Chemical Engineering › Chemical Health and Safety

Chemical Safety and Risk Management

Works Count: 31883

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Description

This cluster of papers focuses on laboratory safety, chemical management practices, and the promotion of a safety culture in academic and industrial settings. It covers topics such as the Globally Harmonized System, risk assessment, safety education, accident prevention, and occupational health in university laboratories.

Keywords

Laboratory Safety; Chemical Management; Hazardous Chemicals; Safety Culture; Globally Harmonized System; Risk Assessment; Safety Education; Accident Prevention; Occupational Health; University Laboratories

Industrial chemical exposure : guidelines for biological monitoring

1993-01-01

R. Lauwerys , Peter Hoet

Introduction Definitions and Objectives of Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Industrial Chemicals Classification of Biological Monitoring Methods Principal Advantages of Biological Monitoring Conditions and Limitations of Biological Monitoring Biological Monitoring … Introduction Definitions and Objectives of Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Industrial Chemicals Classification of Biological Monitoring Methods Principal Advantages of Biological Monitoring Conditions and Limitations of Biological Monitoring Biological Monitoring of Susceptibility Selection of the Appropriate Biological Media and Sampling Time Interpretation of Results Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Inorganic and Organometallic Substances Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Barium Beryllium Bromine Cadmium Carbon Disulfide Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluoride Germanium Hydrogen Sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Nickel Nitrous Oxide Perchlorate Platinum Selenium Silver Tellurium Thallium Uranium Vanadium Zinc Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Organic Substances Unsubstituted Aliphatic and Alicyclic Hydrocarbons Unsubstituted Aromatic Hydrocarbons Halogenated Hydrocarbons Amino and Nitro Derivatives Alcohols Glycols and Derivatives Ketones Aldehydes Amides and Anhydrides Phenol and Derivatives Carbon Monoxide Cyanides and Nitriles Isocyanates Pesticides Ethers Miscellaneous Chemicals Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Substances Summary of Recommendations

A comprehensive guide to the hazardous properties of chemical substances

1993-01-01

Pradyot Patnaik

PART A Glossary Physical Properties of Compounds and Hazardous Characteristics Toxic Properties of Chemical Substances Target Organs and Toxicology Cancer-Causing Chemicals Teratogenic Substances Habit-Forming Addictive Substances Flammable and Combustible Properties … PART A Glossary Physical Properties of Compounds and Hazardous Characteristics Toxic Properties of Chemical Substances Target Organs and Toxicology Cancer-Causing Chemicals Teratogenic Substances Habit-Forming Addictive Substances Flammable and Combustible Properties of Chemical Substances Explosive Characteristics of Chemical Substances Peroxide-Forming Substances PART B Acids, Carboxylic Acids, Mineral Acids, Peroxy Alcohols Aldehydes Alkalies Alkaloids Amines, Aliphatic Amines, Aromatic Asbestos Azo Dyes Chlorohydrins Cyanides, Organic (Nitriles) Cyanides, Inorganic Dioxin and Related Compounds Epoxy Compounds Esters Ethers Gases, Common Toxic and Flammable Glycol Ethers Haloethers Halogenated Hydrocarbons Halogens, Halogen Oxides, and Interhalogen Compounds Heterocyclic Compounds Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic and Alicyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Industrial Solvents Isocyanates, Organic Ketones Metal Acetylides and Fulminates Metal Alkoxides Metal Alkyls Metal Azides Metal Carbonyls Metal Hydrides Metals, Reactive Metal, Toxic Mustard Gas and Sulfur Mustards Nerve Gases Nitro Explosives Oxidizers Particulates Peroxides, Organic Pesticides and Herbicides: Classification, Structure, and Analysis Pesticides, Carbamate Pesticides, Organochlorine Pesticides, Organophosphorus Herbicides, Chlorophenoxy Acid Herbicides, Triazine Herbicides, Urea Phenols Phosphorus and Its Compounds Polychlorinated Biphenyls Radon and Radioactive Substances Sulfate Esters Sulfur-Containing Organics (Miscellaneous) Miscellaneous Substances Appendices Indexes.

The Oxford Handbook of Compounding

2011-07-07

Rochelle Lieber , Pavol Štekauer

Risk assessment of chemicals : an introduction

2007-01-01

Kees van Leeuwen , Theo Vermeire

Chemistry for sanitary engineers

1967-01-01

Clair N. Sawyer

Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment

2012-04-05

Charles N. Haas , Joan B. Rose , Charles P. Gerba

Scope of Coverage. Microbial Agents and Their Transmission. Risk Assessment Paradigms. Conducting the Hazard Identification. Analytical Methods for Developing Occurrence and Exposure Databases. Exposure Assessment. Conducting the Dose-Response Assessment. Conducting … Scope of Coverage. Microbial Agents and Their Transmission. Risk Assessment Paradigms. Conducting the Hazard Identification. Analytical Methods for Developing Occurrence and Exposure Databases. Exposure Assessment. Conducting the Dose-Response Assessment. Conducting the Risk Characterization. Compendium of Data. Index.

The worker with multiple chemical sensitivities: an overview.

