Medicine › Anatomy

Medical and Biological Sciences

Works Count: 187693

Wikipedia

Description

This cluster of papers explores the evolution, usage, and controversies surrounding anatomical nomenclature, including the debate over the use of eponyms, the influence of Latin and Greek terminology, the importance of Terminologia Anatomica, and the role of histology and histochemistry in morphological analysis. It also discusses the need for global uniformity in scientific publications and highlights the challenges and inconsistencies in anatomical terminology in clinical practice.

Keywords

Anatomical Nomenclature; Eponyms; Medical Terminology; Terminologia Anatomica; Histology; Neuroanatomy; Latin and Greek Terminology; Scientific Publications; Morphological Analysis; Histochemistry

Histochemistry, Theoretical and Applied

1953-11-01

F. R. Johnson

View PDF Chat

Histochemistry, Theoretical and Applied.

1972-12-01

Kendal C. Dixon

The Development of the Vertebrate Skull

1938-07-01

De Beer , Gavin ,  Sir

View PDF Chat

The Mechanical Adaptations of Bones

1984-12-31

John D. Currey

This book relates the mechanical and structural properties of bone to its function in man and other vertebrates. John Currey, one of the pioneers of modern bone research, reviews existing … This book relates the mechanical and structural properties of bone to its function in man and other vertebrates. John Currey, one of the pioneers of modern bone research, reviews existing information in the field and particularly emphasizes the correlation of the structure of bone with its various uses. Originally published in 1984. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Headache and Other Head Pain

1949-04-01

Harold G. Wolff

Journal Article Headache and Other Head Pain Get access Headache and Other Head Pain. By Harold G. Wolff, M.D., Professor of Medicine (Neurology) and Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Cornell University … Journal Article Headache and Other Head Pain Get access Headache and Other Head Pain. By Harold G. Wolff, M.D., Professor of Medicine (Neurology) and Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Cornell University Medical College; Attending Physician, The New York, Hospital, New York. Cloth. Price, $12. Pp. 664, with 154 illustrations. Oxford University Press, 114 Fifth Avenue, New York 11, 1948. Physical Therapy, Volume 29, Issue 4, April 1949, Page 190, https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/29.4.190c Published: 01 April 1949

Essentials of facial growth

1997-07-01

Donald H. Enlow , Mark G. Hans

Titanium in Medicine

2001-01-01

D. M. Brunette , Pentti Tengvall , Marcus Textor +1 more

Chemistry of Glasses

1982-01-01

Ananya Paul

Tissue factor and hemostasis [published erratum appears in Blood 1988 Apr;71(4):1178]

1988-01-01

Yale Nemerson

View PDF Chat

Radiological Assessment of Osteo-Arthrosis

1957-12-01

J. H. Kellgren , J. S. Lawrence

View PDF Chat

Histochemistry: Theory, Practice, and Bibliography

1964-07-01

M. Wachstein

View PDF Chat

Histology of the Human Eye.

1972-08-01

D. M. Worthen

A classic is born that will most likely become a standard reference and teaching text throughout the world. It is the result of a symbiosis between a distinguished clinician and … A classic is born that will most likely become a standard reference and teaching text throughout the world. It is the result of a symbiosis between a distinguished clinician and pathologist, an excellent electron microscopist and a medical illustrator with a unique ability to represent tissue in three dimensions. The industry of assembling a textbook and atlas of this size is to be admired. After an introductory chapter on cell structure, 11 chapters approach the human eye from the viewpoint of gross anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, embryology, light and electron microscopy. The photomicrographs are numerous, as if each was dear to the heart of the authors. The drawings by Weddell are themselves worth the purchase price of the book. The publisher has also made available a set of 200 35-mm slides of selected figures in the book. The presentation is clear, logical, and few mistakes are present. The blend of

METHODS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH

1967-02-01

Robert F. Rushmer

A short history of thalidomide embryopathy

1988-09-01

W. Lenz

From catalog to classification: Murray's needs and the five-factor model.

1988-08-01

Paul T. Costa , Robert R. McCrae

The laws of bone architecture

1917-03-01

John C. Koch

Prevalence of mandibular dysfunction in young adults

1979-01-01

William K. Solberg , Mae W. Woo , John B. Houston

Standardized nomenclature, symbols, and units for bone histomorphometry: A 2012 update of the report of the ASBMR Histomorphometry Nomenclature Committee

