Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering

Grouting, Rheology, and Soil Mechanics

Works Count: 45015

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Description

This cluster of papers focuses on advancements in grouting technology, particularly in the context of tunnel construction and soil stabilization. It covers topics such as cementitious grouts, colloidal silica, polyurethane, rock fractures, and permeation grouting for mitigating liquefaction risk.

Keywords

Grouting; Tunnel; Cementitious; Colloidal Silica; Liquefaction; Polyurethane; Rock Fractures; Soil Stabilization; Hydraulic Grouts; Permeation Grouting

Composition methods in homotopy groups of spheres

1962-01-01

宏戸田

The description for this book, Compositional Methods in Homotopy Groups of Spheres. (AM-49), will be forthcoming. The description for this book, Compositional Methods in Homotopy Groups of Spheres. (AM-49), will be forthcoming.

Compaction of Argillaceous Sediments

1974-01-01

B. V. Chilingarian , George V. Chilingar

Seepage, drainage and flow nets

1978-01-01

Harry R. Cedergren

Foundation Engineering Handbook

1991-01-01

Manjriker Gunaratne

Beams on Elastic Foundation: theory with applications in the fields of civil and mechanical engineering

1971-01-01

M. Hetényi

Keywords: Fondation ; Poutres ; Interaction-sol-structure Reference Record created on 2004-09-07, modified on 2016-08-08 Keywords: Fondation ; Poutres ; Interaction-sol-structure Reference Record created on 2004-09-07, modified on 2016-08-08

Cemented Sands under Static Loading

1981-06-01

G. Wayne Clough , Nicholas Sitar , Robert C. Bachus +1 more

Cemented sands are found in many areas of the world; one of their distinguishing characteristics is their ability to stand in steep natural slopes. Large deposits are located along the … Cemented sands are found in many areas of the world; one of their distinguishing characteristics is their ability to stand in steep natural slopes. Large deposits are located along the California coast, and in a number of areas intense urban development has occurred near the crest of high, steep slopes. Because of the hazards posed by slope failures in the cemented sands, a test program was undertaken to define the nature of the cementation and its effect on behavior of the soils. A total of 137 laboratory compression and tension load tests were performed on undisturbed samples of naturally cemented sands and artificially prepared cemented sands. The materials exhibited friction angles similar to uncemented sands, but had a cementation strength intercept and a tensile strength. The primary cementing agents of the sands tested were silicates and iron oxides. The strength of the cemented sands were found to be a function of density, amount of cementing agent, grain shape and grain arrangement.

The Foundation Engineering Handbook

2006-01-13

edited by Hans F. Winterkorn Hsai-Yang Fang

1 Subsurface Explorations and Sampling.- 2 Sampling and Preparation of Marine Sediments.- 3 Soil Technology and Engineering Properties of Soils Hans.- 4 Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations.- 5 Stress Distribution … 1 Subsurface Explorations and Sampling.- 2 Sampling and Preparation of Marine Sediments.- 3 Soil Technology and Engineering Properties of Soils Hans.- 4 Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations.- 5 Stress Distribution and Settlement of Shallow Foundations.- 6 Earth Pressures.- 7 Dewatering and Groundwater Control.- 8 Compacted Fill.- 9 Soil Stabilization and Grouting.- 10 Stability of Earth Slopes.- 11 Landslides.- 12 Retaining Structures and Excavations.- 13 Pile Foundations.- 14 Drilled Shaft Foundations.- 15 Foundation Vibrations.- 16 Earthquake Effects on Soil-Foundation Systems.- 17 Foundation Problems in Earthquake Regions.- 18 Offshore Structure Foundations.- 19 Foundations in Cold Regions.- 20 Geotechnics of Hazardous Waste Control Systems.- 21 Reinforced Earth.- 22 Geosynthetics in Geotechnical Engineering.- 23 Deep Compaction of Granular Soils.- 24 Stabilization of Soil With Lime Columns.- 25 Durability and Protection of Foundations.- 26 Ground Anchors and Soil Nails in Retaining Structures.

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Rock Fracture Spacings, Openings, and Porosities

1968-01-01

David Snow

The amount of grout to inject into a given volume of fractured foundation rock depends on the fracture porosity and on the spacing and sizes of fracture openings. These properties … The amount of grout to inject into a given volume of fractured foundation rock depends on the fracture porosity and on the spacing and sizes of fracture openings. These properties cannot be measured directly but can be calculated from water-pressure tests if several simplifying assumptions are made. The method is valid for fractured rock masses whose intergranular permeability is very small compared to the fracture permeability, and if solution cavities or pervious interbeds are absent. Studies of 35 dam sites indicate that maximum fracture porosities are about 0.05% near the surface, decreasing to about 0.005% at the 200-ft depth. The volume of grout required for impregnation is correspondingly small. Fracture openings decrease from about 100 microns to 50 microns in the same depth interval. Cement grout penetration is accordingly limited to a small proportion, only the largest, of fractures. The minimum spacing of open fractures increases from 4 ft to 14 ft. All rock types appear to be similar in fracture properties.

Investigation of the physical properties of tricalcium silicate cement-based root-end filling materials

2012-11-27

Louise Grech , Bertram Mallia , Josette Camilleri

Analytical models for estimating yield stress of high-performance pseudoplastic grout

2001-05-01

Ammar Yahia , Kamal H. Khayat

SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS ON SAND AND GRAVEL.

1985-12-01

J. B. Burland , M C BURBIDGE , E. J. Wilson

Keywords IMPERIAL COLLEGE SETTLEMENT, FOUNDATIONS, SAND, GRAVEL, ANALYSIS, SHAPE, RECORDS, TANKS, EMBANKMENTS, BEARING, PRESSURE, LOADS, DEPTH, WIDTH, STANDARD, PENETRATION, TESTS, CONES, RESISTANCE, FACTORS, WATER, TABLES, GRAINS, SIZE, TIME, PREDICTION, ACCURACY, … Keywords IMPERIAL COLLEGE SETTLEMENT, FOUNDATIONS, SAND, GRAVEL, ANALYSIS, SHAPE, RECORDS, TANKS, EMBANKMENTS, BEARING, PRESSURE, LOADS, DEPTH, WIDTH, STANDARD, PENETRATION, TESTS, CONES, RESISTANCE, FACTORS, WATER, TABLES, GRAINS, SIZE, TIME, PREDICTION, ACCURACY, DESIGN, CASES, STATISTICS, METHODS, SUBGRADE, COMPRESSIBILITY, CALCULATIONS, LAYERS, THICKNESS, SUBMERGENCE, MEASUREMENT, OVERBURDEN, OEDOMETERS, PLATES, INFLUENCE, DEPENDENT, STRUCTURES, GEOLOGY, WATER TABLE... Show All

Consolidation Des Sols (Étude Mathématique)

1953-09-01

Jean‐Louis Mandel

Synopsis Terzaghi a donné la solution du problème du tassement d'une couche d'argile dans un cas particulier: celui d'une couche soumise à une pression normale uniforme. Dans ce cas la … Synopsis Terzaghi a donné la solution du problème du tassement d'une couche d'argile dans un cas particulier: celui d'une couche soumise à une pression normale uniforme. Dans ce cas la filtration se fait suivant la direction perpendiculaire à la couche et le phénomène est indépendant des coordonnées dans le plan de la couche. L'auteur de cet article fait une étude générale du problème du tassement; il indique la forme générale de la solution, et précise entièrement celle-ci dans le cas d'une couche plane et d'une force concentrée à la surface du sol. Terzaghi has given the solution of the problem of the settlement of a stratum of clay in a particular case—that of a stratum subjected to a normal uniform pressure. In this case, the percolation takes place in a direction perpendicular to the stratum and the phenomenon is independent of the co-ordinates of the plane of the stratum. The Author makes a general study of the problem of settlement, and indicates the general form of the solution. He then gives the full solution in the case of a plane stratum and of a force concentrated on the surface of the soil.