1987-10-01

Mark R. Cullen

IPCS Conceptual Framework for Evaluating a Mode of Action for Chemical Carcinogenesis

2001-10-01

C. Sonich-Mullin , R.J. Fielder , Jeanette Wiltse +7 more

Iron in Asbestos Chemistry and Carcinogenicity

1995-01-01

Jeanne A. Hardy , Ann E. Aust

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIron in Asbestos Chemistry and CarcinogenicityJeanne A. Hardy and Ann E. AustCite this: Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 1, 97–118Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIron in Asbestos Chemistry and CarcinogenicityJeanne A. Hardy and Ann E. AustCite this: Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 1, 97–118Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00033a005https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00033a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views611Altmetric-Citations158LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Applying Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) to support Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA)

2014-09-27

Knut Erik Tollefsen , Stefan Scholz , Mark T.D. Cronin +7 more

Chemical regulation is challenged by the large number of chemicals requiring assessment for potential human health and environmental impacts. Current approaches are too resource intensive in terms of time, money … Chemical regulation is challenged by the large number of chemicals requiring assessment for potential human health and environmental impacts. Current approaches are too resource intensive in terms of time, money and animal use to evaluate all chemicals under development or already on the market. The need for timely and robust decision making demands that regulatory toxicity testing becomes more cost-effective and efficient. One way to realize this goal is by being more strategic in directing testing resources; focusing on chemicals of highest concern, limiting testing to the most probable hazards, or targeting the most vulnerable species. Hypothesis driven Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) have been proposed as practical solutions to such strategic testing. In parallel, the development of the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework, which provides information on the causal links between a molecular initiating event (MIE), intermediate key events (KEs) and an adverse outcome (AO) of regulatory concern, offers the biological context to facilitate development of IATA for regulatory decision making. This manuscript summarizes discussions at the Workshop entitled "Advancing AOPs for Integrated Toxicology and Regulatory Applications" with particular focus on the role AOPs play in informing the development of IATA for different regulatory purposes.

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Dangerous properties of industrial materials

1969-01-01

N. Irving Sax

Occupational Safety and Health Standards

1989-12-01

Richard A. Lemen , Lawrence F. Mazzuckelli , Richard W. Niemeier +1 more

If we are to approach developing a safe and healthful workplace in a more timely fashion, a more generic approach must be considered and applied instead of developing recommendations and … If we are to approach developing a safe and healthful workplace in a more timely fashion, a more generic approach must be considered and applied instead of developing recommendations and standards simply on a substance-by-substance basis, an approach that has been the most prominent. Some examples in which developing generic standards may be appropriate are: cholinesterase-inhibiting substances, neurotoxic agents, reproductive hazards, cold environments, and vibration syndrome, to name but a few. It is important to recognize that developing standards based on individual substances often does not allow for the role of synergism, a reaction that has had little study, but it is important in controlling occupational disease and injury. These concerns can be addressed in several ways. One is to look at processes or conditions found in the workplace; for example, coke oven emissions that OSHA has promulgated into a standard and, as NIOSH has done in their recommendations to OSHA for foundries, coal tar products, the manufacture of paint and allied coatings, field sanitation, hazardous waste management, hot environments, and confined spaces. Another is to address groups of similar substances such as NIOSH has done with alkanes, benzidine-based dyes, diisocyanates, dinitrotoluenes, and glycol ethers. A third comprehensive approach is to look at general categories of hazards, such as the generic carcinogen policy, and the hazard communication rule. Finally, risk must be considered in the development of any standard. Nelson Rockefeller once said in relation to an incidence involving a radiation hazard that, "you can't have a riskless society." I would amend this to say that you cannot have a reckless society either. Safety and health regulations are essential and must be designed, promulgated, and then enforced so that a reckless society is avoided or controlled, with a riskless society being the ultimate aim.

THE PRACTICE OF EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT: A STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW

2000-07-01

Dennis J. Paustenbach

Abstract Each of us encounters hundreds of toxic agents everyday, without exposure and subsequent absorption (uptake) however, there is no risk of injury. Thus, exposure assessment is one of the … Abstract Each of us encounters hundreds of toxic agents everyday, without exposure and subsequent absorption (uptake) however, there is no risk of injury. Thus, exposure assessment is one of the three legs of the stool (along with toxicity assessment and dose-response assessment) upon which the practice of risk assessment rests. The field of exposure assessment has evolved out of at least 3 other disciplines over the past 50 years, including health physics, industrial hygiene, and epidemiology. Exposure assessments are a necessary component to understanding the hazard posed by exposure to naturally (e.g., aflatoxins in foods, radon in air) and nonnaturally occurring toxicants (e.g., benzene in groundwater, MTBE in air, and food additives). This article presents a thorough review of the field, including a discussion of the terminology used in exposure assessment, a description of how to quantitatively estimate dose for the major sources of exposure (food, water, air, and soil), and many of the best sources of information. In addition, techniques for assessing both variability and uncertainty are presented. Lessons learned over the past twenty years are emphasized. Some example calculations are included, nearly 400 references are cited, and a glossary of terms is provided.

NIOSH Pocket guide to chemical hazards (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)

1991-09-01

Malcom M. Renfew

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVBook and Media Revie...Book and Media ReviewNIOSH Pocket guide to chemical hazards (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)Malcom M. … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVBook and Media Revie...Book and Media ReviewNIOSH Pocket guide to chemical hazards (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)Malcom M. Renfew Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1991, 68, 9, A232Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1991Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 September 1991Published inissue 1 September 1991https://doi.org/10.1021/ed068pA232.3RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views345Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man

1976-02-01

R. L. Carter

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The Threshold of Toxicological Concern Concept in Risk Assessment

2005-04-13

R. Kroes , Juliane Kleiner , A. Renwick

The concept that “safe levels of exposure” for humans can be identified for individual chemicals is central to the risk assessment of compounds with known toxicological profiles. The Threshold of … The concept that “safe levels of exposure” for humans can be identified for individual chemicals is central to the risk assessment of compounds with known toxicological profiles. The Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) is a concept that refers to the establishment of a level of exposure for all chemicals, whether or not there are chemical-specific toxicity data, below which there would be no appreciable risk to human health. The concept proposes that a low level of exposure with a negligible risk can be identified for many chemicals, including those of unknown toxicity, based on knowledge of their chemical structures. The present paper aims to describe the history of the TTC principle, its use to date, its potential future applications and the incorporation of the TTC principle in the Risk Assessment paradigm.