2012-11-29

David W. Dempster , Juliet Compston , Marc K. Drezner +7 more

Before publication of the original version of this report in 1987, practitioners of bone histomorphometry communicated with each other in a variety of arcane languages, which in general were unintelligible … Before publication of the original version of this report in 1987, practitioners of bone histomorphometry communicated with each other in a variety of arcane languages, which in general were unintelligible to those outside the field. The need for standardization of nomenclature had been recognized for many years,1 during which there had been much talk but no action. To satisfy this need, B Lawrence Riggs (ASBMR President, 1985 to 1986) asked A Michael Parfitt to convene an ASBMR committee to develop a new and unified system of terminology, suitable for adoption by the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (JBMR) as part of its Instructions to Authors. The resulting recommendations were published in 19872 and were quickly adopted not only by JBMR but also by all respected journals in the bone field. The recommendations improved markedly the ability of histomorphometrists to communicate with each other and with nonhistomorphometrists, leading to a broader understanding and appreciation of histomorphometric data. In 2012, 25 years after the development of the standardized nomenclature system, Thomas L Clemens (Editor in Chief of JBMR) felt that it was time to revise and update the recommendations. The original committee was reconvened by David W Dempster, who appointed one new member, Juliet E Compston. The original document was circulated to the committee members and was extensively revised according to their current recommendations. The key revisions include omission of terminology used before 1987, recommendations regarding the parameters and technical information that should be included in all histomorphometry articles, recommendations on how to handle dynamic parameters of bone formation in settings of low bone turnover, and updating of references. It is generally agreed that a bone is an individual organ of the skeletal system, but the term "bone" has at least three meanings. The first is mineralized bone matrix excluding osteoid; this usage conforms rigorously to the definition of bone as a hard tissue. Osteoid is bone matrix that will be (but is not yet) mineralized, and is sometimes referred to as pre-bone. The second meaning of "bone," and the one we have adopted, is bone matrix, whether mineralized or not, ie, including both mineralized bone and osteoid. The third meaning of "bone" is a tissue including bone marrow and other soft tissue, as well as bone as just defined. We refer to the combination of bone and associated soft tissue or marrow as "bone tissue." "Tissue" is defined3 as "an aggregation of similarly specialized cells united in the performance of a particular function." In this sense, bone, bone marrow, and the contents of osteonal canals are certainly not the same tissue, but in a more general sense, most textbooks of histology recognize only four fundamental tissues—epithelium, nerve, muscle, and connective tissue4—of which the last-named includes bone and all its accompanying nonmineralized tissue. In current clinical and radiologic parlance, "trabecular" and "cortical" refer to contrasting structural types of bone. But "trabecular" does not appear in any standard textbook of anatomy or histology as a name for a type of bone; rather, "spongy" or "cancellous" is used. "Spongiosa" (primary or secondary) is best restricted to the stages of endochondral ossification; "cancellous" is most commonly used in textbooks4, 5 and is the term we have chosen. We retain the noun "trabecula" and its associated adjective "trabecular" to refer to an individual structural element of cancellous bone, in accordance with current practice in histology,4 pathology,6 and biomechanics.7 Etymologically, a trabecula is a beam or rod, and in young people plates rather than rods are the predominant structural elements, both in the spine8 and in the ilium,9 but no convenient alternative is available. The size, shape, and orientation of trabeculae (as just defined) vary considerably between different types of cancellous bone.9, 10 "Density" is a frequent source of confusion in discussions about bone. We propose that the term should be restricted as far as possible to its primary meaning in physics of mass per unit volume,11, 12 with a subsidiary meaning analogous to population density, which is applied mainly to cells. This precludes the use of "density" in its stereologic sense, as will be discussed later. Corresponding to the definitions given earlier, the volume to which mass is referred can be of mineralized bone, bone, bone tissue (cortical or cancellous), or a whole bone. Mineralized bone density is slightly less than true bone density, which excludes the volume of osteocyte lacunae and canaliculi.11 This volume is small and generally ignored; lacunar volume can be readily measured,13 but canalicular volume is inaccessible to light microscopy. Bone density reflects the volumetric proportion of osteoid; bone matrix volume, excluding lacunar and canalicular volume, has been referred to as absolute bone volume.14 Bone tissue density reflects the volumetric proportion of soft tissue, or porosity. Whole bone density, often referred to as apparent bone density, reflects the volumetric proportions of cortical bone tissue, cancellous bone tissue, and diaphyseal marrow within a bone, the organ volume of which is usually measured by Archimedes' principle.15 "Osteoblast" is defined differently in the clinical and experimental literature. In young, rapidly growing small animals, most bone surfaces are undergoing either resorption or formation and virtually all cells on the surface are either osteoclasts or osteoblasts,16 but in the adult human, most bone surfaces are quiescent with respect to bone remodeling. We refer to the flat cells that cover quiescent internal (nonperiosteal) bone surfaces as lining cells and restrict the term "osteoblast" to cells that are making bone matrix currently or with only temporary interruption, rather than including all surface cells that are not osteoclasts.16 Lining cells are of osteoblast lineage and are thought to have osteogenic potential.17 The term "osteoclast" is restricted to bone-resorbing cells containing lysosomes and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; they are usually multinucleated, although some osteoclast profiles may have only one or no nucleus. Criteria for identification of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, whether morphologic or histochemical,18, 19 should always be stated or referenced. A two-dimensional histological section displays profiles of three-dimensional structures. Four types of primary measurement can be made on these profiles—area, length (usually of a perimeter or boundary), distance between points or between lines, and number.20 Some histomorphometrists report all results only in these two-dimensional terms because the assumptions needed for extrapolation to three dimensions may be difficult to justify and because the diagnostic significance of the measurements or the statistical significance of an experimental result are not affected. For these limited objectives, this is a reasonable view, but bone cannot be fully understood unless conceived in three-dimensional terms. In every other branch of science that uses microscopy as an investigative tool, the ultimate goal is to understand three-dimensional reality by the application of stereology, which is the relevant mathematical discipline.20-22 We believe that this also should be the goal of bone histomorphometry. Accurate three-dimensional data are necessary for proper comparison between species, between bones, and between different types of bone, for input into finite element models of bone strength, for realistic estimation of radiation burdens, and for many aspects of bone physiology, such as the calculation of diffusion distances and the measurement of individual cell work. But as a practical matter, it is unrealistic to insist on universal adoption of a three-dimensional format. All stereologic theorems require that sampling be random and unbiased, a condition only rarely fulfilled in bone histomorphometry; the closest feasible approach is to rotate the cylindrical bone sample randomly around its longitudinal axis before embedding.20, 23 In the past, the use of a hemispherical grid20-22 in the ocular lens was a convenient way of ensuring randomness of test line orientation, but even this cannot compensate for sampling bias introduced at an earlier stage. With the exception of the conversion of area fractions to volume fractions, most stereologic theorems also require that the structure be isotropic, meaning that a perpendicular to any element of surface has an equal likelihood of pointing in any direction in space.20, 24 Although not true for all cancellous bone, in the ilium there is only moderate deviation from isotropy, and stereologic theorems may be used with acceptable error.24, 25 But it is more accurate to apply the theory of vertical sections; a cycloid test grid is required, which is incompatible with the use of a digitizer,23, 26 but there is no other way of obtaining truly unbiased estimates. Because Haversian canals generally do not deviate from the long axis by more than 10°, stereologic problems in diaphyseal cortical bone are minimal, but investigation of the correct stereologic approach to iliac cortical bone has not been done. Accordingly, we recommend that everyone reporting histomorphometric data should select one of two options: either present all results strictly and consistently in two dimensions, using the terms perimeter (for length), area, and width (for distance), or (as favored by the committee) present only the corresponding three-dimensional results using the terms surface, volume, and thickness; with the latter option, an explanation is needed for each type of measurement of exactly how it was derived from the primary two-dimensional measurement, as described later. A mixture of two- and three-dimensional terms should not be used in the same article. The only exception is number, the fourth type of primary measurement, for which there is no convenient way of extrapolating to three dimensions without making assumptions concerning the three-dimensional shape of the objects counted.21, 22 Direct enumeration of number in three dimensions is possible if the same object can be identified in serial sections of known thickness and separation,27 but this method has not yet been applied to bone. Topological properties such as connectivity also cannot be determined from two-dimensional sections.28 The original committee chose not to adopt the terminology of the International Society of Stereology, as was suggested at the First International Workshop on Bone Morphometry.29 Stereologists use the term "density" in a very general sense to identify any measurement referred to some defined containing volume,21, 22 so that fractional volume is "volume density" (Vv) and surface area per unit volume is "surface density" (Sv). Although the unification of scientific terminology is desirable in the long term, the practical disadvantage of using "density" in two different senses outweighs the theoretical advantage. Nevertheless, all investigators wishing to remain at the cutting edge of bone histomorphometry will need to be thoroughly familiar with the terminologic conventions of stereology because many important methodologic articles applicable to bone are published in the Journal of Microscopy, which is the official journal of the International Society of Stereology.26-28 Primary two-dimensional measurements of perimeter, area, and number are indices of the amount of tissue examined and can be compared between subjects only when related to a common referent, which will be some clearly defined area or perimeter within the section. Absolute perimeter length and absolute area in two dimensions have no corresponding absolute surface area and absolute volume in three dimensions, but it is convenient to refer to perimeters as surfaces and to areas as volumes if the appropriate referent is clear from the context. Primary two-dimensional measurements of width (and corresponding three-dimensional thicknesses) and mean profile areas of individual structures have meaning in isolation and are the only type that do not require a referent. Different referents serve different purposes and lead to different interpretations, so that use of multiple referents is unavoidable, and it is important to clearly distinguish between them.30 Commonly used referents include tissue volume (TV), bone volume (BV), bone surface (BS), and osteoid surface (OS) and their corresponding two-dimensional areas or perimeters. With explicit identification of the referent, the use of "relative" as a qualifying term becomes redundant. The volume of the cylindrical biopsy core is not commonly used as a referent at present but is needed for comparison with physical methods of measuring bone density,31 for comparing the absolute amounts of cortical and cancellous bone lost because of aging or disease,31 for determining the contributions of different types of bone and different surfaces to various histological indices, such as amount of osteoid and surface extent of osteoblasts,32 and for examining in detail the relationships between histological and biochemical indices of whole-body bone remodeling.32 Use of the core volume (CV) as a referent provides the closest approach possible from an iliac biopsy to the in vivo level of organization corresponding to bone as an organ. An intact, full-thickness transiliac biopsy can be regarded as representative of the entire bone18, 33 because the length of the cylindrical biopsy core perpendicular to the external surface depends mainly on the width of the iliac bone at the site of sampling. Cortical thickness can be measured with a vertical biopsy through the iliac crest,5 but the proportions of cortical and cancellous tissue in the bone cannot be measured. However, with either type of biopsy, the results can be weighted by the proportions of cortical and cancellous bone tissue in the entire skeleton.34 The same principle can be applied to rib biopsies and to long bone cross sections by using the whole area enclosed by the periosteum as the referent. The recommended individual terms are listed in Table 1 in alphabetical order of their abbreviations or symbols. Several general comments are in order. First, like a dictionary, the lexicon is intended to be consulted, rather than memorized. Second, the use of abbreviations is always discretionary, never compulsory. Although designed mainly to save time or space, there is a more subtle reason for abbreviations, as for other symbols. Words frequently carry unwanted implications from their use in other contexts, but confusion is less likely with symbols that can be approached with fewer