literacy, Linguistic Theory, and Social Organization Ch. 3. Romantic Attitudes and … Preface Acknowledgments Introduction: Orality, Literacy, and the Sense of the Past Ch. 1. History, Literature, Textuality Ch. 2. Medieval Literacy, Linguistic Theory, and Social Organization Ch. 3. Romantic Attitudes and Academic Medievalism Ch. 4. Literary Discourse and the Social Historian Ch. 5. Language and Culture: Saussure, Ricoeur, and Foucault Ch. 6. Max Weber, Western Rationality, and the Middle Ages Ch. 7. Textual Communities: Judaism, Christianity, and the Definitional Problem Ch. 8. Tradition and Modernity: Models from the Past Notes Index

The Arabic-English Lexicon

2010-05-15

Jason Thompson

Abstract The first volume of Edward William Lane's Arabic-English Lexicon was published in spring 1863, twenty-two years after the project began. It displays all the photographic accuracy for which he … Abstract The first volume of Edward William Lane's Arabic-English Lexicon was published in spring 1863, twenty-two years after the project began. It displays all the photographic accuracy for which he is so well known, combined with scholarship of a kind — acquired as it was in the East — which is hard to attain. The nomination of “M. Edouard Guillaume Lane” described him as a distinguished orientalist who had made “little noise in the world” but had become well known to the learned; it confidently predicted that the Arabic-English Lexicon would become “a mine of research for the centuries.” Turning the pages of beautifully chromolithographed plates, Lane remembered the original drawings that Lepsius had shown him twenty years before in Cairo. As he occasionally confided, a secret part of him was still fascinated with ancient Egypt.

The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition

1985-12-31

Paul J. Alexander

The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture

1991-09-01

Maurice Bloch , Mary Carruthers

Constantine and Eusebius

1982-01-01

H. A. Drake , T. D. Barnes

The Loeb Classical Library in 1954

1955-01-01

L. A. Post

Turks, Moors and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery

2001-07-01

Nancy L. Stockdale

Nabil Matar's Turks, Moors and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery is awelcome addition to the important yet often-overlooked scholarship ofcross-cultural exchanges between Muslims and non-Muslims in the erabetween the … Nabil Matar's Turks, Moors and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery is awelcome addition to the important yet often-overlooked scholarship ofcross-cultural exchanges between Muslims and non-Muslims in the erabetween the Crusades and modem European colonial hegemony. Drawingon literary and historical sources from the Elizabethan and Stuart periods,Matar strikes at the heart of the Orientalism debate with a complicated yetplausible link between English representations of Muslims and nativeAmericans and later imperialist racism. By stressing a triangular powerrelationship between England, North Africa and the Ottoman world, andthe new American colonies, Matar convincingly argues that it was the veryfailure of the English to conquer the Muslims in the face of Englishsuccesses in America against the indigenous populations that led Britons totransfer their ideas about "savage natives" from the American Indians tothe Muslims. According to Matar, it was this transference that laid thefoundation for centuries of racism and stereotyping against Islam and itsadherents in western scholarship and popular culture. By using thelanguage of racism created during their destruction of the native Americansagainst the Muslims they could not destroy, the English in the Age ofDiscovery created the ideological foundation for their conquests in the Ageof Imperialism.In his introduction, Matar is quick to remind his readers that Muslimswere the most familiar and significant Others in Elizabethan and StuartEngland unlike Americans, they were not in the colonial sights of theEnglish, but rather, to be admired and feared. Indeed, it was their veryresistance to being conquered that led to their demonization in literary andtheological works. However, in the realm of politics, English rulers werekeen to forge political and economic ties with Muslim governments,because they knew they needed such ties to maintain their own nationaland economic security. Matar is also careful to point out that Englishrepresentations of Muslims cannot be taken at face value as accuratehistorical sources describing lived experiences of Muslims, but rather, asrepresentations of how the English viewed the Islamic world they knewvis-a-vis the other major group of non-Christians with which they wereactively engaged, Native Americans.The bulk of Matar's work can be divided into two parts. Chapter One ...

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The Gospel According to John (I–XII)

1966-01-01

SS Raymond E. Brown

<JATS1:p>In the first volume of Raymond E. Brown’s magisterial three-volume commentary on the Gospel According to John, all of the major Johannine questions—of authorship, composition, dating, the relationship of John … <JATS1:p>In the first volume of Raymond E. Brown’s magisterial three-volume commentary on the Gospel According to John, all of the major Johannine questions—of authorship, composition, dating, the relationship of John to the Synoptics (Mark, Matthew, and Luke)—are discussed. The important theories of modern biblical scholarship concerning John are weighed against the evidence given in the text and against prevailing biblical research. In sum, what is attempted is a synthesis of the major scholarly insights that bear on the Fourth Gospel.</JATS1:p> <JATS1:p>The translation—as Father Brown states at the outset—strives not for any formal beauty but rather for an accurate and contemporary version: “the simple, everyday Greek of the Gospel has been rendered into the ordinary American English of today.” The result is a translation that will strike the reader with uncommon immediacy.</JATS1:p> <JATS1:p>Father Brown also analyzes, in the appendixes, the meaning, use, and frequency of certain key words and phrases that occur in John, and examines the differences between the Johannine and Synoptic treatments of the miracle stories. The chapters of the Gospel translated here in Volume 29 (1–12) comprise the Prologue, which opens with the famous “In the beginning was the Word,” and the Book of Signs, an account of the miracles of Jesus and of his ministry.</JATS1:p>

The Early Versions of the New Testament

1977-10-06

Bruce M. Metzger

Abstract This book deals with the origin and transmission of all the translations of the New Testament made before about AD 1000, setting them in the historical context of the … Abstract This book deals with the origin and transmission of all the translations of the New Testament made before about AD 1000, setting them in the historical context of the expansion of Christianity. For each a list is given of the earliest surviving manuscripts and of noteworthy printed editions, and an account follows of the history of the scholarly investigation and textual analysis of that version. An important feature of the book is the series of discussions of the characteristics of the languages concerned and their bearing on attempts to recover from the versions the readings of the underlying Greek manuscripts.