Approved Laboratory Technic

1945-07-01

John A. Kolmer , Earle H. Spaulding , Howard W. Robinson

Journal Article Approved Laboratory Technic Get access Approved Laboratory Technic, Clinical Pathological, Bacteriological, Myocological, Virological, Parasitological, Serological, Biochemical and Histological. By Kolmer John A., M.S., M.D., Dr. P.H., Sc.D., LL.D., … Journal Article Approved Laboratory Technic Get access Approved Laboratory Technic, Clinical Pathological, Bacteriological, Myocological, Virological, Parasitological, Serological, Biochemical and Histological. By Kolmer John A., M.S., M.D., Dr. P.H., Sc.D., LL.D., L.H.D., F.A.C.P. Professor of Medicine in the School of Medicine and The School of Dentistry, Temple University; Director of the Research Institute of Cutaneous Medicine; Formerly Professor of Pathology and Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; and Boerner Fred, W.M.D., Associate Professor of Clinical Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine and Assistant Professor of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, University of Penn'a; Bacteriologist, Graduate Hospital, Philadelphia. Fourth Edition. Cloth. Pp. 1079. S10.00. New York City. D. Appleton-Century Company, Inc. 1945. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, Volume 15, Issue 7, 1 July 1945, Pages 303–304, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/15.7.303 Published: 01 July 1945

Report on 640 Victims of the Tokyo Subway Sarin Attack

1996-08-01

Tetsu Okumura , N. Takasu , Shinichi Ishimatsu +5 more

Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants

1936-01-01

G. W. C. Kaye , T. H. Laby

1. Units and Fundamental Constants: 1.1 Units. 1.2 Fundamental physical constants. 2. General Physics: 2.1 Measurements of mass, pressure and other mechanical quantities. 2.2 Mechanical properties of materials. 2.3 Temperature … 1. Units and Fundamental Constants: 1.1 Units. 1.2 Fundamental physical constants. 2. General Physics: 2.1 Measurements of mass, pressure and other mechanical quantities. 2.2 Mechanical properties of materials. 2.3 Temperature and heat. 2.4 Acoustics. 2.5 Radiation and optics. 2.6 Electricity and magnetism. 2.7 Astronomy and geophysics. 3. Chemistry: 3.1 The elements. 3.2 Properties of inorganic compounds. 3.3 Properties of organic compounds. 3.4 Vapour pressures. 3.5 Critical constants and second virial coefficients of gases. 3.6 Properties of solutions. 3.7 Properties of chemical bonds. 3.8 Molecular spectroscopy. 3.9 Electrochemistry. 3.10 Chemical thermodynamics. 3.11 Miscellaneous data 4. Atomic and Nuclear Physics: 4.1 Electrons in atoms. 4.2 Absorption of photons. 4.3 Work function. 4.4 Free electron and ions in gases. 4.5 Absorption of particles and dosimetry. 4.6 Radioactive elements. 4.7 Nuclear fission and fusion and neutron interactions. 4.8 Nuclei and particles. 5. Miscellaneous engineering data. 6. Statistical methods for the treatment of experimental data. 7. Laboratory safety. 8. Introduction to quality assurance in measurement. Index.

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Styrene Production, Use, and Human Exposure

1994-01-01

R R Miller , Ronald Newhook , Alan Poole

Styrene is an extremely important commodity chemical used extensively in the manufacture of numerous polymers and copolymers, including polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), styrene-acry-lonitrile (SAN), styrene-butadiene latex, and styrene-butadiene rubber. Styrene is … Styrene is an extremely important commodity chemical used extensively in the manufacture of numerous polymers and copolymers, including polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), styrene-acry-lonitrile (SAN), styrene-butadiene latex, and styrene-butadiene rubber. Styrene is a component of cigarette smoke and automobile exhaust, and it may occur naturally at low levels in various types of foods. The highest potential human exposures to styrene occur in occupational settings, particularly those involving the production of large glass-reinforced polyester products such as boats, which require manual lay-up and spray-up operations. Substantially lower occupational exposures occur in styrene monomer and polymer production facilities. The general public is exposed to very low concentrations of styrene in ambient air, indoor air, food, and drinking water.

Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials

1964-07-01

W. R. Lee

The first part of the book describes in con- siderable detail much experimental work, done mostly on dogs, on the effect of whole-body radiation on the digestive system.The last chapters … The first part of the book describes in con- siderable detail much experimental work, done mostly on dogs, on the effect of whole-body radiation on the digestive system.The last chapters deal with the various mechanisms by which the changes in the digestive organs after irradiation are thought to occur.Considerable attention is paid to the effect of the higher centres of the brain in relation to these changes, and a theory is pro- posed to explain the various phases of radiation sickness.The prophylaxis and treatment of radiation injury to the digestive tract are discussed.There are numerous references and naturally a large number of them are to Russian work.The book is of interest to all those who are concerned with radiation injury to animals or to man.K. S. HOLMES

Effect of measurement error on epidemiological studies of environmental and occupational exposures.