preconceptions.1 Nevertheless, our purpose is not to encourage or discourage the use of abbreviations and symbols but to ensure that the same ones are used by everybody. To this end, we have made the lexicon comprehensive to anticipate future needs and forestall the introduction of new abbreviations with different meanings. We have included metals frequently identified in bone (with their usual elemental abbreviations) and terms commonly used in quantitative microscopy and stereology, as well as terms for all the major structural features of bone and of bones and for some important concepts of bone physiology. Terms with unfamiliar meanings are explained and defined in relation to their use. With one exception, the abbreviations and symbols in Table 1 consist of only two letters; "BMU" (basic multicellular unit) is retained because it is important and widely used and lacks a suitable alternative. The most commonly used descriptive terms are given a single capital letter. Other terms have an additional lowercase letter, chosen in many cases to emphasize the second or later syllable and usually avoiding the second letter of the word abbreviated by the single capital letter. Single lowercase letters are used for terms that are in some sense related to time, for the primary data of classical grid counting (hit and intersection), and for n in its usual statistical sense. When used in combination, double-letter abbreviations should be demarcated by a period; in the absence of periods, each letter is to be construed as an individual abbreviation. In this way, any combination of abbreviations can be unambiguously deciphered without having to determine which terms are included in the lexicon. Bone histomorphometry can be applied to many types of material, but the most common are sections of cylindrical biopsy samples of iliac bone obtained from human subjects and sections of long bones obtained from experimental animals. For orientation, we first present the terminology for describing these sections. "Core" (C) refers to the entire biopsy specimen (Fig. 1). For transiliac biopsies, the distance between external (Ex) and internal (In) periosteum is termed "width" (Wi) because it is related to the thickness of the iliac bone at the biopsy site; for vertical biopsies through the iliac crest, the term "length" (Le) is more appropriate. Core width is subdivided into cortical (Ct) widths and cancellous (Cn) width; for transiliac biopsies, measurements on the two cortices (including their width) are usually pooled, but it is possible to keep track of their identity and examine them separately. In this case, the two cortices are generally distinguished by their width (thick versus thin). Identification of the inner and outer cortex would require that one be marked in some way (eg, by ink or cotton thread) at the time of the biopsy, but this is seldom done. The outer cortex generally has more attached fibrous and muscle tissue than the inner cortex. The other dimension of the core is referred to as "diameter" (Dm), although only sections through the central axis of the cylinder have the same diameter as the trephine; the more accurate term "chord length" is too cumbersome. If the axis of the transiliac core is oblique to the plane of the ilium, its dimensions are apparently changed (Fig. 2). It is convenient to define core diameter as mean "periosteal length" (external and internal) regardless of obliquity because true values for cortical and cancellous width corrected for obliquity are then given by the relationships between length and area set out in the legend to Fig. 2.31, 35 Sections of representative bone biopsies from different sites. Upper: transiliac (outer cortex on left). Lower: vertical (iliac crest on left). Supplied by H Malluche; transiliac biopsy reproduced from Malluche and Faugere5 with permission. Diagram of sections through cylindrical biopsy core of ilium. Direction of trephine perpendicular on left, oblique on right. C.Wi = core width; C.Dm = core diameter; Ct.Wi = cortical width; Cn.Wi = cancellous width. Relationships to areas: C.Ar = core (or section) area = C.Dm*C.Wi; Ct.Ar = cortical area = C.Dm*Ct.Wi; Cn.Ar = cancellous area = C.Dm*Cn.Wi. Provided the inner and outer periosteum do not depart seriously from parallelism and their mean length is used for C.Dm, these relationships remain true for the oblique section because the areas enclosed by the interrupted and solid lines are equal.35 Consequently, the relationships can be used to estimate C.Wi, Ct.Wi, and Cn.Wi without measuring the angle of obliquity. For long bone cross sections (Fig. 3), bone diameter (B.Dm) is similarly subdivided into two cortical widths and either cancellous diameter (Cn.Dm) for metaphyseal (Mp) cross sections, or marrow diameter (Ma.Dm) for diaphyseal (Dp) cross sections. The relationships between these diameters and bone area, cortical area, and cancellous or marrow area depends on the precise geometry of the cross section. For biomechanical purposes, such measurements may be needed at multiple locations in relation to the in vivo orientation. For both iliac and long bone sections, it is necessary for certain purposes to recognize a transitional zone (Tr.Z) lying between cortical and cancellous bone tissue and intermediate in geometrical and topological features.36 This zone is not indicated in Figs. 2 or 3 because methods of defining its boundaries are not yet fully developed. A threshold-based algorithm has recently been used to address this problem in high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) images.37, 38 This may be applicable to iliac crest bone biopsy samples, but this has not yet been tested. For all bones, all interior surfaces in contact with bone marrow are referred to as endosteal (Es) and are subdivided into cancellous bone surface and endocortical (Ec) surface; the latter is the inner boundary of the cortex. Demarcation between these components is subject to large observer error39 unless made in accordance with some well-defined rule40 and will also depend on whether the transitional zone is measured separately. Interior surfaces not in contact with bone marrow are generally referred to as cortical (Ct), with optional qualification as "intra" (In); the cortical surface can also be referred to as the Haversian canal (H.Ca) or osteonal canal (On.Ca) surface. Diagram of cross sections through the shaft of a long bone; metaphyseal region is on the left, and diaphyseal region is on the right. For clarity, the cancellous bone of the metaphysis is not shown. B.Dm = bone diameter; Ct.Wi = cortical width; Cn.Dm = cancellous diameter; Ma.Dm = marrow diameter. The following standard and universally applicable method for reporting all data should be used: Source–Measurement/Referent. Note that the complete elimination of ambiguity applies to punctuation as well as to terminology; the dash (–) and slash (/) are used only as illustrated and periods are used only as described earlier. "Source" refers to the structure on which the measurement was made, whether this was a particular surface or a particular type of tissue. Most of the commonly used sources have already been defined (Table 2); many others are definable by using the lexicon (Table 1). If measurements are restricted to some subdivision of a source, such as the outer portion of a cortex41 or the central zone of cancellous tissue,33 the same symbol can be used, but the appropriate qualification should be made in the description of methods. For measurements made on the entire section, the source is identified as "total" (Tt). Usually it will not be necessary to specify the source each time a particular quantity is referred to—if only one source is used in an article, it need only be mentioned once. If several sources are included, their names can be used as subheadings for presentation of results in tables or text, and in most cases will need to be repeated only if measurements from several sources are discussed together, such that confusion between them is possible. For some measurements, such as trabecular thickness, only one source is possible and its specification is redundant. OV/BS*BS/BV = OV/BV OV/BS*BS/TV = OV/TV = OV/BV*BV/TV OV/BS*BS/CV = OV/CV = OV/BV*BV/CV The three surface/volume ratios and the two volume/volume ratios are the key quantities needed to convert from one referent to another.30 BS/BV is equivalent to S/V in stereologic terminology, and BS/TV and BS/CV are equivalent to Sv (surface density) in stereologic terminology. These ratios are derived from the corresponding two-dimensional perimeter/area ratios—B.Pm/B.Ar, B.Pm/T.Ar, and B.Pm/C.Ar—by multiplying either by 4/π (1.273), which is correct for isotropic structures,20-22 or by 1.2, which has been experimentally determined for human iliac cancellous bone.25 The ratios increase with microscopic resolution, so that the magnification must always be stated and preferably standardized.42 BV/TV and BV/CV correspond to Vv (volume density) in stereologic terminology and are numerically identical with the corresponding area/area ratios B.Ar/T.Ar and B.Ar/C.Ar.20-22 For some purposes, a subdivision of the bone surface is needed as a referent (Table 2). Osteoblast surface (Ob.S) and mineralizing surface (MS) are often related to osteoid surface (/OS). Osteoclasts usually avoid osteoid, and it can be useful to relate osteoclasts to the mineralized surface (/Md.S), previously called nonosteoid surface,43 as an alternative to the more usual referents bone surface and eroded surface (/ES). Various kinetic indices of bone formation can be related to the osteoblast surface (/Ob.S) or to the number of osteoblast profiles (/N.Ob), as well as to osteoid surface or bone surface.30 Finally, it may be appropriate to use the interface between mineralized bone and osteoid, or bone interface, as a referent (/Bl) for the length of tetracycline label or of positive aluminum staining because the interface is where these features are located. In many cases, as when only one referent is used for each measurement, the referent need only be specified once and not repeated each time the measurement is mentioned. If more than one referent is used, measurements with the same referent can be grouped together to avoid repetition. These are listed together with abbreviations in both 3D and 2D form in Table 3. Many have already been defined but some need additional explanation. "Mineralized volume" is used for simplicity instead of mineralized bone volume and is given by (bone volume – osteoid volume). Osteoid may need to be qualified as lamellar, OV(Lm), or as woven, OV(Wo). Note the distinction in the lexicon between M, which refers to a process, and Md, which refers to a state: for convenience, all tetracycline-based measurements are considered with the kinetic indices discussed earlier. "Void" is a general term applicable to all tissue that is not bone44 and includes marrow in cancellous bone and Haversian and Volkmann canals in cortical bone. For both types of tissue, porosity (Po) = void volume/tissue volume. Problems can arise with area measurements on individual profiles, such as cells or cortical canals. The profiles can be treated as an aggregate of tissue, indicated by use of the appropriate referent. For example, Ce.V/TV is the total area of all cell profiles referred to the total area of tissue and expressed in 3D terms. The profiles can also be treated as individual structures, indicated by absence of a referent; eg, Ca.Ar is the mean area of individual canal profiles. If confusion is still possible, the term could be qualified as total (Tt) or mean (). Mean areas in 2D cannot be extrapolated to mean volumes in 3D unless the structures are counted in 3D.27 Assuming cylindrical geometry, mean canal area can be used to estimate canal radius (Ca.Rd), but it is preferable to measure this directly, as described later. Osteoid seams do not end abruptly so that some minimum width should be specified for measurement of osteoid surface (OS). We avoid the terms formation (or forming) surface and resorption (or resorbing) surface because the implications of current activity may be erroneous, and for the same reason we avoid the qualification "active." Eroded surface (ES) is synonymous with crenated or lacunar surface and comprises the osteoclast surface (Oc.S) and the reversal surface (Rv.S); individual erosions can also be classified as osteoclast positive, ES(Oc+), or osteoclast negative, ES(Oc−). Some mononuclear cells probably resorb bone,45 and better methods are needed for identifying and classifying the nonosteoclast cells on the eroded surface or reversal cells. Quiescent surface (QS) is synonymous with resting or inactive surface; the term implies that remodeling activity will return at some future time. The thin layer of unmineralized connective tissue lying beneath the flat lining cells on quiescent surfaces should not be referred to as osteoid.46 It is possible that some eroded surface covered by flat lining cells should be counted as quiescent surface rather than as reversal surface. In principle, all distance measurements can be obtained in two ways—either by direct measurement at multiple locations or by indirect calculation from measurements of area and perimeter. The direct method is more precise and can provide a frequency distribution and a standard deviation as well as a mean value but requires that measurement sites be randomly selected.47 The indirect method is less laborious and less subject to sampling bias. The direct method is usually used for wall thickness, distance between labels, and cell and nuclear dimensions, and the indirect method is usually used for trabecular thickness (plate model), diameter (rod model), and separation. Both methods are widely used for osteoid thickness and cortical thickness. The direct method is essential for reconstructing the remodeling sequence from the relationships between individual measurement values at particular locations and instantaneous values at particular times during the remodeling cycle.45, 48 The mean value determined by either method in an individual must be distinguished from the mean value in a group of subjects. Mineralized thickness is the distance from the cement line to the interface between bone and osteoid.48 It is used in remodeling sequence reconstruction45 and in characterizing different types of abnormal osteoid seam, and defining different stages of severity in osteomalacia;49 the mean value should be close to the difference between wall thickness and osteoid thickness. Label thickness is measured on an individual label; it has been used in the rat for calculation of the rate of initial mineral accumulation50 and in human subjects as an index of treatment response in renal osteodystrophy.51 Interstitial thickness (It.Th) is the mean distance between cement lines on opposite sides of a trabecula, usually calculated as Tb.Th-2*W.Th for the plate model.52 Canal radius is an index of bone loss from the cortical surface, but too little is known of the internal geometry of iliac cortical bone to deci