Laboratory investigations on the lime stabilization of sensitive clays: shear strength development

1990-06-01

Jacques Locat , Marc-André Bérubé , Marc Choquette

A laboratory investigation on the quicklime stabilization of sensitive clays has shown that, even at a water content above the liquid limit, significant strength increase can be obtained if enough … A laboratory investigation on the quicklime stabilization of sensitive clays has shown that, even at a water content above the liquid limit, significant strength increase can be obtained if enough time and lime are provided. The understanding of strength development is based on the recognition of physical bridging between soil particles, as in a cementation process. The physical and mechanical significance of lime stabilization is described by means of conceptual models. The better the mixing, the better the dispersion and the diffusion of lime and, consequently, the stabilization process. It has been found that the relationship between water content and strength, at a given time, follows a power law that makes possible the establishment of laboratory charts for lime stabilization of such clays. Key words: quicklime stabilization, sensitive clays, cementation, cohesion, shear strength, microstructure, conceptual model, laboratory charts.

Surfactants and subsurface remediation

1992-12-01

Candida C. West , Jeffrey H. Harwell

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSurfactants and subsurface remediationCandida C. West and Jeffrey H. HarwellCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26, 12, 2324–2330Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSurfactants and subsurface remediationCandida C. West and Jeffrey H. HarwellCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26, 12, 2324–2330Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00036a002https://doi.org/10.1021/es00036a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1686Altmetric-Citations387LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Stabilization of residual soil using SiO2 nanoparticles and cement

2014-05-04

Sayed Hessam Bahmani , Bujang B. K. Huat , Afshin Asadi +1 more

The permeability of natural soft clays. Part II: Permeability characteristics

1983-11-01

F. Tavenas , P. Jean , Paul H. LeBlond +1 more

The permeability characteristics of a number of intact natural soft clays from Québec, the USA, and Sweden have been investigated in the laboratory. The variation of permeability with void ratio … The permeability characteristics of a number of intact natural soft clays from Québec, the USA, and Sweden have been investigated in the laboratory. The variation of permeability with void ratio is best represented in terms of a linear e vs. lg k relation which is generally valid in the range of volumetric strains encountered in engineering practice.The permeability at the in-situ void ratio is shown to be a complex function of such parameters as the void ratio, the clay fraction, the plasticity index, and the fabric of the clay. Permeability anisotropy is negligible in marine clays.The e vs. lg k relationships of the various clays tested are well ordered in terms of an empirical parameter (I P + clay fraction), irrespective of the geological origin of the clay. The slope of the e vs. lg k relationship, referred to as permeability change index C k , is simply related to the initial void ratio by C k = 0.5e o . Keywords: permeability, clays, laboratory tests, permeability anisotropy, permeability – void ratio relations.

Mechanical properties of cement pastes and mortars at early ages

1996-04-01

A. Boumiz , Christian Vernet , Frédéric Cohen Tenoudji

Structure of water adsorbed on smectites

1982-12-01

Garrison Sposito , R. Prost

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure of water adsorbed on smectitesGarrison Sposito and Rene ProstCite this: Chem. Rev. 1982, 82, 6, 553–573Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure of water adsorbed on smectitesGarrison Sposito and Rene ProstCite this: Chem. Rev. 1982, 82, 6, 553–573Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00052a001https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00052a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1696Altmetric-Citations420LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Strength and Modulus of Marine Clay-Cement Mixes

2005-01-20

Fook Hou Lee , Yeong Yeh Lee , Soon-Hoe Chew +1 more

This paper examines the strength and modulus of marine clay-cement mixes with high cement content. Although similar studies have been reported, many of these studies were conducted using soil-cement and … This paper examines the strength and modulus of marine clay-cement mixes with high cement content. Although similar studies have been reported, many of these studies were conducted using soil-cement and water-cement ratios which are more applicable to deep cement mixing than jet grouting. The objective of this study is to investigate how the strength and modulus of cement-treated Singapore marine clay vary with cement and water contents at a range of cement contents, which is more representative of that used in jet grouting. To facilitate parametric studies that are relevant to jet grouting operations, a working range of the constituents was proposed for Singapore marine clay based on the liquid and bleeding limits of the soil-cement mixes. Comparison with data from some previous jet grouting studies and projects indicates that the liquid and bleeding limits can encompass most, if not all, of the parameter range normally used in jet grouting operations. The results of unconfined compression tests on cement-treated marine clay showed that water-cement ratio alone cannot adequately account for the variation in measured strength; the influence of the soil-cement ratio must also be included. For a given water-cement ratio, the strength of the cement-treated soil appears to increase with the soil-cement ratio. Based on these results, empirical relations for the strength and modulus of marine-clay-cement mix are proposed. The experiments also show that slurry clay, rather than dried-pulverized clay, should be used in such tests as the two soil states can lead to significantly different strength and modulus of the cement-treated soil.

Fundamental Parameters of Cement-Admixed Clay—New Approach

2004-10-01

Glen A. Lorenzo , Dennes T. Bergado

The fundamental parameters such as after-curing void ratio (eot) and cement content (Aw) have been found sufficient to characterize the strength and compressibility of cement-admixed clay at high water contents. … The fundamental parameters such as after-curing void ratio (eot) and cement content (Aw) have been found sufficient to characterize the strength and compressibility of cement-admixed clay at high water contents. From analyses performed on the results of unconfined compression tests, the ratio eot/Aw has been proven to combine together the influences of clay water content, cement content, and curing time on the strength of cement-admixed clay. Moreover, the results of oedometer consolidation tests revealed that while Aw governs the position of the postyield compression line, the magnitude of eot determines the magnitude of the one-dimensional vertical yield stress σvy′ at particular Aw. The value of eot reflects, primarily, the clay water content and, secondarily, the cement content and the curing time. Normalizing the after-curing unit weight, after-curing water content, and after-curing specific gravity were incorporated in an empirical relationship of eot.

Effect of lime, cement and Sarooj (artificial pozzolan) on the swelling potential of an expansive soil from Oman

2004-10-21

Amer Ali Al-Rawas , Abdel Wahid Hago , Hilal Al-Sarmi

Surfactant-enhanced solubilization of residual dodecane in soil columns. 1. Experimental investigation

1993-11-01

Kurt D. Pennell , Linda M. Abriola , Walter J. Weber

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSurfactant-enhanced solubilization of residual dodecane in soil columns. 1. Experimental investigationKurt D. Pennell, Linda M. Abriola, and Walter J. Weber, Jr.Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27, … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSurfactant-enhanced solubilization of residual dodecane in soil columns. 1. Experimental investigationKurt D. Pennell, Linda M. Abriola, and Walter J. Weber, Jr.Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27, 12, 2332–2340Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00048a005https://doi.org/10.1021/es00048a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1187Altmetric-Citations293LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Present status and technology of shield tunneling method in Japan

2003-04-01

Yukinori Koyama

Goodbye, Hazen; Hello, Kozeny-Carman

2003-10-20

W. David Carrier

The century-old Hazen formula for predicting the permeability of sand is based only on the D10 particle size. Whereas, the half-century-old Kozeny-Carman formula is based on the entire particle size … The century-old Hazen formula for predicting the permeability of sand is based only on the D10 particle size. Whereas, the half-century-old Kozeny-Carman formula is based on the entire particle size distribution, the particle shape, and the void ratio. As a consequence, the Hazen formula is less accurate than the Kozeny-Carman formula. It is recommended that the former be retired and the latter be adopted.

Analysis of strength development in cement-stabilized silty clay from microstructural considerations

2010-04-28

Suksun Horpibulsuk , Runglawan Rachan , Avirut Chinkulkijniwat +2 more

Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Pile Foundations

1976-03-01

G. G. Meyerhof

I should like to thank the American Society of Civil Engineers for the great honor of inviting me to give the Terzaghi Lecture. Exactly 50 years have passed since Karl … I should like to thank the American Society of Civil Engineers for the great honor of inviting me to give the Terzaghi Lecture. Exactly 50 years have passed since Karl Terzaghi in 1925 published his classic book on Erdbaumechanik (Soil Mechanics), which created an entirely new branch of civil engineering.