1998-10-01

Ben Armstrong

Random error (misclassification) in exposure measurements usually biases a relative risk, regression coefficient, or other effect measure towards the null value (no association). The most important exception is Berkson type … Random error (misclassification) in exposure measurements usually biases a relative risk, regression coefficient, or other effect measure towards the null value (no association). The most important exception is Berkson type error, which causes little or no bias. Berkson type error arises, in particular, due to use of group average exposure in place of individual values. Random error in exposure measurements, Berkson or otherwise, reduces the power of a study, making it more likely that real associations are not detected. Random error in confounding variables compromises the control of their effect, leaving residual confounding. Random error in a variable that modifies the effect of exposure on health--for example, an indicator of susceptibility--tends to diminish the observed modification of effect, but error in the exposure can create a supurious appearance of modification. Methods are available to correct for bias (but not generally power loss) due to measurement error, if information on the magnitude and type of error is available. These methods can be complicated to use, however, and should be used cautiously as "correction" can magnify confounding if it is present.

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Regulation of Alternative Sigma Factor Use

2010-09-27

S Osterberg , Teresa del Peso‐Santos , Victoria Shingler

Alternative bacterial sigma factors bind the catalytic core RNA polymerase to confer promoter selectivity on the holoenzyme. The different holoenzymes are thus programmed to recognize the distinct promoter classes in … Alternative bacterial sigma factors bind the catalytic core RNA polymerase to confer promoter selectivity on the holoenzyme. The different holoenzymes are thus programmed to recognize the distinct promoter classes in the genome to allow coordinated activation of discrete sets of genes needed for adaptive responses. To form the holoenzymes, the different sigma factors must be available to compete for their common substrate (core RNA polymerase). This review highlights (a) the roles of antisigma factors in controlling the availability of alternative sigma factors and (b) the involvement of diverse regulatory molecules that promote the use of alternative sigma factors through subversion of the domineering housekeeping σ 70 . The latter include the nucleotide alarmone ppGpp and small proteins (DksA, Rsd, and Crl), which directly target the transcriptional machinery to mediate their effects.

Leukemia in benzene workers

1981-01-01

Robert A. Rinsky , R. J. Young , Alexander B. Smith

Abstract To evaluate the possible association between occupational exposure to benzene and subsequent death from leukemia, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a retrospective cohort mortality … Abstract To evaluate the possible association between occupational exposure to benzene and subsequent death from leukemia, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a retrospective cohort mortality study of workers who had been exposed to benzene in the manufacture of rubber hydrochloride at two locations in Ohio. Ascertainment of vital status was accomplished for 98% of the cohort. Among 748 workers who had at least one day of exposure to benzene between 1940 and 1950, seven deaths from leukemia occurred; from United States death rates standardized for sex, age, and calendar time period, only 1.25 leukemia deaths would have been expected (standardized mortality ratio = 560; p<0.001). Mean duration of exposure to benzene was brief, and 437 (58%) of the cohort were exposed for less than 1 year. Evaluation of leukemia mortality for those workers exposed five or more years showed an SMR of 2100. All leukemia deaths were myelocytic or monocytic in cell type. Four additional cases of leukemia have been recognized in workers at the study locations, but occurred in persons not encompassed by the strict definition of the cohort. Reconstruction of past exposures to benzene at the two locations indicates that in some areas of the plant airborne benzene concentrations rose occasionally to several hundred parts per million (ppm), but that for the most part, employee eight‐hour time‐weighted averages (TWA) fell within the limits considered permissible at the time of exposure. These data corroborate an initial analysis of the same cohort by Infante et al, and indicate that benzene is a human carcinogen at a range of exposures not greatly above the current legal standard.

Concentration—time mortality response relationship of irritant and systemically acting vapours and gases

1986-08-01

W.F. ten Berge , A. Zwart , L. M. Appelman

Industrial chemical exposure: Guidelines for biological monitoring

1984-01-01

K. H. Schaller

Risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals: A WHO/IPCS framework

2011-04-12

M.E. Meek , Alan R. Boobis , Kevin M. Crofton +3 more

Long-term exposure to "low levels" of manganese oxides and neurofunctional changes in ferroalloy workers.

1999-07-01

Roberto G. Lucchini , Pietro Apostoli , Cláudia Perrone +7 more

Risk Assessment of Chemicals

2007-01-01

C. J. Van Leeuwen , Theo Vermeire

Strengthening forensic science in the United States : a path forward

2009-01-01

Law Policy

Scores of talented and dedicated people serve the forensic science community, performing vitally important work. However, they are often constrained by lack of adequate resources, sound policies, and national support. … Scores of talented and dedicated people serve the forensic science community, performing vitally important work. However, they are often constrained by lack of adequate resources, sound policies, and national support. It is clear that change and advancements, both systematic and scientific, are needed in a number of forensic science disciplines to ensure the reliability of work, establish enforceable standards, and promote best practices with consistent application. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward provides a detailed plan for addressing these needs and suggests the creation of a new government entity, the National Institute of Forensic Science, to establish and enforce standards within the forensic science community. The benefits of improving and regulating the forensic science disciplines are clear: assisting law enforcement officials, enhancing homeland security, and reducing the risk of wrongful conviction and exoneration. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States gives a full account of what is needed to advance the forensic science disciplines, including upgrading of systems and organizational structures, better training, widespread adoption of uniform and enforceable best practices, and mandatory certification and accreditation programs. While this book provides an essential call-to-action for congress and policy makers, it also serves as a vital tool for law enforcement agencies, criminal prosecutors and attorneys, and forensic science educators.