View PDF Chat

Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice

2005-11-01

Susan Standring

I. INTRODUCTION AND SYSTEMIC OVERVIEW Anatomical Nomenclature . Basic Structure and Function of Cells . Integrating Cells into Tissues Systemic Overview: Nervous System . Blood, Lymphoid Tissues and Haemopoiesis . … I. INTRODUCTION AND SYSTEMIC OVERVIEW Anatomical Nomenclature . Basic Structure and Function of Cells . Integrating Cells into Tissues Systemic Overview: Nervous System . Blood, Lymphoid Tissues and Haemopoiesis . Functional Anatomy of the Musculoskeletal System . Smooth Muscle and the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic systems . Skin and its Appendages . Endocrine System: Principles of Hormone Production and Secretion . Embryogenesis . Prenatal and Neonatal Growth II. NEUROANATOMY Overview of the Organization of the Nervous System . Autonomic Nervous System . Development of the Nervous System . Cranial Meninges . Ventricular System and Cerebrospinal Fluid . Vascular Supply of the Brain . Spinal Cord . Brain Stem . Cerebellum . Diencephalon . Cerebral Hemisphere . Basal Ganglia . Special Senses III. HEAD AND NECK Surface Anatomy of the Head and Neck . Overview of the Development of the Head and Neck Head: Skull and Mandible . Development of the Skull . Face and Scalp . Infratemporal Region and Temporomandibular Joint Neck and Upper Aerodigestive Tract: Neck . Nose, Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses and Pterygopalatine Fossa . Oral Cavity . Development of the Face and Neck . Pharynx . Larynx . Development of the Pharynx, Larynx and Oesophagus Ear and Auditory and Vestibular Apparatus: External and Middle Ear . Inner Ear . Development of the Ear The Bony Orbit and Peripheral and Accessory Visual Apparatus: The Orbit and its Contents . The Eye . Development of the Eye IV. BACK AND MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE SPINAL CORD Surface Anatomy of the Back . The Back . Macroscopic Anatomy of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves . Development of the Vertebral Column V. PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB General Organization and Surface Anatomy of the Upper Limb . Pectoral Girdle, Shoulder Region and Axilla . Upper Arm . Elbow . Forearm . Wrist and Hand . Overview of Development of the Limbs . Development of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb VI. THORAX Surface Anatomy of the Thorax . Chest Wall . Breast Heart and Mediastinum: Mediastinum . Heart and Great Vessels . Development of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Lungs and Diaphragm: Microstructure of the Trachea, Bronchi and Lungs . Pleura, Lungs, Trachea and Bronchi . Diaphragm and Phrenic Nerve . Development of the Trachea, Lungs and Diaphragm VII. ABDOMEN AND PELVIS Introduction: Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen and Pelvis . Anterior Abdominal Wall . Posterior Abdominal Wall and Retroperitoneum . Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity Gastrointestinal Tract: General Microstructure of the Gut Wall . Stomach and Abdominal Oesophagus Small Intestine: Microstructure of the Small Intestine . Duodenum . Jejunum and Ileum Large Intestine: Microstructure of the Large Intestine . Overview of the Large Intestine . Caecum . Vermiform Appendix . Ascending Colon . Transverse Colon . Descending Colon . Sigmoid Colon . Rectum . Anal Canal Hepatobiliary System Liver . Gall Bladder and Biliary Tree Pancreas, Spleen and Suprarenal Gland: Pancreas . Spleen . Suprarenal (Adrenal) Gland Development of the Peritoneal Cavity, Gastrointestinal Tract and its Adnexae: Development of the Peritoneal Cavity, Gastrointestinal Tract and its Adnexae Kidney and Ureter: Kidney . Ureter Bladder, Prostate and Ureter: Bladder . Male Urethra . Female Urethra . Prostate Male Reproductive System: Testes and Epididymes . Vas Deferens and Ejaculatory Ducts . Spermatic Cords and Scrotum . Penis . Accessory Glandular Structures Female Reproductive System: Ovaries . Uterine Tubes . Uterus . Implantation, Placentation, Pregnancy and Parturition . Vagina . Female External Genital Organs True Pelvis, Pelvic Floor and Perineum: True Pelvis, Pelvic Floor and Perineum Development of the Urogenital System: Development of the Urogenital System VIII. PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB General Organization and Surface Anatomy of the Lower Limb . Pelvic Girdle, Gluteal Region and Hip Joint . Thigh . Knee . Leg . Foot and Ankle . Development of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb Eponyms Index ..

The development of an index of orthodontic treatment priority

1989-08-01

Peter Brook , William C. Shaw

Journal Article The development of an index of orthodontic treatment priority Get access Peter H. Brook, Peter H. Brook *University College HospitalLondon Search for other works by this author on: … Journal Article The development of an index of orthodontic treatment priority Get access Peter H. Brook, Peter H. Brook *University College HospitalLondon Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar William C. Shaw William C. Shaw **University Dental Hospital of ManchesterEngland Professor W C Shaw, Department of Orthodontics, University Dental Hospital of Manchester and Turner Dental School, Higher Cambridge Street, Manchester M15 6FH, England Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar European Journal of Orthodontics, Volume 11, Issue 3, August 1989, Pages 309–320, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejo.a035999 Published: 01 August 1989

When is an illustration worth ten thousand words?