The shear strength of partly saturated soils

1986-09-01

Ventura Escario , José Antonio López Sáez

A direct shear apparatus is described which could be used to study the shear strength of partly saturated soils under controlled conditions. The principle of this device is described, and … A direct shear apparatus is described which could be used to study the shear strength of partly saturated soils under controlled conditions. The principle of this device is described, and the test results are presented and discussed. With this apparatus, it is also possible to determine the effect on the shear strength of a change in solute suction.

Proposed Structure for Calcium Silicate Hydrate Gel

1986-06-01

H. F. W. Taylor

Calcium silicate hydrate gel is a very poorly crystalline material that is the main product of reaction of portland cement with water. Evidence is presented for a disordered layer structure, … Calcium silicate hydrate gel is a very poorly crystalline material that is the main product of reaction of portland cement with water. Evidence is presented for a disordered layer structure, in which most of the layers are structurally imperfect ones of jennite (Ca 9 Si 6 O 32 H 22 ), and others are similarly related to 1.4‐nm tobermorite (Ca 5 Si 6 O 26 H 18 ), both structures being modified by omission of many of their silicate tetrahedra. The evidence comprises conditions of formation, silicate anion type, Ca/Si ratio, H 2 O/Ca ratios and densities for various drying conditions, thermogravimetric curve, X‐ray powder and selected‐area electron diffraction patterns, and results of analytical electron microfcopy.

A particulate-scale investigation of cemented sand behavior

2008-01-01

Yu-Hsing Wang , Shun Cheong Leung

In this paper, triaxial tests and numerical simulations using the discrete element method (DEM) are combined to explore the underlying mechanisms of the unique behavior of artificially cemented sands. The … In this paper, triaxial tests and numerical simulations using the discrete element method (DEM) are combined to explore the underlying mechanisms of the unique behavior of artificially cemented sands. The experimental results show that strength enhancement, volumetric dilation, and the shear banding associated failure mode are observed in Portland cement sand; these features become more pronounced with increasing cement content. Different responses are found in gypsum-cemented sand even though both types of cemented sand specimens were prepared under very similar void ratios before shearing. The DEM simulations on the Portland cement sand were carried out under two particular arrangements (i.e., the use of small cementing particles and flexible membrane boundaries). The simulation results reveal that particles in the bonding network jointly share the loading and many micro force-chains associated with cementation are created. Compared with uncemented sand, a more stable and stronger force–chain complex subjected to smaller force concentration is formed in cemented sand, which gives rise to higher strength. Intensive bond breakage, concentrated relative particle movement, column-like force chains, great particle rotation, and high local porosity are found inside the shear band. The bonded clusters remain at large strains to help stabilize the particle arch and therefore to maintain the volumetric dilation.

Permeability of Compacted Clay

1965-07-01

James K. Mitchell , Don R. Hooper , Richard G. Campenella

The effects of molding water content, density, degree of saturation, method of compaction, and thixotropic hardening on the permeability of compacted silty clay have been determined. The formation of a … The effects of molding water content, density, degree of saturation, method of compaction, and thixotropic hardening on the permeability of compacted silty clay have been determined. The formation of a dispersed structure in samples compacted wet of optimum may result in a coefficient of permeability two or three orders of magnitude less than for the same soil compacted dry of optimum. The actual decrease in permeability wet of optimum appears to correlate well with the degree of shear strain applied to the soil during compaction. In line with this, it was found that for samples compacted wet of optimum kneading compaction gave significantly lower values of permeability than did static compaction. Thixotropic hardening was accompanied by an increase in permeability, a result compatible with the concept that thixotropic hardening involves a change to a more flocculent structure. As much as a five-fold increase in permeability may accompany an increase in saturation from the as-compacted state to the fully saturated condition. Because of the great variability in permeability with compaction conditions, selection of an appropriate value for use in problems involving seepage or pore pressure dissipation will be difficult.

Engineering Properties of Expansive Clays

1956-01-01

W. G. Holtz , Harold J. Gibbs

Expansive clay soils have been encountered at the sites of structures throughout the western United States. Inasmuch as most of these structures are hydraulic, the normal difficulties encountered when expansive … Expansive clay soils have been encountered at the sites of structures throughout the western United States. Inasmuch as most of these structures are hydraulic, the normal difficulties encountered when expansive clays are present in the subgrade foundation are greatly magnified. As a result of some of the difficulties that have been experienced, considerable research testing has been undertaken so ·that expansive clays can be recognized and their potential swelling properties anticipated.

Protection against water or mud inrush in tunnels by grouting: A review

2016-06-28

Shucai Li , Rentai Liu , Qingsong Zhang +1 more

Grouting is a major method used to prevent water and mud inrush in tunnels and underground engineering. In this paper, the current situation of control and prevention of water and … Grouting is a major method used to prevent water and mud inrush in tunnels and underground engineering. In this paper, the current situation of control and prevention of water and mud inrush is summarized and recent advances in relevant theories, grout/equipment, and critical techniques are introduced. The time-variant equations of grout viscosity at different volumetric ratios were obtained based on the constitutive relation of typical fast curing grouts. A large-scale dynamic grouting model testing system (4000 mm × 2000 mm × 5 mm) was developed, and the diffusions of cement and fast curing grouts in dynamic water grouting were investigated. The results reveal that the diffusions of cement grouts and fast curing grouts are U-shaped and asymmetric elliptical, respectively. A multi-parameter real-time monitoring system (ϕ = 1.5 m, h = 1.2 m) was developed for the grouting process to study the diffusion and reinforcement mechanism of grouting in water-rich faulted zone. A high early strength cream-type reinforcing/plugging grout, a high permeability nano-scale silica gel grout, and a high-expansion filling grout were proposed for the control of water hazards in weak water-rich faulted zone rocks, water inrush in karst passages, and micro-crack water inrush, respectively. Complement technologies and equipment for industrial applications were also proposed. Additionally, a novel full-life periodic dynamic water grouting with the critical grouting borehole as the core was proposed. The key techniques for the control of water inrush in water-rich faulted zone, jointed fissures and karst passages, and micro-crack water inrush were developed.

Chemical Grouting and Soil Stabilization

2003-04-18

Reuben H. Karol

Following shifting trends from remedial to preventive uses of grouting practices, this third edition covers all aspects of chemical grouting methods and applications. This reference highlights new ground improvement techniques … Following shifting trends from remedial to preventive uses of grouting practices, this third edition covers all aspects of chemical grouting methods and applications. This reference highlights new ground improvement techniques as well as recent innovations in soil modification and stabilization procedures. It considers commercial alternatives to ground improvement, their relative advantages and disadvantages, and the engineering applications to which these methods are suited. Revised and expanded, this new edition assesses the role of new grouting techniques in the containment of hazardous waste and introduces numerous problems to illustrate concepts and facilitate instruction.