Biological monitoring of chemical exposures in the workplace

1992-01-01

Regulate to reduce chemical mixture risk

2018-07-19

Andreas Kortenkamp , Michael Faust

Regulatory systems must better provide for risks from exposure to multiple chemicals Regulatory systems must better provide for risks from exposure to multiple chemicals

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Journal of hazardous materials

1976-06-01

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Journal of hazardous materials

1975-03-01

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Chemical Hazards of the Workplace

1980-12-01

Nick H. Proctor , James P. Hughes

Purification of laboratory chemicals

2013-07-23

Chemical agents and related occupations.

2012-01-01

Evaluation of Patients with Inhalant Allergen Sensitivity Detected by Skin Prick Test

2025-06-24

Emine Ergül Sarı , Nazan Altınel , Esra Şevketoğlu | Bagcilar Medical Bulletin

Chemical Weapons – A Persistent Potential Threat

2025-06-14

Leona Loufková , Otakar Jiří Mika | Chemické listy

This article follows up with the previous one published in Chemické listy, which was devoted to the destruction of chemical weapons all around the world. This specific destruction took place … This article follows up with the previous one published in Chemické listy, which was devoted to the destruction of chemical weapons all around the world. This specific destruction took place as a demanding and complex process for more than a quarter of a century. The previous article comprised international and national legislation, including several declarations on the completion of the process of destroying chemical weapons in the world. Submitted expert article focuses on methods of acceptable ecological destruction of chemical weapons, presenting various methods and possible technologies, which were used mainly in the Russian Federation and the USA, these countries having had the largest stocks of modern chemical weapons. In the next part of this contribution, the authors reflect on the possibilities of chemical weapons misuse by terrorist or enemy attacks and propose to propound this complex security issue to a mature team of experts in the form of a national scientific research project.

The Risks Associated with Inhalation Exposure to Cosmetics and Potential for Assessment Using Lung Organoids

2025-06-13

Yiguang Li , Xin Luo , Rong Hu +2 more | Bioengineering

This review addresses the exposure risks associated with the inhalation of aerosolized cosmetic products and explores the utility of lung organoids in assessing these risks. Aerosolized cosmetics such as sprays … This review addresses the exposure risks associated with the inhalation of aerosolized cosmetic products and explores the utility of lung organoids in assessing these risks. Aerosolized cosmetics such as sprays pose potential health hazards through inhalation, necessitating a thorough evaluation of exposure levels. Traditional methods for assessing inhalation risks have limitations, prompting the exploration of more sophisticated models. Lung organoids, three-dimensional structures derived from stem cells, offer a biologically relevant model for studying lung responses to inhaled substances. This review discusses the construction of lung organoids, their characteristics, and the advantages that they provide over conventional models. Furthermore, it examines existing studies that have employed lung organoids to evaluate the effects of cosmetic inhalation exposure, highlighting the potential of this approach to enhance the safety assessments of cosmetic products. We aim to establish lung organoids as a reliable tool for future research, ensuring the safety and regulatory compliance of cosmetics.

Occupational Risk Assessment in a Woodworking Workshop: A Case Study

2025-06-11

Diouf Abdoulaye | Archives of Case Reports

This article presents the findings of an occupational risk assessment conducted in a woodworking workshop in Senegal. Using a structured questionnaire administered to 42 workers, this study identified major exposure … This article presents the findings of an occupational risk assessment conducted in a woodworking workshop in Senegal. Using a structured questionnaire administered to 42 workers, this study identified major exposure factors related to physical, biological, ergonomic, and safety risks. Key issues included exposure to noise, manual handling of heavy loads, repetitive tasks, and limited ergonomic design. Audiometric testing was conducted on selected workers to assess the impact of noise exposure. Health risks such as hearing loss, fatigue, respiratory issues, and musculoskeletal disorders were noted. Additionally, one third of the respondents reported a perceived risk of fire or explosion, potentially due to the accumulation of wood dust and flammable materials, as well as inadequate maintenance of equipment. These results support the urgent need for preventive actions to improve worker safety and well-being in artisanal workshops.

Unleashing the Hidden Potential: The Transformative Influence of Occupational Health and Safety Education on Chemical Engineers

2025-06-10

Sümeyye Dilek , Fatos Ayca Ozdemir Olgun | Sakarya University Journal of Science

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) education plays a crucial role in shaping the professional development of chemical engineers, equipping them with the necessary knowledge and skills to ensure workplace safety … Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) education plays a crucial role in shaping the professional development of chemical engineers, equipping them with the necessary knowledge and skills to ensure workplace safety and prevent occupational hazards. This manuscript presents a comprehensive review of the impacts of OHS education on chemical engineers, focusing on its role in enhancing awareness, knowledge acquisition, and practical application. The study explores the influence of OHS education on promoting a safety culture, improving risk assessment and management practices, and fostering a proactive approach towards identifying and mitigating occupational hazards. It also investigates the effects of OHS education on job satisfaction, professional growth, and career opportunities within the chemical engineering field. By analyzing relevant literature and case studies, this review provides valuable insights into the positive outcomes resulting from integrating OHS education into the curriculum at universities. The findings emphasize the significance of OHS education in cultivating competent and safety-conscious chemical engineers who contribute to sustainable and responsible industrial practices.