1990-12-01

Richard E. Mayer , Joan K. Gallini

In three experiments, students read expository passages concerning how scientific devices work, which contained either no illustrations (control); static illustrations of the device with labels for each part (parts), static … In three experiments, students read expository passages concerning how scientific devices work, which contained either no illustrations (control); static illustrations of the device with labels for each part (parts), static illustrations of the device with labels for each major action (steps), or dynamic illustrations showing the «off» and «on» states of the device along with labels for each part and each major action (parts-and-steps)

XVIII. Contributions to the physiology of vision. —Part the first. On some remarkable, and hitherto unobserved, phenomena of binocular vision

1838-12-31

Charles Wheatstone

When an object is viewed at so great a distance that the optic axes of both eyes are sensibly parallel when directed towards it, the perspective projections of it, seen … When an object is viewed at so great a distance that the optic axes of both eyes are sensibly parallel when directed towards it, the perspective projections of it, seen by each eye separately, are similar, and the appearance to the two eyes is precisely the same as when the object is seen by one eye only. There is, in such case, no difference between the visual appearance of an object in relief and its perspective projection on a plane surface; and hence pictorial representations of distant objects, when those circumstances which would prevent or disturb the illusion are carefully excluded, may be rendered such perfect resemblances of the objects they are intended to represent as to be mistaken for them; the Diorama is an instance of this. But this similarity no longer exists when the object is placed so near the eyes that to view it the optic axes must converge; under these conditions a different perspective projection of it is seen by each eye, and these perspectives are more dissimilar as the convergence of the optic axes becomes greater. This fact may be easily verified by placing any figure of three dimensions, an outline cube for instance, at a moderate distance before the eyes, and while the head is kept perfectly steady, viewing it with each eye successively while the other is closed. Plate XI. fig. 13. represents the two perspective projections of a cube; b is that seen by the right eye, and a that presented to the left eye; the figure being supposed to be placed about seven inches immediately before the spectator. The appearances, which are by this simple experiment rendered so obvious, may be easily inferred from the established laws of perspective; for the same object in relief is, when viewed by a different eye, seen from two points of sight at a distance from each other equal to the line joining the two eyes. Yet they seem to have escaped the attention of every philosopher and artist who has treated of the subjects of vision and perspective. I can ascribe this inattention to a phenomenon leading to the important and curious consequences, which will form the subject of the present communication, only to this circumstance; that the results being contrary to a principle which was very generally maintained by optical writers, viz. that objects can be seen single only when their images fall on corresponding points of the two retinæ, an hypothesis which will be hereafter discussed, if the consideration ever arose in their minds, it was hastily discarded under the conviction, that if the pictures presented to the two eyes are under certain circumstances dissimilar, their differences must be so small that they need not be taken into account.

The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms

2005-06-29

Histological and Histochemical Methods - Theory and practice

2016-02-29

Manuela Malatesta

Histological and Histochemical Methods by Professor John A. Kiernan is a classic in the histochemical literature since its first edition, in 1981..... Histological and Histochemical Methods by Professor John A. Kiernan is a classic in the histochemical literature since its first edition, in 1981.....

View PDF Chat

Histochemistry: Theoretical and Applied

1961-06-01

Leonard Nelson , A. G. E. Pearse

Journal Article Histochemistry: Theoretical and Applied Get access Histochemistry: Theoretical and Applied. Pearse A. G. Everson, Ed. 2, 998 pp., 245 illus., 10 color plates. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. … Journal Article Histochemistry: Theoretical and Applied Get access Histochemistry: Theoretical and Applied. Pearse A. G. Everson, Ed. 2, 998 pp., 245 illus., 10 color plates. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. ( 1960) $20.00. Leonard Nelson Leonard Nelson Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BioScience, Volume 11, Issue 3, June 1961, Pages 28–29, https://doi.org/10.2307/1292610 Published: 01 June 1961

Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry

1966-09-01

P. J. Melnick

Journal Article Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry Get access Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry. Ed. 3. By Lillie R. D., Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New … Journal Article Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry Get access Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry. Ed. 3. By Lillie R. D., Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana. Formerly Editor of the Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, xii and 715 pp.; 3 figs.; 86 tables. $13.95. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1965. P. J. Melnick P. J. Melnick San Francisco, California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Journal of Clinical Pathology, Volume 46, Issue 3, 1 September 1966, Page 384, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/46.3.384 Published: 01 September 1966

Manual of INTERNAL FIXATION

1992-01-01

M. E. Müller , M. Allgöwer , Rick Schneider +1 more

The Conservation of Orbital Symmetry

1971-01-01

R. B. Woodward , R. Hoffmann

Contemporary orthodontics

1987-08-01

Mladen M. Kuftinec

ITALIAN AND ENGLISH SYSTEMS OF MEDICAL INSTRUCTION.

1824-01-01

Developmental juvenile osteology.

2001-04-01

Christine M Hall

Microscopic histochemistry; principles and practice

1952-01-01

George Gömöri

Microscopic Histochemistryh) Fluorescence-K number of substances show various kinds of fluorescence under ultraviolet light.Some of the most typical are the fading green-blue fluorescence of vita- min A, the golden-yellow fluorescence … Microscopic Histochemistryh) Fluorescence-K number of substances show various kinds of fluorescence under ultraviolet light.Some of the most typical are the fading green-blue fluorescence of vita- min A, the golden-yellow fluorescence of enterochromaffin granules, and the brown one of ceroid.Great care should be exercised in the evaluation of the results, and, if possible, the emitted fluorescent light should be analyzed spectroscopi- cally.Staining with fluorescent dyes is not a histochemical method, any more than staining with other, nonfluorescent, dyes.c) Ultraviolet spectrography-This was developed by Caspersson^and his school.A number of compounds, such as nucleic acids and some amino acids, have characteristic ab- sorption spectra in the ultraviolet and can be identified by them accurately and in a quantitative fashion.A fairly com- plicated and expensive equipment is required, consisting of a suitable ultraviolet light source, a quartz optical system for the microscope, and a highly sensitive microphotometer.Areas of the size of 1 fx^c an be used for analysis.d) X-ray spectrography (Engstrom) .^-This is an even more complicated procedure, with a difficult theoretical background.However, it permits a highly accurate quanti- tation of almost any element (but not of compounds) in very small areas.e ) Spark spectrography.^-Theemission spectrum of a part of a tissue section vaporized in a spark gap is analyzed./) Tracer techniques^-These techniques utilize the emis-

View PDF Chat

Contemporary orthodontics

2002-01-02

O Keith

View PDF Chat

The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms

2017-04-11

View PDF Chat

Collection Anatomie Histologie - SMF

2022-01-01

Registry-Migration.Gbif.Org

Anatomy Anatomy

Essentials of Medical Geology

2013-01-01

Olle Selinus

Histochemistry : theory, practice, and bibliography

1963-01-01

Tibor Barka , Paul J. Anderson

Clinical Approach for Identification of Radix Entomolaris and Modifications in Endodontic Treatment: A Case Report

2025-06-25

Anshul Chamoli | International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

Publisher Correction: Exposure to an Electromagnetic Field During Adolescence Can Cause Destruction and Pain in Bone Tissue and Cells While Also Triggering New Bone Formation

2025-06-24

Ayşe İKİNCİ KELEŞ , Haydar Kaya , Gökhan KELEŞ +1 more | Bratislavské lekárske listy/Bratislava medical journal

A call to reignite the revolutionary spirit of scientific discovery

2025-06-24

Ali Asadi , Francesco M. Marincola | Journal of Translational Medicine

Human versus Machine: The Variability in Orthognathic Planning Between Surgeons

2025-06-24

H. Vercruysse | International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Clinical Analysis of Orthognathic Surgery Cases over the Past 10 Years at Kameda Medical Center

2025-06-24

Hitomi Tamura , Morio Tonogi | International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Multidisciplinary Combined Treatment of a Patient With Osteopetrosis Accompanied by Dental and Maxillofacial Deformities

2025-06-24

Jianfeng Sun | International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

The Role of International Surgical Missions During Wartime: The Ukrainian Experience in Maxillofacial Surgery

2025-06-24

Yan Vares , Ya. Medvid | International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Use of Personalized Digital Protocols for Planning and Surgical Treatment of Patients with Maxillofacial Anomalies

2025-06-24

M. Misirkhanova , V. Mikhaylyukov , A. Drobyshev +1 more | International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Fasting Abbreviation in Orthognathic Surgery

2025-06-24

J. Laureano Filho , Tatiane Fonseca Faro , Guillermo Campos | International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Guided Bone Regeneration and Subperiosteal Implants: Innovating an Endosseous Implant via a Large Animal Model

2025-06-24

Rayner Goh | International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Eponymous Instruments in Oral Surgery: How Well Do You Know Your Armamentarium?