Fractures and Fracture Networks

1999-01-01

P. M. Adler , Jean‐François Thovert

Foundation Engineering

1953-04-01

Ralph B. Peck , WALTER E. HANSON , THOMAS H. THORNBURN

Sand and Sandstone

1973-01-01

F. J. Pettijohn , Paul Edwin Potter , Raymond Siever

Poroelasticity

2016-01-01

Alexander H.‐D. Cheng

Acid Sulfate Weathering

1982-01-01

Geopolymers

2009-01-01

John L. Provis , J.S.J. van Deventer

Underground excavations in rock

1981-04-01

Underground Excavations in Rock

1980-06-30

E.T. Brown , E. Hoek

Cavity Expansion Methods in Geomechanics

2000-01-01

Hai‐Sui Yu

Rock Slope Engineering, Fourth Edition

2004-06-01

Duncan C. Wyllie , Christopher W. Mah

Introduction 1. Principles of Rock Slope Design 2. Structural Geology and Data Interpretation 3. Site Investigation and Geological Data Collection 4. Rock Stength Properties and their Measurement 5. Groundwater 6. … Introduction 1. Principles of Rock Slope Design 2. Structural Geology and Data Interpretation 3. Site Investigation and Geological Data Collection 4. Rock Stength Properties and their Measurement 5. Groundwater 6. Plane Failure 7. Wedge Failure 8. Circular Failure 9. Toppling Failure 10. Numerical Analysis 11. Blasting 12. Stabilization of Rock Slopes 13. Movement Monitoring 14. Civil Engineering Applications 15. Mining Applications.

THEORY OF VOLUME CHANGES IN HARDENED PORTLAND-CEMENT PASTE DURING FREEZING

1953-01-01

T. C. Powers , R Helmuth

NEW EXPERIMENTAL DATA ARE PRESENTED ON THE FREEZING OF HARDENED PORTLAND-CEMENT PASTES WITH AND WITHOUT ENTRAINED AIR. THEY ARE EXPLAINED IN TERMS OF TWO MECHANISMS: (1) THE GENERATION OF HYDRAULIC … NEW EXPERIMENTAL DATA ARE PRESENTED ON THE FREEZING OF HARDENED PORTLAND-CEMENT PASTES WITH AND WITHOUT ENTRAINED AIR. THEY ARE EXPLAINED IN TERMS OF TWO MECHANISMS: (1) THE GENERATION OF HYDRAULIC PRESSURE AS WATER FREEZES IN CAPILLARY CAVITIES AND (2) THE GROWTH OF THE BODIES OF ICE IN THE CAPILLARY CAVITIES OR AIR VOIDS BY DIFFUSION OF WATER FROM THE GEL. AIR VOIDS LIMIT THE HYDRAULIC PRESSURE AND SHORTEN THE PERIOD DURING WHICH THE ICE IN THE CAVITIES CAN INCREASE. THE CLOSER THE AIR VOIDS ARE TO EACH OTHER THE MORE EFFECTIVE THEY ARE IN CONTROLLING EITHER MECHANISM. /AUTHOR/

Evaluation of Tensile Strength and Fracture Toughness of Cement Mortar with Different Sand Fineness Moduli Based on Boundary Effect Model

2025-06-26

Shutong Yang , Zhengyuan Chen , Huisu Chen +1 more | Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering

Laboratory Investigation of Internal Curing Potential in Stiff Mortar Mixtures Using Expanded Clay Aggregates

2025-06-25

Anusha Toshikhani , Solomon Debbarma | Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board

The low water-to-cement ( w/c ) ratios of stiff paving mixtures such as roller-compacted concrete (RCC) pavements often pose significant challenges in moisture retention and proper curing which can lead … The low water-to-cement ( w/c ) ratios of stiff paving mixtures such as roller-compacted concrete (RCC) pavements often pose significant challenges in moisture retention and proper curing which can lead to concrete shrinkage cracking. Traditional curing methods (e.g., external water curing) often prove insufficient as a result of RCC’s denser matrix and low permeability. As RCC pavement is a stiff and dry mixture, inadequate curing and adverse weather conditions can further lead to early structural and functional issues. The use of internal curing (IC) technology can be a solution to mitigate early cracking, particularly in stiff mixtures such as RCCs. This study investigates the effects of lightweight expanded clay aggregates (ECA) as an internal curing agent in mortar mixtures for RCC paving applications. Natural fine aggregates were partially replaced by pre-soaked ECAs at varying proportions that is, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%; their influence on stiff mortar’s water absorption and desorption capacities, degree of hydration (DOH), mechanical strength, and microstructural characteristics were investigated. The water absorption, desorption (release) potential, and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) test results confirmed the suitability of ECA aggregate as an IC agent. The DOH improved by 24% to 38% and 2.8% to 13% for water and sealed curing, respectively, at varying ages. Subsequently, the compressive strength and flexural strength were found to have improved for both water curing and sealed curing. Microstructural analysis revealed a decrease in porosity while an increase in the calcium-silicate-hydrates (CSH) gels, particularly near the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) was observed. This study demonstrates that ECA can be an effective internal curing agent to mitigate water retention problems in RCC pavements, contributing to its enhanced early-age strength characteristics.

Influence of Cockle Shell Ash and Lime on Geotechnical Properties of Expansive Clay Soil Stabilized at Optimum Silica Fume Content

2025-06-25

Muhammad Syamsul Imran Zaini , Muzamir Hasan , Anang Rustanto Suwito +1 more | Materials science forum

The study investigates the strength improvement of kaolinite clay soil with the inclusion of various percentages and combinations of silica fume (SF) and cockle shell ash (CKSA). Hence, the mechanical … The study investigates the strength improvement of kaolinite clay soil with the inclusion of various percentages and combinations of silica fume (SF) and cockle shell ash (CKSA). Hence, the mechanical properties of various mix ratios of SF and CKSA are examined through the standard Proctor, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and consolidated isotropic undrained (CIU) triaxial tests. The samples were treated for 1, 7, 14 and 30 days and examined under the UCS tests. The experimental results show that the strength of the kaolinite clay significantly rises with the inclusion of SF and CKSA at dissimilar mix ratios and curing days. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) profile has illustrated that the kaolinite clay soil molecules were fused jointly with SF and CKSA to form calcium aluminate hydrates (CAH) and calcium silicate hydrate (CSH), which enhanced the development of strength of the stabilized kaolinite clay. The combination of SF and CKSA resulted in a significant strength increment of the kaolinite clay soil up to 86.99%.

EVALUATION OF STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF NON-LATERITIC SOILS ENHANCED WITH ACTIVATED METAKAOLIN FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION

2025-06-24

Ibrahim Ikara Abdulkarim , Sa’eed Yusuf Umar , Abubakar Sadiq Muhammed +1 more | Deleted Journal

Non-lateritic soils (NLS) are not normally suitable for use as road construction materials due to difficulties that arise during construction. As such, treatment serves as a solution for improving the … Non-lateritic soils (NLS) are not normally suitable for use as road construction materials due to difficulties that arise during construction. As such, treatment serves as a solution for improving the adverse effects. This study explores the potential of alkali-activated metakaolin (MK) for strength improvement of NLS intended for use as road construction materials. Based on design of experiment using design expert 13 software, the soil is treated to evaluate the effectiveness of varying blends of 5, 17.5 & 30 % of MK to dry weight of soil and 1, 5.5 & 10 molar concentrations of NaOH and compacted using three compactive effort; British standard light, West African standard and British standard heavy. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were conducted. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were also performed on the best blends. Results show that some activated MK/NLS blends met the 1500-3000 kN/m 2 7 days UCS criterion stipulated by the Nigerian General Specification (NGS) 2013 for road base. Similarly, all the activated MK/NLS blends suffice for use as sub-base in road construction having met the 750-1500 kN/m 2 7 days UCS requirement. A strength of 30 or 80 % soaked CBR is recommended by NGS 2013 for sub-base or base course, in this regard, all blends met the minimum strength criteria of either sub-base or base course material. SEM results showed an enhanced aggregation and modification in the fabric orientation of the soil particles which is believed to produce a higher strength soil structure as evident from the UCS & CBR tests results.