Books and readers in the early church: a history of early Christian texts

1996-02-01

Eusebius

1999-09-09

Averil Cameron , Stuart Hall

Abstract Eusebius' Life of Constantine is the most important single record of Constantine, the emperor who turned the Roman Empire from prosecuting the Church to supporting it, with huge and … Abstract Eusebius' Life of Constantine is the most important single record of Constantine, the emperor who turned the Roman Empire from prosecuting the Church to supporting it, with huge and lasting consequences for Europe and Christianity. The only English version previously available is based on a seventeenth-century Greek edition, but two new critical editions produced this century make a new English version necessary. The authors of this edition present the results of the recent scholarly debate, as well as their own researches so as to clarify the significance of Eusebius' work and introduce the student to the text and its interpretation, thus opening up the contentious issues. At face value much of what Eusebius wrote is false. This book shows how, once his partisan interpretations and rhetoric are properly understood, both Eusebius' text and the documents it contains give vital historical insights.

Eusebius of Caesarea against Paganism

2000-01-01

Aryeh Kofsky

Dealing with the subject of apologetics and polemics against the pagans in Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 260-340), this volume discusses his response to the vigorous political, cultural and religious campaign … Dealing with the subject of apologetics and polemics against the pagans in Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 260-340), this volume discusses his response to the vigorous political, cultural and religious campaign launched against Christianity in his time. The first part of the book examines the background for Eusebius' apologetic enterprise and his early apologetic writings. The second and main part of the study analyzes major topics in Eusebius' great two-part apologetic work, the Praeparatio Evangelica and the Demonstratio Evangelica, such as the concept of Christian prehistory, prophecy and miracles. The last part deals with Eusebius' tactics and rhetoric and the place of Porphyry - the outstanding pagan polemicist against Christianity - in Eusebius' work. This part closes with a discussion of Eusebius' final apologetic statement in his work The Theophany, reflecting already the recent triumph of Christianity. This publication has also been published in paperback, please click here for details.

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The power of the written tradition

2001-04-01

Jack Goody

The invention of world religions: or, how European universalism was preserved in the language of pluralism

2006-04-01

Tomoko Masuzawa

The idea of world expresses a vague commitment to multiculture alism. Not merely a descriptive concept, world is also a particular ethos, a pluralist ideology, a logic of classification, and … The idea of world expresses a vague commitment to multiculture alism. Not merely a descriptive concept, world is also a particular ethos, a pluralist ideology, a logic of classification, and a form of knowledge that has shaped the study of religion and infiltrated ordinary language. In this ambitious study, Tomoko Masuzawa examines the emergence of world in modern European thought through a close reading of a variety of sources as early as the seventeenth century. Devoting particular attention to the relation between the comparative study of language and the nascent science of religion, she demonstrates how new classifications of language and race caused Buddhism and Islam to gain special significance as these religions came to be seen in opposing terms - Aryan on one hand and Semitic on the other. Masuzawa also explores the complex relation of world to Protestant theology, from the hierarchical ordering of religions typical of the Christian supremacists of the nineteenth century, to the aspirations of early twentieth-century theologian Ernst Troeltsch, who embraced the pluralist logic of world and by so doing sought to reclaim the universalist destiny of European modernity.

Secrets of Rhetorical Placement and Order in the Qur’anic Structure

2025-06-25

Yaser Ali Hakçioğlu | Din ve Bilim - Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi İslami İlimler Fakültesi Dergisi

The Holy Quran is the miraculous book that has left both humans and jinn in awe. It even challenged the Arabs, the masters of eloquence and rhetoric. This was due … The Holy Quran is the miraculous book that has left both humans and jinn in awe. It even challenged the Arabs, the masters of eloquence and rhetoric. This was due to its exceptional style, eloquent vocabulary, precise meanings, and beautiful composition, and diverse themes— qualities beyond human capability. One of the most remarkable aspects of the Quran’s miraculous nature is its unique style in presenting ideas and issues. The Quran’s style is harmonized with both reason and emotion, aligning with the context in which its speech is delivered. Its expressions perfectly match the situation for which the words were revealed. The styles of the Quran possess an extraordinary ability to express various states and circumstances, considering all contextual factors. This highlights its rhetorical inimitability, which even the most eloquent Arab poets and literary figures could not rival. The Quran’s styles vary depending on the context of the verses and the conditions of the audience. Sometimes, the situation necessitates the use of indefinite nouns or placing the predicate before the subject. In other instances, the conditions of the audience require definiteness, indefiniteness, omission, or the use of implicit references for the subject or predicate. This diversity in style is never arbitrary but is always guided by contextual indicators. This is why the Quran’s style is unique in its composition and profound in its presentation. Among the distinguished and eloquent styles found in the Quran is the rhetorical device of preposing (taqdim)—a stylistic choice that aligns with the intended meaning and the state of the audience. In the Quran, preposing only occurs when the intended meaning cannot be achieved without it. Similarly, postponement (ta’khir) occurs only when the intended meaning requires it. This stylistic technique is one of many found in the Quran, encompassing numerous rhetorical secrets and accompanying meanings. It is also present in both classical Arabic poetry and prose. In the Quran, this style appears in various contexts, carrying profound rhetorical and semantic significance. It often deviates from the conventional word order of Arabic sentences, serving specific rhetorical purposes. This stylistic feature is a mark of skilled literary expression, and writers and poets vary in their ability to employ it effectively. The Quran masterfully employs this technique as a means of unveiling specific meanings and rhetorical purposes that cannot be conveyed through any other structure. This study highlights the aesthetic value of this technique by examining its connection to context. There is a strong correlation between preposition in the Quran and the context in which it.