2025-06-24

R. Bajaria , Amish Patel , Colin Hopper | International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Title Pending 219

2025-06-24

| Brief Encounters

Half the Morbidity: Unilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy

2025-06-24

Rohit Malik , Hemant Bansal | International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

The consultant dermatologist who teaches doctors the language of skin

2025-06-23

Kathy Oxtoby | BMJ

The Scientific Rationale of Manipulative Therapy in Rehabilitation Sciences

2025-06-23

Asghar Khan | Journal of Riphah College of Rehabilitation Sciences

Innovation readiness index for healthcare organizations and significance of its factors

2025-06-20

Anait R. Gabrielyan , O.Yu. Aleksandrova , I.A. Mikhailov | Medical Technologies Assessment and Choice

In the previous study, a checklist was developed to assess the readiness of healthcare organizations to introduce innovative medical technologies; this study continues that work. Objective. To perform expert validation … In the previous study, a checklist was developed to assess the readiness of healthcare organizations to introduce innovative medical technologies; this study continues that work. Objective. To perform expert validation of the checklist and assess the importance of factors of the index of innovative readiness of a healthcare organization. Material and methods. The object of the expert evaluation was a checklist for assessing 17 factors that determine the readiness of a healthcare organization to introduce innovations. Sixty-five experts completed an expert questionnaire, and assessed the significance of each factor in points from 1 to 5, where 1 point was the lowest significance and 5 points was the highest. The average score for each factor, standard deviation, Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (W), and Cronbach alpha coefficient were calculated to determine the internal consistency of the expert questionnaire. The non-parametric Friedman test was used to assess the statistical significance of the differences (threshold significance level p<0.05). Results. The factor “Readiness and interest of the management of a healthcare organization” had the highest average significance (4.133 points; the total weight coefficient was 1.160). Next in descending order of importance were “Availability of all necessary consumables” (3.933 points; total weight coefficient 1.156), “Availability of the necessary “heavy” equipment,” and “In the absence of the necessary equipment, the possibility of its acquisition within 6 to 12 months” (each received an estimate of 3.911 points; total weight coefficient 1.258). Kendall’s coefficient of concordance W was 0.29548 (p<0.000001), Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.93241. The validity of the previously proposed interpretation of the index of innovation readiness of the settings was confirmed by 56 of 65 experts (86.15%). A healthcare organization is recognized as ready to introduce innovative medical technology with an index of 8 points or more. Positive answers must be obtained for at least one item from each section, and one more positive answer should be given for any additional item. Fifty-nine (90.77%) out of 65 experts considered the proposed index of innovation readiness of the settings and the checklist for its calculation to be valid and ready for practical use. Conclusion. The checklist developed and validated by experts is a new tool for planning the introduction of new medical technologies in healthcare organizations.

Springer briefs in medical earth sciences: medical geology for beginners

2025-06-20

Intan Fitriana Sari | International Geology Review

STUDY OF ORAL PRAXIS

2025-06-20

Səlbi Abasova | Elmi əsərlər.

In addition to aphasic disorders, speech disorder syndromes may also include paretic, dystonic and hyper-kinetic disorders of the muscles involved in articulation. Sometimes these disorders are so pronounced in the … In addition to aphasic disorders, speech disorder syndromes may also include paretic, dystonic and hyper-kinetic disorders of the muscles involved in articulation. Sometimes these disorders are so pronounced in the patient that we can talk about a combination of aphasic and dysarthric speech disorders. In other cases, paresis, tone disorders and hyperkinesis of the joint muscles are weakly expressed and are revealed only under conditions of special functional loads. However, weak expression of these symptoms in the structure of the speech defect as a whole cannot be ruled out. Therefore, such disorders must be identified and taken into account both in diagnostic and in correctional work.

Title Pending 20126

2025-06-19

| Zygon®

Title Pending 423

2025-06-18

| Journal of the Society for Clinical Data Management

Применение контекстовых факторов в экспертно-реабилитационной диагностике нарушений у пациентов с тазовой дисфункцией при посттравматическом и дегенеративном стенозе позвоночного канала

2025-06-17

В. Б. Смычек , Ю.А. Овсянник , И Я Чапко | Неврология и нейрохирургия Восточная Европа

Введение. Травматические изменения грудного и поясничного отделов позвоночника и спинного мозга с развитием поздних неврологических расстройств на фоне деформации и нестабильности позвоночного столба и, как следствие, стеноз позвоночного канала наряду … Введение. Травматические изменения грудного и поясничного отделов позвоночника и спинного мозга с развитием поздних неврологических расстройств на фоне деформации и нестабильности позвоночного столба и, как следствие, стеноз позвоночного канала наряду с процессом дегенеративной этиологии являются основными причинами возникновения нарушений функций тазовых органов. В Республике Беларусь, как и во всем мире, сохраняется тенденция к увеличению числа пациентов с повреждениями позвоночного столба, травматической болезнью спинного мозга и дегенеративно-дистрофическими заболеваниями позвоночника с формированием последствий патологических процессов и ростом показателей инвалидности лиц трудоспособного возраста. В данном аспекте важным инструментом оценки состояния пациента, нарушенных функций при проведении медико-социальной экспертизы и планировании восстановительных мероприятий является комплексная экспертно-реабилитационная диагностика. Цель. Разработать критерии оценки контекстовых факторов у пациентов с нарушениями функций тазовых органов при посттравматическом и дегенеративном стенозе позвоночного канала на уровне грудного и поясничного отделов позвоночника. Материалы и методы. В исследование включены 55 пациентов с инвалидностью (первая группа инвалидности – 21 чел., 38,2%; вторая группа инвалидности – 15 чел., 27,3%; третья группа инвалидности – 19 чел., 34,5%) в возрасте от 18 до 63 лет с тазовыми дисфункциями, обусловленными посттравматическим и дегенеративным стенозом позвоночного канала на уровне грудного и поясничного отделов позвоночника. Результаты. Проведение экспертно-реабилитационной диагностики целесообразно выполнять на основе комплексного анализа категорий нарушений функций органов и систем организма, ограничений жизнедеятельности, сопоставления степени изменений в «функции», «структурах», «активности и участии». Оценка контекстовых факторов (факторов окружающей среды, личностных факторов) проводилась с применением системы кодирования «Международной классификации функционирования, ограничений жизнедеятельности и здоровья» по количественному значению определителей, ранжированных в числовом и процентном значении. Заключение. Результаты экспертно-реабилитационной диагностики нарушений с применением критериев оценки контекстовых факторов учитывались при проведении медико-социальной экспертизы, планировании мероприятий медицинской реабилитации, определении реабилитационного потенциала и прогноза. Introduction. Traumatic changes in the thoracic and lumbar spine and spinal cord with late neurological disorders against the background of deformity and instability of the spinal column and, as a consequence, spinal canal stenosis along with the process of degenerative etiology are the main causes of pelvic organ dysfunction. In the Republic of Belarus, as well as worldwide, a tendency towards increasing the number of patients with spinal column injuries, traumatic spinal cord disease and degenerative and dystrophic diseases of the spine with pathological processes consequences and rising disability rates among working age individuals persist. In this aspect, an important tool for assessing patients’ conditions, impaired functions during medical and social examination and planning rehabilitation measures is comprehensive expert and rehabilitation diagnostics. Purpose. To establish criteria for assessing contextual factors in patients with pelvic organ dysfunction in post-traumatic and degenerative spinal stenosis at the level of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Materials and methods. The study included 55 disabled patients (21 (38.2%) of group 1 disability; 15 (27.3%) of group 2 disability; and 19 (34.5%) of group 3 disability) aged 18 to 63 years with pelvic dysfunction due to post-traumatic and degenerative stenosis of the spinal canal at the level of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Results. It is advisable to perform expert and rehabilitation diagnostics based on a comprehensive analysis of the categories of dysfunctions in organs and body systems, limitations in life activity, and a comparison of degrees of changes in "function", "structures", and "activity and participation". The assessment of contextual factors (environmental factors, personal factors) was carried out using the coding system of the "International Classification of Functioning, Disabilities and Health" by quantitative values of determinants, ranked both numerically and by percentages. Conclusion. The results of expert and rehabilitation diagnostics of disorders using criteria for assessing contextual factors were taken into account when conducting medical and social examination, planning medical rehabilitation measures, and determining rehabilitation potential and prognosis.