Assessing the Risks and Technical Challenges of Reckless Pre-Excavation Dewatering and Through-Wall Leaking in Thick Aquifers

2025-06-24

Yong Tan , Juncheng Liu , Ye Lu | Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities

Closure to “Database for Deep Excavations in Soft Clay with Focus on Groundwater Drainage and Installation Effects”

2025-06-24

Thomas Sandene , Jenny Langford , Michael Long | Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering

Compressive deformation and pore size distribution characteristics of calcareous sand solidified by polyurethane foam adhesive

2025-06-24

Dan Chang , Yingying Deng | Polymer Bulletin

Study on Optimization of Solidifying Agent Proportions and Performances of Fluid solidified Soil Based on Vibration Mixing

2025-06-24

Kai Wang , Yunshi Yao , Jianhui Niu +2 more | Materials Research Express

Abstract Fluid solidified soil is a new type of backfill material in construction pits, fertilizer troughs, and mining goafs. However, its economic, workability, and mechanical properties are important factors that … Abstract Fluid solidified soil is a new type of backfill material in construction pits, fertilizer troughs, and mining goafs. However, its economic, workability, and mechanical properties are important factors that restrict its widespread application. In this paper, based on a traditional cement solidifying agent, the effects of a two-component solidifying agent and vibration mixing process on the properties of fluid solidified soil are studied. By adding industrial slag, solidifying agents A (cement), B (cement and CFB ash), C (cement and blast furnace slag), and D (cement and steel slag) were prepared using normal mixing and vibration mixing, and the workability and mechanical properties of the solidified soil were tested. Experimental studies have shown that, with an 8% reduction in the proportion of solidifying agent and soil solidifying agents, the expansion degree, stone formation rate, and 7-day strength of fluid solidified soil are comparable to those with a cement solidifying agent. Compared with the performances of four types (A, B, C and D solidifying agents) of solidified soil under normal mixing, their 28d compressive strength under vibration mixing increased by 8.5%, 11.0%, 15.1%, and 9.8% respectively, and their water stability under vibration mixing increased by 17.6%, 9.6%, 17.7%, and 20.0% respectively. The results have shown that using two-component solidifying agent and reducing the amount of cement can produce solidifying agents that are equivalent in performance to cement. Moreover, vibration mixing can improve the mechanical properties of solidified soil for different solidifying agents. This study provides an engineering foundation for the widespread application of fluid solidified soil.

Migration and Breakthrough of Bacteria in Heterogeneous Soils and Stabilization Performance of Bio-Grouting

2025-06-23

Guoliang Ma , Yang Xiao , Hanlong Liu +3 more | Canadian Geotechnical Journal

Natural soil deposits are typically heterogeneous, leading to changes in solution permeation patterns within heterogeneous soils compared to those in homogeneous soils when employing Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) for … Natural soil deposits are typically heterogeneous, leading to changes in solution permeation patterns within heterogeneous soils compared to those in homogeneous soils when employing Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) for soil stabilization. Consequently, estimating the performance of MICP in natural soils solely based on studies in homogeneous soils, as commonly practiced in the past, may not be accurate. In this study, we aimed to investigate the MICP grouting processes in heterogeneous soils with varying levels of heterogeneity under different injection rates. Heterogeneous soils were prepared by connecting two distinct specimens of varying particle sizes through a shared inlet. The permeation patterns and permeabilities were assessed to analyze their correlation. The conversion efficiency and CaCO3 contents were measured to evaluate the efficiency of MICP in stabilizing heterogeneous soils. The results revealed that solution permeation may be primarily influenced by the permeability differences between the two soils, with additional effects from heterogeneity levels and injection rates. Furthermore, using a similar injection strategy as in homogeneous soils in heterogeneous soils could result in preferential flow, leading to non-uniform cementation and wastage of materials. Finally, potential measures were proposed to address these issues, such as monitoring bacterial and reactant concentrations in effluents.

Physical Model for Sintered Gypsum—Clay End-Bearing Piles in Sand

2025-06-22

Onur Selcukhan , Abdullah Ekinci , Arya Assadi-Langroudi | International Journal of Civil Engineering

Study on Similar Materials for Weakly Cemented Medium and Indoor Excavation Test

2025-06-22

Shanchao Hu , Lei Yang , Shihao Guo +4 more | Materials

The escalating disasters caused by the movement of shallow buried strata in China’s western mining areas are increasingly threatening operational safety. A critical issue in ensuring secure mining practices in … The escalating disasters caused by the movement of shallow buried strata in China’s western mining areas are increasingly threatening operational safety. A critical issue in ensuring secure mining practices in these areas is the creep failure of weakly cemented soft rock under low-stress conditions. The unique particle contact mechanisms in weakly cemented mudstone, combined with the persistence of the cemented materials and the particulate matter they form, lead to mechanical responses that differ significantly from those of typical soft rocks during loading. Building on an existing multivariate linear regression equation for new similar materials, this study developed qualified weakly cemented medium similar materials, offering appropriate materials for long-term creep tests of weakly cemented formations. This was accomplished by employing orthogonal proportioning tests. The principal findings of our investigation are as follows: The new, similar material exhibits low strength and prominent creep characteristics, accurately simulating weakly cemented materials in western mining areas. The concentration of rosin–alcohol solution has a measurable impact on key parameters, such as σc, E, and γ in the weakly cemented similar material specimens. Furthermore, the creep characteristics of the specimens diminish progressively with an increase in the proportion of iron powder (I) and barite powder (B). The material was applied to a similar indoor model test simulating the weakly cemented material surrounding the auxiliary haulage roadway in Panel 20314 of the Gaojialiang Coal Mine, with speckle analysis employed for detailed examination. The experimental findings suggest that both the conventional mechanical properties and long-term creep characteristics of the material align with the required specifications, offering robust support for achieving optimal outcomes in the similar model test.

Anchorage Performance of an Innovative Assembled Joint with Large-Diameter Steel Bar Grout Lapping in Concrete Reserved Hole

2025-06-22

Qi Chen , Xiaoyong Luo , Chao Deng +2 more | Materials

To investigate the anchorage performance of an innovative assembled joint with large-diameter steel bar grout lapping in a concrete reserved hole, the effects of anchorage length and high-strength grouting material … To investigate the anchorage performance of an innovative assembled joint with large-diameter steel bar grout lapping in a concrete reserved hole, the effects of anchorage length and high-strength grouting material types on the failure mode, load–displacement curve, ultimate bond strength and strain variation were analyzed through the pull-out tests of 15 specimens. On this basis, the calculation formulae of critical and ultimate anchorage length were established and the applicability was verified, and then the recommended value of minimum anchorage length was provided. The results showed that the failure modes included splitting-steel bar pull-out failure and UHPC-concrete interface failure. With the increase in anchorage length, the bond strength showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. Increasing the grouting material strength can effectively improve the bond performance. When the anchored steel bar is HRB400 with a diameter not less than 20 mm, the recommended minimum anchorage length is 15.0d~18.3d. When the grouting material strength is larger than or equal to 100 MPa, the anchorage length should not be less than 15.0d.

Comprehensive Assessment and Freeze–Thaw Durability Prediction of Wet-Sprayed Concrete for Cold-Region Tunnels

2025-06-22

Haiyan Wang , Yanli Wang , Zhaohui Sun +4 more | Materials

This study examines freeze–thaw deterioration patterns and predicts the service life of wet-sprayed concrete with composite cementitious materials in cold-region tunnels. The microstructure and particle size distribution of four materials … This study examines freeze–thaw deterioration patterns and predicts the service life of wet-sprayed concrete with composite cementitious materials in cold-region tunnels. The microstructure and particle size distribution of four materials (cement, fly ash, silica fume, and mineral powder) were analyzed. Subsequent tests evaluated the rebound rate, mechanical properties, and durability of wet-sprayed concrete with various compositions and proportions of cementitious materials, emphasizing freeze–thaw resistance under cyclic freezing and thawing. A freeze–thaw deterioration equation was developed using damage mechanics theory to predict the service life of early-stage wet-sprayed concrete in tunnels. The results indicate that proportionally combining cementitious materials with different particle sizes and gradations can enhance concrete compactness. Adding mineral admixtures increases concrete viscosity, effectively reducing rebound rates and dust generation during wet spraying. Concrete incorporating binary and ternary mineral admixtures shows reduced early-age strength but significantly enhanced later-age strength. Its frost resistance is also improved to varying degrees. The ternary composite binder fills voids between cement particles and at the interface between paste and aggregate, resulting in a dense microstructure due to a ‘composite superposition effect.’ This significantly enhances the frost resistance of wet-mixed shotcrete, enabling it to withstand up to 200 freeze–thaw cycles, compared to failure after 75 cycles in plain cement concrete. The relative dynamic modulus of elasticity of wet-shotcrete follows a parabolic deterioration trend with increasing freeze–thaw cycles. Except for specimen P5 (R2 = 0.89), the correlation coefficients of deterioration models exceed 0.94, supporting their use in durability prediction. Simulation results indicate that, across all regions of China, the service life of wet-shotcrete with ternary admixtures can exceed 100 years, while that of plain cement concrete remains below 41 years.

