Computer Science Information Systems

Educational Methods and Teacher Development

Description

This cluster of papers covers a wide range of topics related to innovative approaches in education, technology integration, and sustainable development. It includes research on online learning, teacher training, curriculum design, cognitive development, digital literacy, and the impact of technology on education. The cluster also explores the role of education in adapting to global challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic and emphasizes the importance of sustainable consumption of energy resources.

Keywords

Education; Technology; Innovation; Pedagogy; Digital Literacy; Online Learning; Curriculum Design; Teacher Training; Cognitive Development; Sustainable Development

Шляйхер Андреас (Andreas Schleicher) — руководитель направления по индикаторам и анализу образования Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития. Эл. адрес: [email protected] Адрес: 2, rue André Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.Статья … Шляйхер Андреас (Andreas Schleicher) — руководитель направления по индикаторам и анализу образования Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития. Эл. адрес: [email protected] Адрес: 2, rue André Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.Статья представляет собой заключительные главы доклада, подготовленного специалистами ОЭСР. На примере международного опыта описываются возможные способы повышения уровня подготовки педагогических кадров и престижа профессии учителя.Показано, что для эффективного реформирования образовательной системы необходимо инвестировать в уже практикующих учителей, обеспечивая им качественное профессиональное развитие, продуманный порядок карьерного роста, разнообразие направлений деятельности и пробуждая в них заинтересованность в реформе. Обучение, способствующее повышению профессионального уровня, и сотрудничество учителей, помогающее совершенствовать методы преподавания, должны дополнять друг друга. Подчеркивается необходимость тщательного согласования систем обучения, аттестации и вознаграждения.Представлены методы успешного управления кадрами и критерии оценки педагогов, применяемые в разных странах. Аттестация рассматривается как способ повышения индивидуальных показателей работы учителей и общих результатов систем образования. Отмечается необходимость согласования критериев оценки учителей с целями образовательной системы и конкретной школы. Доказывается, что грамотно проведенная аттестация и обратная связь могут стать позитивным опытом для учителей, способствуя появлению удовлетворения от работы и личностному развитию, а также повышению эффективности в выполнении приоритетных задач совершенствования обучения. Кроме того, результатом аттестации может стать повышение уверенности учителей в своей компетентности.Обсуждается роль учителей в разработке и осуществлении образовательных реформ. Рассматривается мировая практика применения моделей сотрудничества учителей, политиков и чиновников в их реализации.
Purpose – Although leadership is found to have impact on the followers’ attitudes and performance there is a gap in leadership studies in HEIs, especially having Lithuania in mind. The … Purpose – Although leadership is found to have impact on the followers’ attitudes and performance there is a gap in leadership studies in HEIs, especially having Lithuania in mind. The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of leadership style on job satisfaction of faculty in higher education institutions (HEI). Design/methodology/approach – In order to investigate before mentioned problem, the representative quantitative empirical research was conducted in 2013. It includes 72 faculty members and ten supervisors from Lithuanian public and private universities. The survey was conducted to check how leadership styles of supervisors influence faculty job satisfaction and compare the opinion of supervisors and subordinates. Findings – The empirical research revealed significant positive impact of leadership style on job satisfaction of faculty where servant leadership style has been found to have the highest positive significant impact on job satisfaction of faculty while controlling autocrat leadership style has the lowest impact. Research limitations/implications – There are several implications for further research. It can be expanded whether geographically (e.g. comparative analysis in different countries) or institutionally (e.g. in other educational institutions, such as schools or pre-schools). Practical implications – Practical implications reveal that supervisors have the power to increase the levels of job satisfaction of their faculty members, by defining their role as a leader, demonstrating certain leadership behaviors. Originality/value – This survey covers the area which lacks academic research, namely, the impact of leadership on HEI faculty. Previous leadership studies in HEI focus on particular leadership style demonstrated (van Ameijde, 2009), the impact of leadership on culture (Asmawi et al. , 2013), organizational effectiveness (Siddique et al. , 2011) and other factors. However, very few of them (one of the examples is the study of Webb, 2009 in USA) investigate the direct managers’ leadership style and faculty job satisfaction. Besides, the previous surveys have not covered as many leadership styles as this one does.
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The history of motivational research in education is traced through chapters on motivation in the Encyclopedia of Educational Research from 1941 to 1990. Discussion of the drive concept, the motivation-learning … The history of motivational research in education is traced through chapters on motivation in the Encyclopedia of Educational Research from 1941 to 1990. Discussion of the drive concept, the motivation-learning distinction, the role of individual differences, and the emergence of cognitive concerns and the self are examined. Great shifts are documented, and current as well as future trends are discussed