Children at Risk: A Cross‐Sectional Study of Mothers' Awareness and Practices Regarding Chemical Product Labels at Home

2025-06-01

Bahise Aydın , Nazan Çakırer Çalbayram | Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice

ABSTRACT Background Children's exposure to chemical products at home poses significant health risks, making mothers' awareness and label‐reading practices crucial for ensuring household safety. Objective This study aimed to determine … ABSTRACT Background Children's exposure to chemical products at home poses significant health risks, making mothers' awareness and label‐reading practices crucial for ensuring household safety. Objective This study aimed to determine the frequency of mothers reading labels on chemical products and their knowledge of label symbols. Methods This descriptive cross‐sectional study included 352 mothers whose children were between the ages of 6–18 years. Data were collected through an online survey using the Sociodemographic and Descriptive Characteristics Data Form and the Chemical Label Symbols Information Questionnaire. Results It was found that 65.6% of the mothers were interested in chemical product labels, 38.9% always read the information on the label, and 70.5% believed that the information on the label was useful. The label symbol that mothers knew the most was the symbol for airing the room after use (94.9%) and the least was the symbol for acute poisoning (50.6%). It was found that the frequency of label reading increased as the number of family members and the number of children decreased ( p < 0.05). Conclusion It was determined that although mothers were highly aware of the symbols on chemical product labels, the frequency of label reading was insufficient. Children's health is at risk due to the excessive use of chemical products at home.

When One Bad Apple Spoils the Bunch: How Leaders Can Prevent Employee Toxicity from Spreading

2025-06-01

Jonathan Westover | Human capital leadership.

Abstract: This article examines how a single toxic employee can undermine an entire team's culture and performance, and why organizational leaders often hesitate to address such problems despite their damaging … Abstract: This article examines how a single toxic employee can undermine an entire team's culture and performance, and why organizational leaders often hesitate to address such problems despite their damaging consequences. Drawing on research demonstrating how negative behaviors spread through social influence and conformity pressures, the authors outline the serious ramifications of inaction: decreased productivity, fractured communication, increased turnover, and potential legal risks. The article identifies common barriers to managerial intervention—including conflict avoidance, inadequate training, favoritism, legal concerns, and misplaced optimism—before presenting evidence-based strategies for effectively addressing problematic behaviors before they contaminate the broader workplace environment. Through a practical case study and actionable recommendations focused on swift intervention, fair evidence collection, behavior-focused feedback, support systems, clear expectations, and consistent follow-up, the article provides a framework for leaders to maintain healthy organizational cultures while treating all employees with dignity.

Assessment of the State of Knowledge of Chemical Safety and GHS Labelling System in Zahedan Industries (Iran)

2025-06-01

Maryam Hormozi , Fereydoon Laal , Anahita Hejazi +2 more | Journal of Community Health Research

Background: The present study aims to evaluate the level of awareness of workers with the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) among workers exposed to chemicals. Methods: The current study was cross-sectional … Background: The present study aims to evaluate the level of awareness of workers with the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) among workers exposed to chemicals. Methods: The current study was cross-sectional which was conducted on 80 industrial workers in Zahedan (Iran). Therefore, the Multiple-Choice Question (MCQ) questionnaire according to the GHS international system was used to evaluate general knowledge and the labelling status of chemical substances by designing integrated visual and theoretical questions. Descriptive statistics, and correlation coefficients were also used in data analysis. Results: The highest awareness of workers was related to explosive (100%) and flammable (96.3%) pictograms. About 72.5% of the participants claimed to have encountered unlabeled chemical packages in their work experience. 86.3% of the workers considered the label on the package "useful to prevent accidents"; about 32% reported that they had never seen "health hazard" pictogram; and about 98.8%, received the necessary training about the dangers of chemicals. Also, the results showed that there was no significant correlation between the age and work history of the participants and their level of awareness (P>0.05), but a statistically significant correlation was observed between education and gender and the level of awareness (P<0.05). Conclusions: Analysis of the current state of chemical safety labeling showed that pictograms such as GHS "health hazard" are not familiar to workers. Despite the high level of education, workers could analyse English labels at an average level. Moreover, increasing work records did not have much effect on improving people's awareness.

Analysis of Risk Factors of Laboratory-acquired Infections in Canada: 2016–2023 Data from the Laboratory Incident Notification Canada Surveillance System

2025-05-29

Christa M Girincuti , Évelyne Tran , Audrey Gauthier +3 more | Applied Biosafety

Improving Understanding of Safety and the Use of Chemical Laboratory Equipment Through Practical Learning

2025-05-28

Siska Alvionita , Triliyansi Triliyansi , Nopriawan Berkat Asi

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas kegiatan pembelajaran praktis di laboratorium kimia Universitas Palangka Raya terhadap peningkatan pemahaman siswa SMAN 2 Kahayan Tengah mengenai keselamatan dan penggunaan peralatan laboratorium kimia. … Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas kegiatan pembelajaran praktis di laboratorium kimia Universitas Palangka Raya terhadap peningkatan pemahaman siswa SMAN 2 Kahayan Tengah mengenai keselamatan dan penggunaan peralatan laboratorium kimia. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain pra-eksperimental dengan pendekatan one-group pretest-posttest. Siswa kelas XI yang mengikuti kegiatan pembelajaran praktis meliputi penyampaian materi keselamatan laboratorium, pengenalan alat-alat dan instrumen laboratorium, serta demonstrasi percobaan kimia sederhana. Data pemahaman siswa dikumpulkan melalui pretest dan posttest, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan uji Wilcoxon signed-rank test dan perhitungan N-gain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan yang signifikan (p < 0,05) antara skor pretest (rata-rata = 62,00) dan posttest (rata-rata = 80,33), dengan nilai N-gain rata-rata sebesar 0,48 yang termasuk dalam kategori sedang. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa kegiatan pembelajaran praktis di laboratorium kimia Universitas Palangka Raya efektif dalam meningkatkan pemahaman siswa SMAN 2 Kahayan Tengah mengenai keselamatan dan penggunaan peralatan laboratorium kimia.