Research on Control Technology of Large-Section Water-Bearing Broken Surrounding Rock Roadway

2025-06-21

Wenqing Peng , Shenghua Feng | Applied Sciences

With the increasing depth of mining operations, the geological conditions of deep roadways have become increasingly complex. Among these complexities, the issues of fractured zones and groundwater are particularly critical, … With the increasing depth of mining operations, the geological conditions of deep roadways have become increasingly complex. Among these complexities, the issues of fractured zones and groundwater are particularly critical, significantly contributing to the reduced stability of the surrounding rock. This study focuses on the challenging support problem associated with water-bearing fractured surrounding rock in the Y1# belt conveyor roadway of the Wengfu phosphate mine. Through theoretical calculation, laboratory testing, numerical simulation, and field monitoring, the range and displacement of the broken zone in the broken surrounding rock roadway are studied and analyzed. The results show that the physical and mechanical properties of the broken surrounding rock mass are weakened by water, and the range and deformation of the broken zone of the surrounding rock of the water-bearing roadway increase. In response to the failure characteristics of the water-bearing fractured surrounding rock in the Y1# belt conveyor roadway, an optimized support scheme was developed. A combined support system of steel arch frames and localized grouting was proposed to enhance the control of the surrounding rock. Field monitoring data confirmed that the optimized support scheme achieved satisfactory control effectiveness, effectively addressing the stability challenges posed by water-bearing fractured rock masses.

Vertical bearing mechanisms of tip post-grouting piles under different grouting conditions: Experiment and theoretical model

2025-06-21

Yue Wu , Jiale Liu , Yating Deng +4 more | Ocean Engineering

Macro-microscopic experimental study on the frost resistance and damage mechanism of dune sand concrete under freeze-thaw cycling

2025-06-21

Xiaobao Luo , Guohua Xing , Junjie Tao +4 more | Construction and Building Materials

Research on Mechanical Characteristics and Crack Resistance of Fly Ash Sandstone Tunnel Slag Cement Stabilized Material

2025-06-20

Xuan Zhu , Z.T. Zhang , Lei Han +5 more | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> To investigate the influence of fly ash on the mechanical and crack resistance properties of cement stabilized materials, the aggregate gradation was determined based on the stepwise filling method … <title>Abstract</title> To investigate the influence of fly ash on the mechanical and crack resistance properties of cement stabilized materials, the aggregate gradation was determined based on the stepwise filling method and the i-method. The mechanical strength test, drying shrinkage test, and dry-wet cycle test were conducted to study the crack resistance characteristics of cement-stabilized tunnel slag gravel and cement-fly ash stabilized tunnel slag gravel with varying fly ash contents. A crack resistance coefficient was proposed to evaluate the crack resistance capability of cement stabilized materials. The results showed that the incorporation of fly ash affected the early unconfined compressive strength and splitting strength of cement stabilized materials—the higher the fly ash content, the lower the early strength. The addition of fly ash benefits the long-term mechanical strength.At 90 days, the mechanical strength of fly ash cement stabilized materials increased by 8–27% compared to conventional cement stabilized materials. The optimal fly ash content was approximately 9%. The incorporation of fly ash significantly reduced the early drying shrinkage of cement stabilized materials, decreasing the likelihood of shrinkage cracks. By introducing a crack resistance coefficient to evaluate the crack resistance performance of cement stabilized materials, it was found that at 28 days, the crack resistance coefficient of fly ash cement stabilized materials was 61% higher than that of conventional ones, indicating that fly ash can improve early crack resistance. In the dry-wet cycle test, the shrinkage strain of each cycle was greater than that of the initial (0th) cycle. After the fifth cycle, the crack resistance coefficient of the fly ash cement stabilized material increased by 27% compared to the conventional material, indicating that the presence of fly ash can mitigate the adverse effects of dry-wet cycles.

Anisotropic enhancement of modulus and permeability of grouted geomaterials via an adaptive DIC combining HDMR and sub-pixel edge segmentation

2025-06-18

Pengcheng Zhu , Zhilei Zhang , Tielin Chen +4 more | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> This study presents a multiscale approach to enhance the performance evaluation of heterogeneous composite structures in geotechnical reinforcement and soil remediation. Traditional methods fail to capture critical parameters such … <title>Abstract</title> This study presents a multiscale approach to enhance the performance evaluation of heterogeneous composite structures in geotechnical reinforcement and soil remediation. Traditional methods fail to capture critical parameters such as inclined microstructure mechanics and seepage pathways. Our approach integrates DIC and material mechanics: 1) A multidimensional grayscale reconstruction technique, optimized by genetic algorithms, enhances microstructure edge contrast; 2) A subpixel edge segmentation system achieves 1/n pixel accuracy under noisy conditions; 3) A graph theory-based measurement system reduces bifurcation errors to below 3%; 4) A decoupling model quantifies elastic modulus (error ≤8.44%) and permeability coefficient (error ≤14.69%). Fracture grouting experiments show that 83% of test groups maintain dual-parameter errors within 15%. This method provides a high-precision, generalizable framework for evaluating composite materials in geotechnical reinforcement and soil remediation.

Strengthening the subgrade clay soil using nano chemical stabilisation

2025-06-18

K. Rangaswamy , Regi P. Mohan | SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS

Comparative assessment of analytical methods for calcium carbonate determination in sands

2025-06-17

Isabelle Joanne Viana Coelho César , Victor Carlos Vital Cavalcanti , Mariana Ramos Chrusciak +1 more | Soils and Rocks

Accurate quantification of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in soil is critical for geoenvironmental engineering, influencing soil stabilization, carbon sequestration, and climate-resilient design. This study compares four commonly used analytical methods—Loss on … Accurate quantification of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in soil is critical for geoenvironmental engineering, influencing soil stabilization, carbon sequestration, and climate-resilient design. This study compares four commonly used analytical methods—Loss on Ignition (LoI), Total Inorganic Carbon (TIC), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and a Calcium Carbonate Analyzer (CCA)—over CaCO3 concentrations from 0.3% to 50%. Controlled sand samples with known carbonate contents were tested to assess each method’s accuracy, precision, and reproducibility. Although LoI proves the most practical due to its simplicity and throughput, all methods face marked difficulties at low concentrations. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) analysis shows that small discrepancies at low CaCO3 levels can produce disproportionately large relative errors, obscuring actual measurement uncertainties. Factors such as sample representativeness, operator handling, and instrument resolution further amplify inconsistencies, emphasizing the need for more rigorous protocols. Crucially, none of the evaluated methods consistently captures very low CaCO3 concentrations, posing significant challenges for soil carbon capture initiatives, regulatory compliance, and soil management practices. These findings highlight the urgent need to refine existing procedures or use alternative approaches to more accurately quantify CaCO3 content at low levels, thereby enhancing confidence in research outcomes and applied engineering solutions.