A Comparative Study in English Translations of the Meanings of the Noble Qur'an

2025-06-25

Lubna Farah | ĪQĀN

This study aimed to highlight the rules governing the translation of the Holy Qur'an and to present the views of scholars on the subject, both in the Arab world and … This study aimed to highlight the rules governing the translation of the Holy Qur'an and to present the views of scholars on the subject, both in the Arab world and globally. It also examined the development of Qur'anic translation in modern times. The study emphasized the importance of translating the meanings of the Holy Qur'an into all languages, to facilitate understanding for non-Arabic-speaking Muslims and to serve English-speaking communities. However, it acknowledges that no matter how accurate a translation may be, it will inevitably fall short of fully conveying the profound meanings contained in the miraculous Qur'anic text. The research also addressed the major challenges and difficulties encountered in translating the meanings of the Qur'an, as well as the essential features and conditions required for all types of translation. It reviewed the differing opinions of scholars from the four major Islamic schools of thought—Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali—regarding the permissibility and rules of translating the Qur'an. Additionally, the study discussed contemporary Muslim scholars' perspectives on the translation of the Qur'an, including the views of the Sheikh of Al-Azhar and Sheikh Ahmed Mustafa Maraghi. Based on the findings, the researcher recommended the establishment of educational centers dedicated to teaching Arabic as a foreign language. Furthermore, it is essential to develop practical proposals to overcome the difficulties in teaching Arabic to non-native speakers, utilizing modern methods from the early stages of learning and book development.

KOVİD-19 SALGINININ MODERN ARAP ŞİİRİNE YANSIMASI

2025-06-24

Emine BAĞMANCI | Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi

Tarihin çeşitli dönemlerinde birçok salgın hastalık görülmüştür. Bu hastalıklar ise sadece yayılarak toplu ölümlere yol açmakla kalmayıp bireysel ve toplumsal davranış ve algıda temel değişiklikler oluşturmuştur. Edebiyat ise gerek bireysel … Tarihin çeşitli dönemlerinde birçok salgın hastalık görülmüştür. Bu hastalıklar ise sadece yayılarak toplu ölümlere yol açmakla kalmayıp bireysel ve toplumsal davranış ve algıda temel değişiklikler oluşturmuştur. Edebiyat ise gerek bireysel gerek toplumsal durumlara ilişkin çeşitli konuları kapsayan bir alan olarak salgın hastalıklar bağlamındaki bu değişikliklerin ele alındığı çok sayıda eserin oluşmasını sağlamıştır. Ortaya çıkan bu eserler, toplumun sosyo-psikolojik yapısı hakkında önemli bilgiler sunmaktadır. İnsanların salgına dair düşünceleri, hastalık karşısında aldıkları tavır ve insan psikolojisi üzerinde bıraktığı etki edebiyatın konusu olmuştur. Dolayısıyla bu hastalıklar, toplumun büyük bir kısmını etkilediği için edebiyat da hastalık aracılığıyla toplumun kolektif ruhunu yansıtmaya çalışan önemli bir alan olmuştur. Salgın edebiyatı kapsamında şiir türü, diğer türlerden büyük bir farklılık göstermektedir. Nitekim hastalık nedeniyle tıp alanındaki bilgilerin sıkça konuşulduğu bir ortamda şiir, salgının insanın duygu dünyası üzerinde meydana getirdiği etkilerinden söz etmiştir. Bu bağlamda toplu ölümler, insanların hastalık karşısındaki çaresizlikleri ve belirsizlik gibi durumlar şiire zengin bir malzeme kaynağı oluşturmuştur. Salgın hastalıklar Arap edebiyatının gerek klasik gerek modern döneminde hem düzyazı hem şiir türünde kendine geniş yer bulmuştur. Özellikle ölen kişilerin ardından yazılan ağıt türünde salgından izler görmek mümkündür. İçinde bulunduğumuz çağa damgasını vuran hastalık ise kovid-19 salgını olmuştur. Bu çalışmada kovid-19 virüsünden kaynaklanan salgının Arap şiirine yansıma biçimi, basılı ve dijital kaynaklarda geçen şiir örnekleri üzerinden incelenmiştir. Bu örneklerde kovid-19 salgınının dinî, psikolojik ve ekonomik olmak üzere çeşitli açılardan ele alındığı, şairlerin salgınla mücadelede halka rehberlik etme çabasında olduğu görülmüştür.

Armenian Reminiscences in the Book “Travels And Adventures of the Rev. Joseph Wolff”