Article processing charges in dermatology journals: a bibliometric analysis

2025-06-17

Kevin Yang , Kavita Kantamneni , Lauren Kole | Dermatology Online Journal

Correction: Biomineralized composite liquid crystal fiber scaffold promotes bone regeneration by enhancement of osteogenesis and angiogenesis

2025-06-16

Yi Zhan , Bing Deng , Huixian Wu +4 more | Frontiers in Pharmacology

How should I introduce myself to patients?

2025-06-16

Elisabeth Mahase | BMJ

Correction: Reducing the Over-Diagnosis of Thyroid Disease

2025-06-16

| Annals of Internal Medicine

Peculiarities of the Legal Status of a Doctor in Ukraine: Labour Guarantees and Professional Responsibility

2025-06-16

Iryna Zharovska , Diana Yarovyk | Visnik Nacional’nogo universitetu «Lvivska politehnika» Seria Uridicni nauki

The article examines the legal status of healthcare professionals in Ukraine, analysing their constitutional and professional rights enshrined in the relevant legal acts. In particular, the article focuses on the … The article examines the legal status of healthcare professionals in Ukraine, analysing their constitutional and professional rights enshrined in the relevant legal acts. In particular, the article focuses on the rights to proper working conditions, social protection, insurance, benefits and additional guarantees provided for by the Law of Ukraine ‘Fundamentals of Ukrainian Healthcare Legislation’. The article also highlights the peculiarities of regulating the labour activity of healthcare professionals, including issues of qualification, professional development, and the right to protection of professional honour and dignity. Specific legal aspects of doctors' activities are also considered, including the right to refuse to manage a patient, the use of vehicles in emergency situations, and the possibility of restricting access to information about a patient's health status in certain cases. The article also analyses the issue of medical secrecy and its use in scientific research, the conditions for conducting medical experiments, as well as the peculiarities of medical interventions without patient consent in critical situations. The article provides an overview of the legal status of psychiatrists working with persons with mental disorders. The article highlights the special requirements for their qualifications, the need for periodic certification and continuous professional training. The author also examines the legal regulation of their activities, in particular, the requirements for licensing conditions, compliance with professional standards and ethical norms. In general, the article emphasises the importance of legal support for the activities of medical professionals and the problems of their practical implementation. The article draws attention to the need to improve legislation, as many of the rights of healthcare professionals remain declarative, especially in matters of decent remuneration, proper social protection and working conditions. The author also emphasises the importance of legal protection of doctors, especially in difficult cases of professional activity. Keywords: healthcare professionals, legal status, legal guarantees, legal regulation, medical law, patients, doctors, psychiatrists, professional activity.

Valentin Katayev

2025-06-15

| University Press of Mississippi eBooks

Academician Oleksiy Sozinov’s school of geneticists and breeders

2025-06-15

Svіtlana NYZHNYK | Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum

This article examines the origins, formation and development of the scientific school of geneticists and breeders in Ukraine founded by Academician Oleksіy Sozinov (1930–2018). It highlights the achievements of the … This article examines the origins, formation and development of the scientific school of geneticists and breeders in Ukraine founded by Academician Oleksіy Sozinov (1930–2018). It highlights the achievements of the scientific school, which is not inferior to the best of its kind, both locally and internationally, adding new competitive results that are of practical importance for the economic development of the country. The article also presents the personnel composition of the scientific school established under Academician Oleksiy Sozinov’s lead. It reveals the main research directions initiated by the scientist and traces their development by his students and colleagues, the special role of the scientist himself in the purposeful training of the scientific personnel, advancing the methodological foundations of the school and setting priority directions for the development of Ukrainian genetics and breeding. Among Sozinov’s followers are famous scientists, among them E. Ananiev, G. Glazko, M. Kozlov, H. Zayakina and O. Rybalka.

AUTHOR’S DEDICATION

2025-06-15

| Northwestern University Press eBooks

[Surgical strategies for osteotomy correction of severe lower limb deformities in hypophosphatemic rickets].

2025-06-15

Shaofeng Jiao , Sihe Qin , Zhenjun Wang +4 more | PubMed

To explore the corrective strategies and effectiveness of osteotomy surgery for severe lower limb deformities in hypophosphatemic rickets. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 29 patients with severe lower limb … To explore the corrective strategies and effectiveness of osteotomy surgery for severe lower limb deformities in hypophosphatemic rickets. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 29 patients with severe lower limb deformities of hypophosphatemic rickets who underwent surgical treatment between February 2012 and August 2024. There were 9 males and 20 females. The age ranged from 13 to 53 years, with an average of 24.6 years. All patients were deformities of both lower limbs, presenting as 24 cases of O-shaped legs, 2 cases of wind-blown deformities, and 3 cases of X-shaped legs. Based on the full-length films of both lower limbs in the standing position before operation, the osteotomy planes of the femur, tibia, and fibula were designed. Among them, if both the same-sided thigh and leg were deformed, staged surgeries of both lower limbs were selected. If only the thigh or leg were deformed, simultaneous surgeries of both lower limbs were selected. The femur deformity was corrected immediately after osteotomy at the deformed plane; the osteotomy fragment was temporarily controlled with an external fixator, which was removed after perform internal fixation with a steel plate. After fibular osteotomy, the Ilizarov frame or Taylor frame was installed on the tibia and fibula. The threaded rods were removed and then tibial osteotomy was performed on the deformed plane. Patients using the Taylor frame did not undergo deformity correction during operation. The external fixators were adjusted starting 7 days after operation to correct the varus, valgus, and rotational deformities of the lower limb. Patients using the Ilizarov frame corrected the rotational deformity of the tibia during operation. The external fixator was adjusted starting 7 days after operation to correct the varus and valgus deformities of the lower limb. During the treatment period, the patient could walk with partial weight-bearing on the operated limb with crutches. The external fixator was removed after the bone healed. Before operation and at last follow-up, the medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), lateral distal tibial angle (LDTA), posterior proximal tibial angle (PPTA), anterior distal tibial angle (ADTA), anatomic lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA), posterior distal femoral angle (PDFA), and mechanical axis deviation (MAD), lower limb rotation, limb length discrepancy (LLD) were measured. The self-made scoring criteria were adopted to evaluate the degree of lower limb deformity of the patients. All operations were successfully completed, and no complications such as nerve or vascular injury occurred. The adjustment time of the external fixator of the lower limb after operation was 28-46 days, with an average of 37.4 days. The wearing time of the external fixator ranged from 134 to 398 days, with an average of 181.5 days. Mild pin tract infections occurred in 2 limbs. The osteofascial compartment syndrome occurred in 1 limb after operation. No complications related to orthopedic adjustment of the external fixator occurred in other patients. All patients were followed up 6-56 months, with an average of 28.2 months. At last follow-up, full-length films of both lower limbs in the standing position showed that the coronal mechanical axes of the lower limbs of all patients returned to the normal. At last follow-up, MPTA, LDTA, PPTA, aLDFA, PDFA, MAD, lower limb rotation, LLD, and the score of lower limb deformity significantly improved when compared with those before operation ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in ADTA between pre- and post-operation ( P>0.05). The degree of lower limb deformity were rated as moderate in 2 cases and poor in 27 cases before operation and as excellent in 7 cases, good in 18 cases, and moderate in 4 cases at last follow-up, with an excellent and good rate of 86.2%. For severe lower limb deformities in hypophosphatemic rickets, immediate correction of deformities with femoral osteotomy and internal plate fixation, as well as gradually correction of deformities with tibiofibular osteotomy and circular external fixation (Ilizarov frame or Taylor frame), have satisfactory therapeutic effects.

Rachana Sharira in Ashtanga Hridaya: A Critical Analysis of Anatomical Descriptions and Their Applied Interpretations

2025-06-15

Sunipa Dev | International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

This review paper critically examines Rachana Sharira (Ayurvedic anatomy) as conceptualized in the Ashtanga Hridaya, authored by Acharya Vagbhata, with a focus on its structural descriptions, clinical interpretations, and educational … This review paper critically examines Rachana Sharira (Ayurvedic anatomy) as conceptualized in the Ashtanga Hridaya, authored by Acharya Vagbhata, with a focus on its structural descriptions, clinical interpretations, and educational relevance. While Sushruta Samhita is widely acknowledged for its surgical anatomy, Ashtanga Hridaya offers a unique synthesis of philosophical depth and anatomical clarity through its Sharira Sthana. The review aimed to explore the core anatomical constructs such as Srotas, Dhatus, Kalas, Marmas, and Garbha Sharira, and to evaluate their practical significance in both traditional and modern clinical contexts.Using a systematic review framework based on PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a total of 276 scholarly records were initially retrieved. After removing duplicates and applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 41 high-quality sources were finalized for analysis. These included classical text interpretations, clinical case studies, educational models, and interdisciplinary studies linking Ayurvedic structures with modern anatomical science. Key findings suggest that Vagbhata’s anatomical descriptions, although often metaphorically framed, correspond functionally to contemporary anatomical concepts and are highly applicable in therapies such as Nasya, Basti, and Marma Chikitsa. Moreover, the review identifies significant gaps, such as the lack of standardized anatomical illustrations, underutilization in pedagogy, and minimal integration with digital tools or imaging technologies. It proposes the need for collaborative efforts to digitize and contextualize Rachana Sharira for integrative healthcare. Overall, this study underscores the continued relevance of Ashtanga Hridaya in anatomical science, advocating for its revival through curricular reforms, digital tools, and interdisciplinary research that bridges traditional knowledge with biomedical paradigms.