Hazard screening of colloidal silica nanomaterials with varying degrees of silane surface functionalization: a safe-by-design case study

2025-05-26

Nienke Ruijter , Ilaria Zanoni , Daniel Persson +7 more

The Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) concept facilitates the design of safer and more sustainable chemicals and materials and is a crucial approach towards reaching the goals set out … The Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) concept facilitates the design of safer and more sustainable chemicals and materials and is a crucial approach towards reaching the goals set out in the European Green Deal. It is critical that suitable guidance is provided on how to use new approach methodologies (NAMs) to fill hazard data gaps for nanomaterials (NMs) to facilitate SSbD decisions. Here, we showcase a nano-specific in vitro SSbD case study. The five colloidal silica nanoforms (SiO2-NFs) under investigation in this study are surface modified with varying amounts of glycerolpropyl-organosilane groups. In this study, we use a simple yet comprehensive in vitro test battery along with thorough particle characterization to investigate the effect of surface silanization on in vitro toxicity to inform SSbD decisions. Cytotoxic, pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress responses in A549, dTHP-1, and BEAS-2B cells after exposure to SiO2-NFs submerged and at the air-liquid interface (ALI) decreased with increasing silane surface modification. None of the SiO2-NFs showed surface reactivity or haemolytic potential. Deposition assessment using inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) revealed that increasing silane surface modification decreased particle settling. The two SiO2-NFs with the highest amount of surface silanization did not reach the cells in a submerged exposure setting, and they were therefore only tested at the ALI. Identical dose-response curves were observed for both the submerged testing and testing at the ALI for the SiO2-NFs without and with low/intermediate surface functionalization, again showing a decrease in effects with increasing surface functionalization. We show that in vitro toxicity assays provide valuable information for SSbD decision making. In vitro cytotoxic, pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress responses can be reduced with increasing surface silane functionalization. The reduced deposition efficiency with increasing silane functionalization, however, highlights that thorough characterization of particle behaviour in cell culture medium should always be performed for SSbD hazard testing. The amount of silane required to reduce toxicity is important information for the future production of safer SiO2-NFs and nano-enabled products. Exposure, functionality, and sustainability remain to be investigated to draw full SSbD conclusions.

Safety evaluation of baloxavir marboxil: analysis and discussion utilizing real adverse events from the FAERS database

2025-05-26

Xinxing Lai , Liuyin Jin , Y. Zhou +4 more

Implementing process safety education in a Chemical Engineering curriculum in southern Brazil: The role of an AIChE student chapter

2025-05-23

Letícia Rabelo Magalhães Martins , Júlia Susin Cardeal , Allan Valcareggi Morcelli

Abstract This study highlights the significance of integrating process safety education into the Chemical Engineering curriculum. Chemical engineers handle hazardous materials and design intricate processes, relying heavily on equipment integrity. … Abstract This study highlights the significance of integrating process safety education into the Chemical Engineering curriculum. Chemical engineers handle hazardous materials and design intricate processes, relying heavily on equipment integrity. Therefore, providing chemical engineering students with knowledge and experience in risk assessment, hazard identification, and mitigation strategies is essential. Incorporating these process safety topics enables proactive accident prevention, safeguarding engineers, colleagues, the environment, and the public, while ensuring corporate economic security. Introducing these concepts early in their academic journey reinforces students' ethical obligation to prioritize safety throughout their careers. This work describes implementing process safety education into the Chemical Engineering curriculum at a private university in southern Brazil. The initiative was facilitated by establishing an American Institute for Chemical Engineers (AIChE) student chapter, providing access to professional resources. The challenges and successes encountered during integration are detailed, outlining curricular modifications, faculty development strategies, and student engagement methods. By disseminating this experience, we aim to foster the integration of process safety into the Chemical Engineering curriculum at other higher education institutions, boosting the next generation of professionals' knowledge and contributing to the consolidation of safety culture in Brazilian industry.

Perceptions of psychological safety in high-containment laboratories: mixed method survey of community members and industry experts