2025-06-24

Аrtsvi Bakhchinyan | Journal of Armenian studies

The present article concerns the final work of the British missionary of German-Jewish origin, Joseph Wolff (1795–1862), Travels and Adventures of the Rev. Joseph Wolff (1860–1861). As an autobiographical memoir … The present article concerns the final work of the British missionary of German-Jewish origin, Joseph Wolff (1795–1862), Travels and Adventures of the Rev. Joseph Wolff (1860–1861). As an autobiographical memoir and the culmination of his journeys from 1821 to 1845, it contains rich testimonies about the Armenians, both in their historical homeland and in various regions and countries, including the Ottoman Empire, Persia, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, and India. Wolff provided accounts of both ordinary Armenian inhabitants and prominent figures of the time. Possessing profound knowledge of Armenian history and culture, he often included historical digressions covering both distant and more recent epochs. Thus, his final travelogue-autobiography serves as a valuable source for studying the history, demography, and daily life of Armenians in the first half of the 19th century. Գերմանա-հրեական ծագումով բրիտանացի միսիոներ Ջոզեֆ Վոլֆը (1795–1862) Արևելք կատարած իր ուղևորություններն ամփոփել է վեց հատորներում, որոնցում առատ տեղեկություններ է տալիս հայության մասին։ Սույն հոդվածը ներկայացնում է նրա վերջին հատորը՝ «Պատվելի Ջոզեֆ Վոլֆի ճանապարհորդությունները և արկածները» (1860–1861), որը, կազմելով նրա ինքնակենսագրական հուշերը և 1821–1845 թթ. ուղևորությունների հանրագումարը՝ նույնպես հարուստ է հայոց մասին վկայություններով։ Դրանք վերաբերում են հայերին ոչ միայն իրենց հայրենիքում, այլև տարբեր տարածաշրջաններում ու երկրներում (Օսմանյան կայսրություն, Պարսկաստան, Լիբանան, Սիրիա, Իրաք, Աֆղանստան, Հնդկաստան և այլն)։ Իր ուղևորությունների ընթացքում Վոլֆը հաճախ է հյուրընկալվել հայկական վանքերում, հիմնականում իջևանել է հայերի տներում, ինչն ընդլայնել է նրա գիտելիքները հայոց մասին։ Միսիոներ հեղինակը տեղեկություններ է հաղորդել թե՛ իր հանդիպած սովորական հայ բնակիչների, թե՛ ժամանակի աչքի ընկնող մի քանի հայերի մասին՝ հոգևոր թե աշխարհիկ։ Հայոց պատմության և մշակույթի իր քաջիմացությամբ նա երբեմն պատմական անդրադարձներ է կատարել՝ հեռավոր և մոտ ժամանակաշրջանների վերաբերյալ։ Ջոզեֆ Վոլֆի վերջին ուղեգրություն-ինքնակենսագրությունն արժեքավոր աղբյուր է՝ XIX դարի առաջին կեսի հայերի պատմության և ամենօրյա կյանքի, ինչպես նաև հայերի մեջ արևմտյան միսիոներների գործունեության ուսումնասիրման համար։

Text, Commentary, Translation: The Book of Lamentation of Gregory of Narek

2025-06-24

Anush Apresyan | Journal of Armenian studies

The article studies two most popular translations of the Book of Lamentation by St. Gregory of Narek from Grabar (Old Armenian) into Modern Armenian. On the example of Mkrtich Kheranyan’s … The article studies two most popular translations of the Book of Lamentation by St. Gregory of Narek from Grabar (Old Armenian) into Modern Armenian. On the example of Mkrtich Kheranyan’s and Vazgen Gevorgyan’s translations an attempt is made to study how translators perceive, interpret and reproduce a Medieval work in Modern Armenian, what problems they encounter while translating the text and what solutions they offer. The analysis of these translations not only provides an opportunity to evaluate translators’ efforts, but also detect problems and some peculiar features of the translation, which in the future can contribute to the emergence of new, improved translations of the Book of Lamentation. Commentaries facilitate an accurate comprehension of the Book of Lamentation, enabling readers to evaluate the work of the translators. Commentaries were produced between the 13th and 19th centuries with the objective to facilitate the comprehension of Gregory’s work. From an analysis of the translations of the Book of Lamentation and the testimonies of the translators, it is evident that in the translation process they have made use of the commentaries, while drawing on their own insights. Furthermore, as the medieval interpreters and subsequently H. Patriarch Nalean and G. Avetikean addressed the interpretation of the original text with a clear objective in mind, we have also referred to the analysis of the correlations between the original, its various interpretations and translations. Հոդվածը նվիրված է Գրիգոր Նարեկացու «Մատեան ողբերգութեան» երկի՝ առավել հայտնի երկու աշխարհաբար թարգմանությունների քննությանը: «Մատեան»-ի՝ Մկրտիչ Խերանյանի և Վազգեն Գևորգյանի թարգմանությունների օրինակով փորձ է արվում ուսումնասիրել, թե ինչպես են թարգմանիչներն ընկալել և ժամանակակից հայերենով մեկնաբանել ու վերարտադրել միջնադարյան երկը, ինչ խնդիրներ է բնագիրը դրել թարգմանչի առաջ, և դրանց լուծման ինչ մեթոդներ ու եղանակներ են ընտրվել: Սույն աշխատանքով նշված թարգմանությունների ուսումնասիրությունը հնարավորություն է ընձեռում ինչպես գնահատելու և արժևորելու թարգմանիչների կարևոր ու դժվարին աշխատանքը, այնպես էլ՝ վերհանելու և շեշտելու թարգմանական այն խնդիրներն ու առանձնահատկությունները, որոնք անհրաժեշտ են ապագայում «Մատեան»-ի նոր և ավելի կատարյալ թարգմանություններ ունենալու համար:«Մատեան»-ը ճիշտ ընկալելու, ընթերցողի առաջ մեկնելու ու թարգմանիչների կատարած աշխատանքը գնահատելու գործում մեծապես օգնում են մեկնությունները: Գրիգոր Նարեկացուն հասկանալու համար XIII–XIX դարերից սկսած ստեղծվել են մեկնությունները: «Մատեան»-ի թարգմանությունների քննությունից, ինչպես նաև թարգմանիչների վկայություններից ակնհայտ է, որ իրենք անդրադարձ են կատարել մեկնություններին, ինչպես նաև ինքնուրույն, հենց թարգմանության ընթացքում յուրովի մեկնություններ իրականացրել: Եվ քանի որ միջնադարյան մեկնիչները և ապա՝ նաև Հ. պատրիարք Նալյանն ու Գ. Ավետիքյանը սկզբունքային նպատակադրությամբ առաջադրել են բնագրի մեկնության հարցը, հետևաբար մեր քննության մեջ անդրադարձել ենք նաև բնագրի, դրա տարատեսակ մեկնությունների ու թարգմանությունների վերլուծությանը:

Eusebius of Caesarea

2025-06-24

James Corke‐Webster | Oxford University Press eBooks

Abstract Eusebius has always been considered a universal historian, his oeuvre considered ample testimony to a celebration of the Roman Empire as enabling Christian mission, one that came to a … Abstract Eusebius has always been considered a universal historian, his oeuvre considered ample testimony to a celebration of the Roman Empire as enabling Christian mission, one that came to a head with the Christian emperor Constantine. But that status has recently been questioned on two distinct grounds—first, that Eusebius’ attitude towards Rome was more ambivalent than has been properly appreciated, and second, that Christian historiography as a whole was not properly universal in scope. This chapter seeks to respond to these doubts by presenting a more nuanced picture of Eusebius’ positivity towards Rome unrelated to his relationship to Constantine, one in which mission enables empire, rather than the reverse. That in turn allows for a fresh picture of his universalism—not as the first exemplar of a subsequent genre of Christian universal historiography, but as the latest manifestation of a traditional universal historiography that went back to Polybius and his interest in the sequence of empires. In fact, this piece argues in closing, Eusebius went further than his classical predecessors, since he faced head-on the unspoken issue with older pictures of Rome’s universal empire—the lingering presence of Persia.

"The War at the Gates" by Shelomo ben Aharon of Poswol

2025-06-23

Sebastian Kubicki | Verbum Vitae

The article presents—using the Karaite work “The War at the Gates” by Shelomo ben Aharon (17th/18th century; a polemic with rabbinic Judaism)—three common issues related to the analysis of Hebrew … The article presents—using the Karaite work “The War at the Gates” by Shelomo ben Aharon (17th/18th century; a polemic with rabbinic Judaism)—three common issues related to the analysis of Hebrew manuscripts written before the 19th century. These issues include: (1) determining the fundamental meaning of individual parts of the work; (2) analyzing the argumentative structure of the work’s narrative in relation to its biblical interpretation, which seeks to justify specific religious laws established within the religious community of the tradition/author; (3) verifying certain commonly accepted scholarly assumptions. I demonstrate how I addressed these challenges while working on the aforementioned treatise and attempt to draw generalized, practical conclusions.

The Golden Calf between Bible and Qurʾan: Scripture, Polemic, and Exegesis from Late Antiquity to Islam

2025-06-20

Kareem Rosshandler | American Journal of Islam and Society

Michael Pregill’s The Golden Calf between Bible and Qurʾan draws from Jewish, Christian, and Muslim sources to understand how the story of the Israelites worshipping the Golden Calf has been … Michael Pregill’s The Golden Calf between Bible and Qurʾan draws from Jewish, Christian, and Muslim sources to understand how the story of the Israelites worshipping the Golden Calf has been understood across scriptural communities. This book marks the first time that the story has been the subject of a comprehensive comparative treatment. Drawing from Arabic, Aramaic, and Hebrew primary and exegetical sources, Pregill seeks to revive the earliest approach of Western scholarship towards the Qurʾan, that it should be understood as Biblical literature, or rather, late antique religious discourse. To this end, Pregill argues that the story’s employment in both the Hebrew Bible and the Qurʾan can be understood as a “continuities of discourse” rather than a communication of specific influences.

From the Buccal Tribunal to the Buccal Theater

2025-06-19

| Amsterdam University Press eBooks

The Rules Of Dotting Letters In Early Islamic Inscriptions/ قواعد النقط في النقوش الإسلامية المبكرة

2025-06-19

Sultan Awwad Aloufi | Ijaz Arabi Journal of Arabic Learning

This research unravels the rules of dotting letters and their characteristics in the Hijazi script stage, an essential stage of Arabic writing, employing the writings contained in the Hijaz inscriptions … This research unravels the rules of dotting letters and their characteristics in the Hijazi script stage, an essential stage of Arabic writing, employing the writings contained in the Hijaz inscriptions in the first three Hijri centuries, a period that is described as the period of early Islamic inscriptions, during which that script became developed and widespread, keeping pace with the emergence of the ancient Islamic civilization and its development. The research adopted the descriptive approach to explain the dotted letters, how they are dotted, and the various features used in dotting. The findings revealed the rules and foundations of dotting at that stage and developed an illustrated reference showing that comparing it to present-day dotting to fill a gap in one aspect of dotting and its development in Arabic writing and to serve as a reference for those interested in the development of Arabic writing in general, and those interested in the history of dotting and its issues in particular.

The Influence of the Polemic Between the Josephites and the Non-Possessors on the Concept of Royal Authority in the 15th–16th Centuries

2025-06-18

Egor A. Sviridenko | Общество политика экономика право

The article examines the polemic between the Josephites and the Non-Possessors in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and its influence on the formation of ideas about royal authority … The article examines the polemic between the Josephites and the Non-Possessors in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and its influence on the formation of ideas about royal authority in Russia. Particular attention is paid to the confrontation between these two ideological currents regarding monastic landownership, attitudes towards heretics, and the role of the clergy in state governance. The study analyzes the core concepts ad-vanced by both factions, their historical significance, and their consequences for Russian statehood. It explores the concepts of the sacralization of power and its accountability to society, as proposed by the Josephites and Non-Possessors, as well as the influence of their debates on the ideology of the Muscovite state. The article concludes on the significance of the Josephites’ victory in consolidating autocratic authority and the long-term influence of non-possessor ideas on opposition movements and religious thought.

Quand les indiens parlaient Latin. Colonisation alphabétique et méstissace dans l’Amérique du XVIe siecle. By Serge Gruzinski. Paris: Fayard, 2023. Pp. 318. $34.95 cloth.