Effect of Salinity on the Steady-State and Dynamic Rheological Behavior of Illite Clay

2025-06-16

Zhichao Liang , Wenyuan Ren , Sha Li +4 more | Buildings

The rheological behavior of clay in a water–salt environment determines the long-term deformation and structural stability of building materials and geotechnical engineering. In this study, the effects of salinity on … The rheological behavior of clay in a water–salt environment determines the long-term deformation and structural stability of building materials and geotechnical engineering. In this study, the effects of salinity on the rheological behavior and microstructure stability of the clay mineral illite were investigated through steady-state and dynamic rheological tests. The results reveal that specimens with different salinities exhibit shear thinning behavior during the steady-state rheological test. When the shear rate is higher than 0.5 s−1, the flow curves are described well by the Herschel–Bulkley model. As the salinity increases from 0 to 1.8 mol/L, the yield stress varies from 1500 to 3500 Pa. With the increase in salinity, the consistency factor of the specimens increases, while the flow coefficient decreases. Under dynamic loading, high-salinity specimens exhibit higher modulus and yield stresses, thereby enhancing the stability of the microstructure. The viscoelastic–plastic constitutive model under dynamic loading has been established, which can effectively describe and calculate the long-term deformation of clay minerals. These research results provide reference and guidance for understanding the rheological behavior of clay.

Study on Spherical Diffusion Mechanism of Bingham Fluid Slurry Infiltration Grouting Considering Tortuous Effect of Porous Media

2025-06-14

Lingfeng Zhao , Zengguang Xu , Xin Cui +2 more | International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics

ABSTRACT Current studies on soil tortuosity models typically assume a single particle size, neglecting the impact of particle gradation and spatial arrangement on pore channels and structures. To address this … ABSTRACT Current studies on soil tortuosity models typically assume a single particle size, neglecting the impact of particle gradation and spatial arrangement on pore channels and structures. To address this limitation, we develop a tortuosity model that incorporates multiple factors by assuming ellipsoidal particles and accounting for their arrangement and gradation. This model, combined with the Bingham fluid flow equation in porous media, elucidates the spherical penetration grouting mechanism of Bingham fluids, considering both tortuosity and time‐varying viscosity. Using COMSOL Multiphysics, we simulate seepage to create a numerical program for Bingham fluid spherical seepage grouting that accounts for tortuosity and time‐varying viscosity. Theoretical analysis and simulations validate our proposed tortuosity model and diffusion mechanisms. Additionally, we examine the sensitivity of the diffusion radius to Bingham grout rheology, grouting pressure, groundwater pressure, and grouting pipe radius. The research results demonstrate that the established tortuosity theoretical model is in excellent agreement with numerical simulations, with a maximum error of less than 3%. The spherical permeation grouting diffusion mechanism of Bingham fluid, which accounts for the tortuosity effect of porous media, more closely matches the experimental test values, achieving an average error of 10.13% and a minimum error of 3%. Grouting pressure and groundwater pressure are key factors, and their interaction with the grouting pipe radius has the strongest effect. These research findings provide valuable theoretical support for designing construction controls related to restoration projects involving porous medium earth‐rock dams.

Clay-Based Grout Injection for the Consolidation of Masonry Walls at Wupatki Pueblo: An Applied Investigation

2025-06-13

Laura Gambilongo , Rui A. Silva , Alberto Barontini +2 more | International Journal of Architectural Heritage

Contribution of Nanosilica in Early Strength Enhancement of Lime Modified Clay of High Compressibility

2025-06-13

Pavithra Sakthivinayagam , S. V. Sivapriya , Muniappan Thanikachalam | Iranian Journal of Science and Technology Transactions of Civil Engineering

Geopolymer Modified with Insoluble Calcite and Various Silica Fumes Originated from Different Manufacturing Processes

2025-06-13

Yong Xu , Xiaonan Wang , Lilin Yang +7 more | Materials

It has been proven that silica fume (SF), which is a by-product from the manufacturing of single-crystal silicon, is beneficial for enhancing the mechanical properties, durability, and workability of geopolymers, … It has been proven that silica fume (SF), which is a by-product from the manufacturing of single-crystal silicon, is beneficial for enhancing the mechanical properties, durability, and workability of geopolymers, as it can be quickly dissolved and form silicate-based cementitious phases in alkaline environments. However, the reinforcement mechanism of SF on geopolymer remains unclear due to the chemical complexity of geopolymer and the variety of SF types. Additionally, the solubility of calcite in an alkali environment is quite limited, and thus the formation of the amorphous calcium-based gels will be thwarted due to the lack of soluble calcium ions. Most importantly, with the development of the single-crystal industry, the amorphous silica content, crystallinity, and trace elements of SF itself have changed, which blocks the understanding of the activation mechanism of geopolymers combined with SF and insoluble calcite. To unveil the underlying modification mechanisms of SF on geopolymer materials along with insoluble calcite, in this study, two types of SF were used as the fly ash replacement in a fly ash/limestone system to prepare geopolymer materials. The reinforcement effect significantly depends on the SF types even with similar particle size and chemical compositions. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of geopolymer materials modified with SFs are not only governed by the ratio and contents of Si, Ca, Al, and Mg in SFs but also depend on the crystallinity and activity of the SFs. The hydration products could be varied according to the reaction environment. The research results not only contribute to the optimization design and application of geopolymer materials but also pave new pathways for the upcycling use of solid wastes such as SF, low-grade fly ash, or even other aluminosilicate solid wastes to achieve sustainable development.

A survey on potential of hybrid soft computing techniques using for assessing the geotechnical properties of soil

2025-06-13

Sayali B. Rautmare , Rupa S. Dalvi , Gayatri S. Vyas | Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence

A Novel Biopolymer-Amended-Bentonite based Capillary Barrier: Performance Evaluation Against Rainfall-Induced Landslides

2025-06-13

Vishnu Gopakumar , Tadikonda Venkata Bharat | Canadian Geotechnical Journal

The growing demand for infrastructure in mountainous regions has increased landslide risks, highlighting the need for cost-effective and sustainable countermeasures. This study evaluates the performance of soft capillary barrier system … The growing demand for infrastructure in mountainous regions has increased landslide risks, highlighting the need for cost-effective and sustainable countermeasures. This study evaluates the performance of soft capillary barrier system (SCBS) using bentonite slurry (BS) enhanced with biopolymer (BXGS) compared to a field slope under natural drying-wetting cycles. Laboratory crack tests were conducted with 1–5% biopolymer that identified 3% as optimal for crack reduction in BS for application in slopes. Hysteretic hydraulic properties of BXGS were evaluated to assess moisture dynamics, revealing a two-third reduction in saturated water content and a decrease in the order of 10⁻² m/s in case of saturated hydraulic conductivity during wetting. The instrumented field prototypes were monitored over a year, and it was observed that BXGS layer of SCBS reduced moisture infiltration by 30–45% during wet seasons. A numerical model incorporating measured hysteretic hydraulic data, climate conditions, and infiltration-evaporation models using the 2D Richard’s equation, effectively validated field moisture variations. Subsequent seepage and stability analyses indicated that the SCBS implementation nearly doubled the factor of safety post-critical rainfall compared to the natural slope, highlighting its effectiveness in mitigating slope failures and enhancing infrastructure resilience in vulnerable regions.