2025-05-22

Moana Sargent , Ashley Sylvara , Leah Shely Klos +6 more

In high-reliability organizations (HROs), where safety is paramount, psychological safety is crucial for maintaining operational integrity and mitigating potential risks. The interdependence between HROs and surrounding communities necessitates examining the … In high-reliability organizations (HROs), where safety is paramount, psychological safety is crucial for maintaining operational integrity and mitigating potential risks. The interdependence between HROs and surrounding communities necessitates examining the perceptions of conditions for safe and transparent operation from both community residents and subject matter experts (SMEs). This study aims to understand community residents' perceptions of psychological safety in the operation of a high-containment laboratory (HCL), how incident reporting reflects the psychological safety of a facility, and the alignment in community residents and SMEs' assessments of psychological safety in these laboratories. A mixed methods approach was used to collect data from community residents and high-containment laboratory SMEs. Community residents evaluated the potential impact of inadequate psychological safety on safe operations in high-containment laboratories and two incident reporting formats for their association with psychological safety. Both community residents and SMEs provided open-ended responses regarding the role of psychological safety in a high-containment laboratory. Community members emphasized that psychological safety plays a key role for safe and reliable operations within high-containment laboratories, and solution-oriented incident reports that focus on corrective actions appeared to indicate higher levels of psychological safety than problem-oriented reports focused on identifying the root cause of the incident. Thematic analysis showed overlap in key themes from community residents and SMEs, suggesting that psychological safety is important for safe operations, safety culture, and communication. Uniquely, SMEs offered more detailed insights into risk management, preparedness, and the impact on community and reputation. Findings underscore the importance of psychological safety in promoting safety culture and effective communication within HROs, which is recognized by the surrounding community of residents. Transparent reporting with a focus on corrective action may be perceived as more indicative of psychological safety than reports centered on root cause analysis. Lastly, there is a shared understanding of the importance of psychological safety between community residents and SMEs, with SMEs providing a more nuanced perspective on improving psychological safety in HROs.

Laboratory quality management system fundamentals

2025-05-21

Segaran P. Pillai , Elizabeth Fox

A laboratory quality management system (LQMS) enables the effective operation of laboratories of all types and sizes. With rapid advances in technology (e.g., artificial intelligence and machine learning, advanced manufacturing) … A laboratory quality management system (LQMS) enables the effective operation of laboratories of all types and sizes. With rapid advances in technology (e.g., artificial intelligence and machine learning, advanced manufacturing) comes the need for laboratories worldwide to conduct proper change management and process improvement to meet the continued demand amidst major changes. In order to do so while ensuring that results and data are accurate, timely, and reproducible, it is crucial for laboratories to sustain a foundational LQMS that accommodates laboratory processes, document and records management, and a path for continual improvement in the laboratory itself and within its contextual organization. A foundational LQMS provides a framework to address gaps in process or product performance and risks present throughout the laboratory’s workflow, any of which could lead to a critical error that compromises the organization’s credibility. There are many LQMS frameworks–benchmarks such as consensus standards or regulations (e.g., Good Laboratory Practices for Nonclinical Laboratory Studies) – that the laboratory can select from to govern its LQMS. While these frameworks vary in applicability, there are several common elements across these frameworks that can serve as the basic components of any LQMS. The aim of this study is to review and assess 12 widely-recognized, fundamental aspects of an LQMS to identify actionable examples and templates that can enable effective implementation of a robust LQMS. A robust LQMS is one that fosters long term success of the laboratory, and which ultimately ensures reliable results, efficient operations, and the protection of public health.

Research on safety management of university chemical laboratory based on inherent safety review

2025-05-15

Yajuan Zhang , Mingqi Bai , Shuai Lu +2 more

Abstract The university laboratory serves as an essential platform for universities to conduct education and cultivate talents in scientific research. The continuous occurrence of laboratory accidents in colleges and universities … Abstract The university laboratory serves as an essential platform for universities to conduct education and cultivate talents in scientific research. The continuous occurrence of laboratory accidents in colleges and universities in recent years has posed a severe threat to the life, safety of teachers, and students: thereby incurring enormous economic losses to universities, and exposing the inadequacy of laboratory safety management. By analyzing the causes of accidents in recent years and referring to relevant standards and regulations, taking chemical laboratories as an example, a list of suitable inherent safety review questions for university laboratories is developed by applying the four inherent safety strategies of minimize, substitution, moderate, and simplify. The proposed list comprises 32 questions on chemicals and 31 questions concerning equipment. Implementing this checklist before the experiment or during the safety inspection can guide personnel engaged in the experiment, provide direction for managers, and assist in enhancing the inherent safety level of university laboratories.

Investigation of the Exposure Risk of TEX Released from Outdoor Synthetic Rubber Tracks to Adolescents of Different Heights

2025-05-10

Yan Zhang , Min Yang , Zhongbao Guo +2 more

Awareness of endocrine disrupting chemicals among medical students and physicians: is it time for urgent curriculum and training reform?

2025-05-09

Kocabaş Gokcen Unal , Su Özgür , Niyazi Emre Kurşunoğlu +3 more

Navigating Psychiatric Concerns in a Veteran Reporting Gulf War Illness: A Case Report

2025-05-09

Christian Botz-Zapp , Jami Wang , Eric Kazangian +1 more

Gulf War illness (GWI) is a chronic condition affecting nearly a third of Gulf War veterans and is characterized by persistent symptoms across a number of physical and neuropsychiatric domains. … Gulf War illness (GWI) is a chronic condition affecting nearly a third of Gulf War veterans and is characterized by persistent symptoms across a number of physical and neuropsychiatric domains. This case study examined a 52-year-old veteran admitted on a psychiatric hold for danger to others. The patient's symptoms, including chronic migraine, widespread musculoskeletal pain, skin sensitivities, environmental allergies, and mood and cognitive disturbances, met criteria for GWI according to 2 accepted case definitions. Initial misdiagnosis of psychosis was corrected upon evaluation, which identified severe anxiety consistent with generalized anxiety disorder. Treatment focused on providing validation of the patient's chronic symptoms and managing his anxiety through pharmacologic intervention. This case underscored the importance of recognizing GWI to ensure accurate diagnoses and targeted care for veterans.