2025-06-18

John F. Schwaller | The Americas A Quarterly Review of Latin American History

Russian Biblical Scholar and Philologist Priest Gerasim Petrovich Pavskyi (1787–1863): “Touches” to the Portrait

2025-06-18

Alla V. Malkina | Общество философия история культура

This article presents for the first time new archival materials on the activities of the well-known Russian pre-revolutionary Old Testament biblical scholar of the first half of the 19th century, … This article presents for the first time new archival materials on the activities of the well-known Russian pre-revolutionary Old Testament biblical scholar of the first half of the 19th century, Archpriest Gerasim Petrovich Pavsky, who received mixed reviews from his contemporaries and was deprived of his chair at the St. Peters-burg Theological Academy as a result of the “Pavsky affair” (1841). His Biblical heritage was revised and in demand in the 1880s. An attempt is made to assess the personal factor in the formation of the scholar as an outstanding Russian philologist. The aim of the study is to introduce previously unknown details about the life and activities of G.P. Pavsky related to Russian studies into scientific circulation. The task of the work is to demonstrate his contribution to the formation and development of Russian philological science. The research resulted with the conclusion about the importance of his works on the formation of the Russian language (trans-lations from Hebrew and Old Russian languages) and the impact of his works on the formation and develop-ment of the Russian philological science.

Muslim in a micro-secular society: K. Nasyri as a teacher at Orthodox theological schools in Kazan (1855–1870)

2025-06-17

И. К. Загидуллин | Učënye zapiski Kazanskogo universiteta. Seriâ Gumanitarnye nauki/Učenye zapiski Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriâ Gumanitarnye nauki/Učenye zapiski Kazanskogo universiteta. Seriâ Gumanitarnye nauki

Kayum Nasyri’s work as a teacher of the Tatar language at Orthodox theological schools in Kazan during the period from 1855 to 1870 is explored. In the micro-secular society of … Kayum Nasyri’s work as a teacher of the Tatar language at Orthodox theological schools in Kazan during the period from 1855 to 1870 is explored. In the micro-secular society of that time, his ties to the traditional Muslim community were weakened, distancing his religious practices and everyday life from “public oversight.” At the same time, this setting integrated him into a new intellectual world that aligned with his teaching and research interests. Despite being part of the Orthodox educational system, K. Nasyri maintained his Muslim way of life, even as the absence of a strong confessional community led to a slight decline in his religious activities. His dedication to scholarship and pedagogy, along with the support from prominent figures of the Russian and Tatar intelligentsia, shaped him into an outstanding linguist, ethnographer, and methodological expert. Within this micro-secular context, his enlightenment program took form. Engaging with scholarly literature, periodicals, and discussions with Kazan’s leading Turkologists and Orientalists, K. Nasyri became one of the most educated members of the Russian intelligentsia.

Unsinging the Psalmodia christiana

2025-06-17

| University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc. eBooks

Intellectual heritage of professors from the church history school of Kazan Theological Academy and its role in the development of the Department of Church History at Kazan Imperial University during the 19th and early 20th centuries

2025-06-17

Priest Dimitry Larionov | Učënye zapiski Kazanskogo universiteta. Seriâ Gumanitarnye nauki/Učenye zapiski Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriâ Gumanitarnye nauki/Učenye zapiski Kazanskogo universiteta. Seriâ Gumanitarnye nauki

This article sketches out the portraits of scholars who represented the church history school of the Kazan Theological Academy during the 19th century and also performed their research outside its … This article sketches out the portraits of scholars who represented the church history school of the Kazan Theological Academy during the 19th century and also performed their research outside its walls, at Kazan Imperial University. It is recognized as a separate school of thought because it developed and continued as a certain perspective on historical research. Here, the scholarly contributions of the professors from the Department of Church History at Kazan Imperial University are analyzed, with particular emphasis on their role in the advance of church historiography, as well as in the study of religious movements and cultural aspects of Orthodoxy. The key directions, themes, and problems addressed in their works are explored, and the most notable publications are discussed. Their views and methodological approaches to church history are summarized.

Similitudo, material evocations, and material effects in the Precious Gospels of Bernward of Hildesheim

2025-06-17

Doris Oltrogge | BRILL eBooks

Raganaldus and the rhetorics of medium

2025-06-17

Beatrice Kitzinger | BRILL eBooks

Entre Belzébul et le Grand Prêtre : le Codex Washingtoniensis, un témoin-clé d'un état intermédiaire de Mc 3,20-3

2025-06-16

Laurent Pinchard | Bulletin de l’Académie Belge pour l’Étude des Langues Anciennes et Orientales

Cet article examine la péricope de la controverse de Belzébul (Mc 3,20-35) dans le Codex Washingtoniensis, dans le cadre plus large de l’évolution textuelle du Nouveau Testament. L’étude met en … Cet article examine la péricope de la controverse de Belzébul (Mc 3,20-35) dans le Codex Washingtoniensis, dans le cadre plus large de l’évolution textuelle du Nouveau Testament. L’étude met en lumière la structure narrative complexe et les couches théologiques du texte, qui dépassent un simple débat sur le pouvoir de Jésus à exorciser les démons. En analysant des variantes textuelles-clés, l’article révèle un thème sous-jacent plus profond : la critique de Jésus envers les autorités religieuses et politiques, en particulier les prêtres hérodiens et leur relation avec le Temple. Le vocabulaire utilisé, notamment en référence à la « maison de l’homme fort », évoque des liens avec la destruction du Premier Temple et la restitution des objets sacrés, en écho au langage d’Esdras. L’analyse montre comment les choix des scribes, face à des passages peu clairs, ont influencé la tradition textuelle. À travers une comparaison détaillée du Codex Washingtoniensis avec d’autres manuscrits-clés, tels que le Codex de Bèze et le Codex Vaticanus, cette étude explore les implications théologiques et les processus éditoriaux qui ont façonné la transmission de la péricope.