Features of the latin-english-ukrainian translation of anatomical terms-metaphores with the modifier – the name of the receptacle

2025-06-13

Natalia Lysenko , O. O. Lytvynenko , Alla Berestova +2 more | Current issues of social sciences and history of medicine

The purpose of the article is to consider the features of the Latin-English-Ukrainian translation of anatomical metaphors with the modifier - the name of the container. The experience of other … The purpose of the article is to consider the features of the Latin-English-Ukrainian translation of anatomical metaphors with the modifier - the name of the container. The experience of other researchers, in particular O. Belyaeva and I. Tkachenko, Yu. Makarenko and M. Malashchenko, is analyzed. The type of translation transformation is established according to the typology of V. Karaban. The actual source chosen was Terminologia Anatomica and the publication “International Anatomical Terminology (Latin, Ukrainian, Russian and English Equivalents)” edited by V. Cherkasov (2010). This analysis is being conducted for the first time. Research Methods. The method of continuous sampling was applied to search for appropriate anatomical metaphorical binaries, and the seminal-component analysis and comparative method were used to explain the existing translation transformations. The seminal-component analysis was conducted using the eleven-volume Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language, which establishes the primary lexical meaning, traces the redistribution of semes, development or replacement of the connotative component. Conclusions. The translation of such terminological compounds as the laryngeal sac, lacrimal sac, hair sac, mucous (synovial) sac, milky cistern, lumbar cistern, auditory capsule, articular capsule, ampulla of the vas deferens, eyeball chamber was studied. etc. It has been established that the vast majority of these metaphorical terms arise on the basis of similarity, taking into account color, shape, etc. or functional similarity. Usually, translation is carried out with a word that has the same character of imagery. The study can be used when teaching translation theory to philology students, as well as in higher educational institutions of medical and pharmaceutical profile when teaching educational components "Ukrainian language for professional orientation", "English language for professional orientation", "Latin language and medical terminology", as well as in translation practice

<i>Osteoevidence</i> : A User-Centric Database for Advancing Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine

2025-06-13

Alberto Pollesel , Giacomo Pollesel , Aine Petrulaityte | Medical Reference Services Quarterly

Osteopathic practitioners and researchers face a scarcity of readily accessible scientific literature that bridges evidence-based research with clinical practice. Additionally, there is an absence of libraries specifically dedicated to osteopathic … Osteopathic practitioners and researchers face a scarcity of readily accessible scientific literature that bridges evidence-based research with clinical practice. Additionally, there is an absence of libraries specifically dedicated to osteopathic manipulative medicine. Created to fill this gap, Osteoevidence is an online bibliographic database dedicated to advancing osteopathic manipulative medicine by providing streamlined access to scientific literature. Designed in collaboration with osteopaths, this free and user-centric platform indexes 7,391 peer-reviewed reviews, guidelines, and clinical trials from leading research repositories. It integrates a search interface with customizable sorting and lateral filtering tailored for osteopathic contexts. Since its launch in 2022, Osteoevidence aims to support clinicians, students, and researchers worldwide. This paper examines its development, functionality, and its role in osteopathic research and practice, and support information services in clinical and academic settings, including those offered by specialized medical librarians.

981-P: Success of Online CME at Improving Clinical Knowledge, Competence, and Confidence regarding CGM

2025-06-13

Amy Larkin , Mario E. Lacouture , Anne Le | Diabetes

Introduction and Objective: We sought to determine if online continuing medical education (CME) could improve the clinical knowledge, competence and confidence of primary care physicians (PCPs) and diabetologists/endocrinologists (D/Es) related … Introduction and Objective: We sought to determine if online continuing medical education (CME) could improve the clinical knowledge, competence and confidence of primary care physicians (PCPs) and diabetologists/endocrinologists (D/Es) related to CGM. Methods: Intervention was a 45-min online video expert interview series with downloadable slides. Education effect assessed with matched pre-/post-assessment design. A paired samples t-test was conducted for significance testing and a McNemar test was conducted at the question level (5% significance level, P &lt;.05). Confidence was assessed in a Likert scale question. Data collection was May 15, 2024 to July 18, 2024. Results: 191 PCPs and 34 D/Es were included in the study, of which 41% of PCPs and 53% of D/Es improved their knowledge/competence. On a question-level: 15% of both PCPs and D/Es demonstrated improvements at patient selection for use of CGM (P&lt;.05 for PCPs and P=NS for D/Es). 21% of PCPs and 29% of D/Es demonstrated improvements at overcoming barriers to CGM use in a practical scenario (P&lt;.01 for both PCPs and D/Es). 14% of PCPs and 18% of D/Es demonstrated improvements at identifying benefits of CGM (P&lt;.01 for PCPs and P=NS D/Es). 34% of PCPs and 21% of D/Es had a measurable improvement in confidence in initiating CGM (P&lt;.01 for PCPs and P=NS for D/Es). Continued educational gaps include: 61% of PCPs and 56% of D/Es need education on patient selection for CGM use, 50% of PCPs and 56% of D/Es need additional education on overcoming barriers to CGM, and 35% of PCPs need additional education on benefits of CGM. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the success of online CME consisting of an expert interview series on improving clinical knowledge, competence and confidence of both PCPs and D/Es related to CGM use. Significant continued knowledge and competence gaps were identified in both groups, with the largest gaps in knowledge seen in PCPs and competence in D/Es. Disclosure A. Larkin: None. M. LaCouture: None. A. Le: None. Funding Independent educational grant from Abbott Diabetes Care

Técnicas diagnósticas en oftalmoloxía

2025-06-12

Óscar Varela López | Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico eBooks

Psychological Aspects of Plastic Surgery

2025-06-12

Jed P. Mangal , Heather R. Faulkner | Clinics in Plastic Surgery

The names of science: terminology and language in the history of the natural sciences

2025-06-11

B. Ishak | Contemporary Physics

Key points for good clinical practice in the field of temporomandibular disorders

2025-06-10

Frank Lobbezoo , Corine M. Visscher , M. Koutris +7 more | Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Tandheelkunde

APPLICATION OF NEUROMUSCULAR ACTIVATION METHODS IN MEDICAL REHABILITATION OF PATIENTS WITH CERVICAL DORSOPATHIES

2025-06-10

V.V. Klimko , A.M. Shchegolkov , S.V. Kalinina +3 more | Bulletin of the Medical Institute of Continuing Education

Background. According to modern scientific research, patients with cervical spine dorsopathies have a significant decrease in mobility indices from 39.3% to 67.6% of the standard age indicators and the development … Background. According to modern scientific research, patients with cervical spine dorsopathies have a significant decrease in mobility indices from 39.3% to 67.6% of the standard age indicators and the development of pain syndrome. Neuromuscular activation methods can significantly improve the above-mentioned parameters of the neck muscles, which are additionally involved in the movements of the shoulder girdle, which leads to correction of the pathological motor stereotype in patients with cervical dorsopathies. Materials and methods. The study involved 64 people, including 28 women and 36 men, aged from 27 to 60 years. All patients were diagnosed with dorsopathy of the cervical spine. The patients underwent all rehabilitation measures on an outpatient basis for 4 weeks. Results. The use of neuromuscular activation methods in addition to physical therapy aimed at relaxing the muscles of the cervical spine, medical massage and electrotherapy with diadynamic currents leads to a significant improvement in active mobility and a decrease in the severity of pain syndrome in patients with chronic manifestations of cervical dorsopathy.

MESSAGE FROM THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF TO THE READERS OF THE SUMMER 2025 ISSUE OF THE "BAIKAL MEDICAL JOURNAL"

2025-06-09

А. В. Щербатых | Baikal Medical Journal