Preliminary Study on the Mechanical Properties of Muddy Soil Solidified by Phosphoric Acid-activated Geopolymer

2025-06-13

Zongbao Yang , Min He , Yongjie Zhang +2 more | Engineering Research Express

Abstract In many civil engineering, soft soil is typically stabilized by Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and lime, both of which are energy-intensive and emit significant amounts of CO2 during production. … Abstract In many civil engineering, soft soil is typically stabilized by Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and lime, both of which are energy-intensive and emit significant amounts of CO2 during production. Phosphoric acid-activated geopolymer (PAG) is an eco-friendly cementing material, offering great potential as a replacement for traditional curing agents. In this study, the feasibility of using two types of PAG as curing agents was investigated for stabilizing muddy soil. The effects of phosphate-activated metakaolin geopolymer (PAMG) and phosphate-activated fly ash geopolymer (PAFG) on the mechanical properties and microstructure of PAG-stabilized soil were investigated, through compressive strength tests, shear strength tests, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the compressive strength and cohesive force of PAMG-solidified soil showed a nearly increasing trend, while the internal friction angle increased at first, and then almost remained unchanged, with the increase of PAMG content. The compressive strength and cohesive force of PAFG-solidified soil increased initially and then decreased, and the internal friction angle increased as a whole with the rise in PAFG content. The microstructural analysis confirmed that the PAMG and PAFG gels formed in the solidified soil not only filled the intergranular pores but also cemented the soil particles together to form a dense structure. This study shows that the strength of PAG solidified soil could meet the requirements of pavement base material, and it is an effective curing agent. It is meaningful to further explore it in response to the dual carbon strategy.&#xD;

Load transfer mechanism of corroded rockbolt grouted structures under low strain rate: Experimental and theoretical analysis

2025-06-12

Shuisheng Yu , Shucan Lu , Hongsen Zhang +4 more | Canadian Geotechnical Journal

This paper explores the engineering failure of corroded rockbolt grouted structures under dynamic disturbance. Through indoor testing, the influence of a low strain rate on the load transfer behaviour is … This paper explores the engineering failure of corroded rockbolt grouted structures under dynamic disturbance. Through indoor testing, the influence of a low strain rate on the load transfer behaviour is examined to elucidate the bond-slip mechanism. The load transfer principle is used to construct the load transfer equation of rockbolt considering the effects of strain rate and corrosion, and the distributions of axial force and shear stress in corroded rockbolt are analysed under low strain rates. The results indicate that, at high temperature, the corrosion rate of the rockbolt accelerates, and the cracks at the grouted interface expand rapidly, which makes the rockbolt change failure mode. Under a given load, a higher corrosion degree accelerates the axial force decay rate and makes the distribution of the interface shear stress more uneven. The axial force and shear stress of the rockbolt tend to increase with the strain rate, which increases the load transfer efficiency of the rockbolt and makes it more likely to enter the softening phase. The established load transfer model realistically expresses the effects of corrosion and low strain rate on the load transfer mechanism during rockbolt pull-out, and the test results verify the veracity of the model.

Experimental investigation on the resistivity and mechanical properties of high-resistance cement-based grouting materials for mining

2025-06-12

Bin Xu , Rongrong Qi , Shuning Dong +4 more | Frontiers in Earth Science

The electrical characteristics of cement-based grouting materials are the foundation for implementing geophysical electrical exploration in coal mine grouting engineering. However, the preparation methods for high-resistivity grouting materials, which act … The electrical characteristics of cement-based grouting materials are the foundation for implementing geophysical electrical exploration in coal mine grouting engineering. However, the preparation methods for high-resistivity grouting materials, which act as “contrast agents” in geophysical surveys, remain unclear due to the multiple influencing factors of resistivity. To address this, resistivity experiments were conducted using a self-developed apparatus to investigate the effects of curing age, admixture type, and dosage on the resistivity characteristics of grouting materials. This led to identifying optimal mix proportions for conventional cement-based high-resistivity grouting materials. Concurrently, mechanical strength tests were performed to analyze the impact of admixture dosage and curing age on compressive strength. The results indicate that the resistivity enhancement effects of four common cement additives can be ranked as follows: pyrophyllite powder &gt;polyvinyl alcohol &gt; air-entraining agent &gt; fly ash. Considering both resistivity increase and mechanical strength, talc powder and polyvinyl alcohol emerge as viable candidates for use as additives in cement-based high-resistivity grouting materials. Specifically, with a talc powder dosage of 15%, the electrical resistivity of the grouted body after 28 days reached 4,966.7 Ω m, which is 119.1 times that of the control group (41.7 Ω m). Similarly, with a polyvinyl alcohol dosage of 1%, the resistivity reached 7,070.6 Ω m, which is 169.6 times that of the control group. These findings provide critical insights for developing high resistivity grouting materials with dual functionality as geophysical contrast agents and structural reinforcements.

Engineering Behaviour of Clay Shale Stabilized with Asphalt Emulsion and Artificial Lightweight Aggregate Perlite

2025-06-12

Victor Firstkiel Feber Naess | Jurnal Sosial Teknologi

Soil plays a vital role in the planning stage of road construction. The subgrade, representing the final construction that receives the vehicle load transmitted by the pavement, is of critical … Soil plays a vital role in the planning stage of road construction. The subgrade, representing the final construction that receives the vehicle load transmitted by the pavement, is of critical importance. Clay shale is among the most challenging soil types due to its susceptibility to weathering when exposed to water or air. In the wake of geotechnical challenges precipitated by clay shale soil, there arises a pressing need for soil stabilization initiatives aimed at enhancing the soil's physical properties. The present study utilizes two stabilization materials: asphalt emulsion and artificial light weight aggregate perlite. The initial soil physical properties and mechanical properties (Unconfined Compressive Strength Test) were obtained through laboratory testing. Preliminary findings from rigorous testing and in-depth analysis have yielded notable results. The highest ultimate unconfined compressive strength value, as determined by a 14-day curing period with an asphalt content of 8% and an artificial light weight aggregate of 1%, has been recorded at 2,301 kg/cm2.

Numerical Simulation of Horizontal Barrier in Controlling Groundwater and Deformation During Foundation Pit Dewatering

2025-06-12

Ruonan Kuang , Changjie Xu , Chao-Feng Zeng +4 more | Water

In water-rich strata, a traditional vertical barrier exhibits certain limitations when applied to deep foundation pit construction under complex geological conditions, such as it is difficult to completely cut off … In water-rich strata, a traditional vertical barrier exhibits certain limitations when applied to deep foundation pit construction under complex geological conditions, such as it is difficult to completely cut off deep and thick aquifer, which may pose potential risks during pit dewatering. To address the above challenge, this study introduced a mixed barrier system in which the horizontal barrier (HB) was set at the bottom of the foundation pit and was combined with the enclosure wall to collectively retard groundwater seepage into the pit. Based on an actual project in Tianjin, this study established HB models with varying numbers of its layers using ABAQUS 6.14 software. It systematically investigated the effect of HB on groundwater drawdown, ground surface settlement, and enclosure deflection during foundation pit dewatering. The research shows that HB can significantly reduce the magnitude of external water level drawdown by altering groundwater seepage paths while effectively controlling soil settlement. Furthermore, it exhibits favorable overall restraining effects on wall deformation. Varying the number of horizontal barrier layers (L) exhibits an insignificant effect on water-blocking and subsidence-control performance. However, the constraint effect on the enclosure shows a correlation with L.

A Study on the Weakening Effects and Evolution of Groundwater Discharge and Recharge on the Compressive Strength of Foundations Based on Water-Rock (Soil) Interaction Principles

2025-06-11

Zilong Song | Applied and Computational Engineering

Groundwater resources exist in diverse forms and undergo dynamic changes through recharge, runoff, and discharge. Groundwater discharge and recharge affect groundwater mineralization, buoyant forces on soil particles, soil expansion and … Groundwater resources exist in diverse forms and undergo dynamic changes through recharge, runoff, and discharge. Groundwater discharge and recharge affect groundwater mineralization, buoyant forces on soil particles, soil expansion and contraction, and structural stability. This paper employs schematic analysis, case studies, and experimental methods to explore these effects using both classical and innovative water-soil relationship theories. The findings indicate that a critical zone formed by sudden rainfall over a short period significantly weakens the bearing capacity of soil foundations. Land subsidence is not solely attributed to excessive groundwater extraction leading to insufficient groundwater volume; rather, if high-mineralization water surrounding soil particles is replaced by low-mineralization water, the compressive bearing capacity of the soil-rock mass decreases, increasing the likelihood of land subsidence.