La critique textuelle des Actes des Apôtres : l’évolution des données externes (3e partie)

2025-06-16

Jean-Louis Simonet | Bulletin de l’Académie Belge pour l’Étude des Langues Anciennes et Orientales

Cet article vise à résumer l’évolution de nos connaissances des témoins (manuscrits continus, lectionnaires, citations patristiques) des versions albanienne, syro-palestiniennes, arabes et vieille-slaves des Actes des Apôtres, et à évaluer … Cet article vise à résumer l’évolution de nos connaissances des témoins (manuscrits continus, lectionnaires, citations patristiques) des versions albanienne, syro-palestiniennes, arabes et vieille-slaves des Actes des Apôtres, et à évaluer l’état de l’étude globale de ce domaine, et plus spécialement, des éditions déjà réalisées, ou en préparation, pour chacune de ces langues. Comme cet article fait suite à deux publications antérieures sur le même sujet, l’auteur insère au début quelques éléments de suppléments sur les témoins grecs, latins, syriaques, coptes, éthiopiens et géorgiens des Actes.

A Problem with the Wholly Hypothetical Syllogism: Some 13th-Century Arabic Discussions

2025-06-16

Khaled El-Rouayheb | BRILL eBooks

Three Judeo-Persian Contributions

2025-06-16

D. Shapira | Journal of Jewish Languages

Abstract Three Judeo-Persian texts are presented in this article. The first and the longest is the Scroll of Antiochus, one of the para-Biblical Apocrypha, in a Judeo-Persian translation made around … Abstract Three Judeo-Persian texts are presented in this article. The first and the longest is the Scroll of Antiochus, one of the para-Biblical Apocrypha, in a Judeo-Persian translation made around 1600 in Lār from a vorlage in Medieval “Biblical Hebrew,” which was, more likely, a European print or a handwritten copy of such a print (a handwritten copy from Constantinople 1504/5?). The second text is a short fragment from a pseudo-historical composition written in Early Judeo-Persian, in 947/8 CE in Afghanistan, with a style very similar to Seder ʿ Olam . This text is useful because it clarifies a critical point of the traditional Jewish chronology that appears in the Scroll of Antiochus. The third text is a fragment from an 18th or 19th century guide for disputation against Muslim claims, which used Arabic Qurʾanic verses recorded in Hebrew characters and reflected the Persian pronunciation of Arabic.

The Discovery of Ottoman Greece. Knowledge, Encounter, and Belief in the Mediterranean World of Martin Crusius

2025-06-16

Alastair Hamilton | History of European Ideas

2.3 Syntheses of Judaism and Other Identities

2025-06-15

| Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks

TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE “HOLY BOOK”

2025-06-15

Mehman Ismayilov | Metafizika Journal

There is a lack of materials and research related to the “Holy Bible” in our country. Most of existing materals and research are primarily in Russian and English. İn this … There is a lack of materials and research related to the “Holy Bible” in our country. Most of existing materals and research are primarily in Russian and English. İn this article we aimed to focus extensively on the “Holy Book”, especially its translation and interpretation into various languages. After providing information about the sections that make up the “Holy Bible”, we discussed the translations and interpretations of this sacred book throughout different periods, highlighting the reasons of their emergence. Then we examined the issue of interpretation of the “Holy Bible” in three periods. By discussing the peculiarities of each period, we explored the interpereters of those times and their methods and approaches. We tried to assess the “Holy Book” – comprising both the Old and New Testaments- as a sacred text of different religions, both separately and together as two parts of the same book.

The Criticism of Grammarians and Linguists Regarding Some of the Authentic Qiraat

2025-06-15

Elgaili Mustafa Ahmed Omer | International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

Urfa Piskoposu Mor Rabbula’nın Hayatı ve Münzeviliğe Dair Kuralları

2025-06-15

Cüneyt Yeşil , Muhammed Hadi Tezokur | Harran Theology Journal

Makalenin konusu Süryani Ortodoks Kilisesi’nde önemli bir yere sahip olan Urfa Piskoposu Mor Rabbula’nın hayatı, kişiliği ve münzeviliğe dair yazdığı kurallardır. 350 yılında Kınneşrin’de dünyaya gelen Rabbula, putperest bir babanın … Makalenin konusu Süryani Ortodoks Kilisesi’nde önemli bir yere sahip olan Urfa Piskoposu Mor Rabbula’nın hayatı, kişiliği ve münzeviliğe dair yazdığı kurallardır. 350 yılında Kınneşrin’de dünyaya gelen Rabbula, putperest bir babanın ve Hıristiyan bir annenin çocuğudur. Küçük yaştan itibaren iyi bir eğitim almış, Süryanice ve Grekçeyi çok iyi seviyede öğrenmiştir. Hıristiyan bir kadınla evlenmiş ve daha sonra Hıristiyan olmuştur. Mor Rabbula, erken Süryani Hıristiyanlığında geleneksel dinî öğretilerden farklı inançlara sahip olan kişilere karşı monofizit düşünceyi savunarak kilisenin kurumlaşmasına büyük katkı sunmuştur. Bunun yanında Yeni Ahit metinlerini Süryaniceye çevirmiştir. Peşitta ve Rabbula İncilleri (Rabbula Gospels) olarak bilinen bu çalışma, günümüze kadar gelen el yazısıyla yazılmış ilk İncil olarak kabul edilmiştir. Ayrıca Takışfothö (Yakarışlar) adlı eseri de onun önemli çalışmalarındandır. Çalışma Mor Rabbula’nın hayatı ve kurallarıyla sınırlandırılmıştır. Mor Rabbula’nın yaşamı ve yazdığı kurallarla ilgili ülkemizde yapılmış müstakil bir çalışma yoktur. Çalışmanın temel amacı elimizdeki mevcut veriler ışığında Mor Rabbula’nın yaşamının dönüm noktalarını, ruhbanlara, Ahdin Oğullarına (B'nai Q'yama) ve Ahdin Kızlarına (B'nath Q'yama) getirdiği temel kuralları bir bütünlük içinde ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bunun yanı sıra, getirdiği kurallarla Süryani toplumsal yaşamını ve manastır hayatını örnek teşkil edecek şekilde ortaya koymak, çalışmanın amaçları arasında yer almaktadır. Bilindiği gibi B'nai Q'yama (Bar Q'yama'nın çoğulu) erken Süryani Hıristiyanlığında vaftiz olmuş siviller için kullanılan bir terimdir. Erken Süryani Hristiyanlığında, münzevi bir yaşam sürmeye kendini hazır hissetmeyen kişiler vaftiz olamıyordu. Ancak Hıristiyanlığın hızla yayılmasıyla birlikte, küçük çocuklar dahi vaftiz edilmeye başlandı. Bunun sonucunda, daha katı bir münzevi yaşam sürdüren erkekler için B'nai Q'yama ve kadınlar için B'nath Q'yama terimleri kullanılmaya başlandı. Erken Dönem Süryani Kilisesi'nde ortaya çıkan bu topluluklar, erkekler ve kadınlar olarak ayrı ayrı yaşamaktaydı. Mor Rabbula, piskopos olduktan sonra bu topluluklar için özel kurallar belirlemiştir. Erken Dönem Süryani öncülerinden ve Ortodoksluğun en güçlü savunucularından biri olan Mor Rabbula, Yeni Ahit'in Süryanice çevirisi olan Peşitta'nın Süryani Hıristiyanlığı içerisinde kabul görmesinde önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Ayrıca, kilisenin yeniden örgütlenmesine de büyük katkılarda bulunmuştur. Mor Rabbula, Nesturilere karşı Süryani Ortodoksluğu'nun katı bir savunucusu olarak tanınmıştır. Kendi adıyla anılan kuralları ise, evlilik hukuku başta olmak üzere toplum düzenini şekillendiren kapsamlı yasal düzenlemeler olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bu kurallar, beşinci yüzyıl başlarındaki Süryani Hıristiyanlığının ve dönemin toplumsal yapısının bir yansımasıdır. Süryani bir ruhban olmasına rağmen Mor Rabbula, Grek Ortodoksluğunun öğretilerinin yanı sıra Grek dini felsefesinin oluşturduğu gerçekliği de ele almıştır. Antik Yunan felsefesi, özellikle Platon ve Aristoteles'in fikirleri, erken Hıristiyanlık döneminde teolojiye büyük bir etkide bulunmuştur. Bu felsefi düşünceler, Tanrı, evren, ruh ve ahlak gibi konulara dair derin kavramları içermektedir. Mor Rabbula'nın Grek dini felsefesinin oluşturduğu gerçekliği ele alması, bu felsefi gelenekle ilgilenerek, onu Süryani Hıristiyanlıkla uyumlu bir şekilde inceleme veya kendi inançlarını savunma bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir. Mor Rabbula, aldığı eğitimden dolayı Grekçeden birçok eseri Süryaniceye kazandırmıştır. Böylece Antik Grekçe eserlerin günümüze kadar ulaşmasında büyük katkısı olmuştur. Mor Rabbula’nın kırk altı mektubu günümüze kadar ulaşmıştır. Bu mektupları yönetici, episkopos, rahip ve rahibelere göndermiş, onları heretik hareketlere karşı uyarmıştır. Onun en önemli özelliklerinden biri de çalışmamızın konusu olan ruhbanlara, Ahdin Oğulları (B'nai Q'yama) ve Ahdin Kızları (B'nath Q'yama) için yazdığı uyarı ve kurallardır. Mor Rabbula, Piskoposu olarak hem dini hem de toplumsal hayatı derinden etkilemiştir Onun manastır kuralları, erken Hıristiyanlık dönemindeki monastik yaşamı şekillendiren en önemli belgeler arasında yer alır. Bu kurallar, manastırlarda yaşayan rahipler ve keşişler için bir disiplin ve ahlak çerçevesi sunarak, münzevi yaşamın ideal formunu belirlemiştir. Çalışmamızda Rabbula'nın kurallarının içerik analizi yapılmış, bunların teolojik, ahlaki ve toplumsal boyutları tartışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Rabbula'nın manastır kurallarının, sadece münzevi topluluklar için değil, tüm Hıristiyanlık dünyasında maneviyat ve disiplin açısından önemli bir model sunduğu vurgulanmıştır.

A COMPARATIVE DISCUSSION AMONG THE GƏʿƏZ ACTS OF SAINT MARK THE EVANGELIST: THE SHORT RECENSION IN MULTIPLE-TEXT MANUSCRIPTS

2025-06-15

Andualem Ermias Gebremariam | Journal of Oriental Studies

This article aims at comparing the Gəʿəz Acts of Saint Mark the Evangelist, one of the Four Evangelists and of the 70/72 Disciples of Jesus Christ. His Vita is regarded … This article aims at comparing the Gəʿəz Acts of Saint Mark the Evangelist, one of the Four Evangelists and of the 70/72 Disciples of Jesus Christ. His Vita is regarded as it was originally composed in Greek and translated into Gəʿəz in the 4th century CE. The Gəʿəz texts, which all deals with the combat and martyrdom of the Saint, are preserved in distinct extant manuscripts with different recensions, in single and multiple-text manuscripts. The texts of the multiple-text manuscripts, in which this article is considered, are short and found in three discrete recensions. Based on the data collected from the aforementioned sources, comparison and analysis of the texts were carried out with a qualitative method. Eventually, based on the comparison of the three texts, it is indicated that each text could be transmitted through its own distinct line of recension, for each text contains discrete features in wordings, names and formulation of details.Keywords: Comparison, Gəʿəz Acts, Recension, Mark the Evangelist and Multiple-text Manuscript

Book review. Book review.

Bohairic Liturgical Texts Related to St. Shenoute

2025-06-09

Youhanna Nessim Youssef | The American University in Cairo Press eBooks

Some Aspects of Volume 8 of Shenoute’s Canons

2025-06-09

Anne Boud’hors | The American University in Cairo Press eBooks