For many years I have been engaged in psy-chotherapy with individuals in distress. In recentyears I have found myself increasingly concernedwith the process of abstracting from that experi-ence the general … For many years I have been engaged in psy-chotherapy with individuals in distress. In recentyears I have found myself increasingly concernedwith the process of abstracting from that experi-ence the general principles which appear to beinvolved in it. I have endeavored to discover anyorderliness, any unity which seems to inhere inthe subtle, complex tissue of interpersonal rela-tionship in which I have so constantly been im-mersed in therapeutic work. One of the currentproducts of this concern is an attempt to state, informal terms, a theory of psychotherapy, of per-sonality, and of interpersonal relationships whichwill encompass and contain the phenomena ofmy experience.
The powerful influence of social groups on behavior and personality development is recognized both by lay and professional persons. Professional study of group behavior as such, as well as with … The powerful influence of social groups on behavior and personality development is recognized both by lay and professional persons. Professional study of group behavior as such, as well as with reference to its
Twenty preschool children were asked to describe pairs of pictures, the second of which contrasted with the first in terms of agent, action, or object. The children showed a clear … Twenty preschool children were asked to describe pairs of pictures, the second of which contrasted with the first in terms of agent, action, or object. The children showed a clear tendency to stress the part of the description corresponding to the contrasting element. This demonstrates mastery of contrastive stress patterns (in absence of any formal teaching) by young children. The technique provides a controlled means of eliciting this aspect of speech in children.
Issues of assessment techniques of assessment how to assess better assessments and organizations conclusions and prospects. Issues of assessment techniques of assessment how to assess better assessments and organizations conclusions and prospects.
The present experiment tested the hypothesis that self-motivation through proximal goal setting serves as an effective mechanism for cultivating competencies, self-percepts of efficacy, and intrinsic interest. Children who exhibited gross … The present experiment tested the hypothesis that self-motivation through proximal goal setting serves as an effective mechanism for cultivating competencies, self-percepts of efficacy, and intrinsic interest. Children who exhibited gross deficits and disinterest in mathematical tasks pursued a program of self-directed learning under conditions involving either proximal subgoals, distal goals, or no goals. Results of the multifaceted assessment provide support for the superiority of proximal self-influence. Under proximal subgoals, children progressed rapidly in self-directed learning, achieved substantial mastery of mathematical operations, and developed a sense of personal efficacy and intrinsic interest in arithmetic activities that initially held little attraction for them. Distal goals had no demonstrable effects. In addition to its other benefits, goal proximity fostered veridical self-knowledge of capabilities as reflected in high congruence between judgments of mathematical self-efficacy and subsequent mathematical performance. Perceived self-efficacy was positively related to accuracy of mathematical performance and to intrinsic interest in arithmetic activities.
This article offers a revised and updated theory of the research training environment (RTE) in graduate education in professional psychology. Ingredients that are theorized to enhance students' research attitudes and … This article offers a revised and updated theory of the research training environment (RTE) in graduate education in professional psychology. Ingredients that are theorized to enhance students' research attitudes and eventual productivity are proposed.
This paper reports early findings of a longitudinal research project on the experiences of beginning teachers in England. In the first phase of the study (2003–2004), data were generated via: … This paper reports early findings of a longitudinal research project on the experiences of beginning teachers in England. In the first phase of the study (2003–2004), data were generated via: (1) in‐depth, face to face interviews with 85 student teachers throughout England; and (2) self‐completion questionnaires, returned by 4,790 student teachers across a range of initial teacher preparation (ITP) routes. Through these methods the study set out to explore student teachers' accounts of their motivations for entering ITP, their preconceptions and expectations of teaching and ITP, and their early experiences as student teachers. A number of general themes were found to cut across all of these areas, and are presented here as core features of the experience of becoming a student teacher. These relate to the concept of teacher identity, the role of relationships, the notion of relevance, and the central presence of emotion. Cette étude décrit les conclusions préliminaires d'une recherche continue sur les expériences de ceux qui sont en train de devenir professeurs d'école en Angleterre. En première phase de l'étude (2003–2004), les données ont été recueillies par: 1) des entretiens approfondis en tête‐à‐tête avec 85 professeurs stagiaires dans toute l'Angleterre; et 2) des questionnaires, remplis eux‐mêmes par 4,790 professeurs stagiaires sur un échantillon de préparations initiales de professeur (PIP). Avec ces méthodes l'étude avait pour but d'explorer les explications des professeurs stagiaires concernant leur motivation pour entrer dans la PIP, leurs idées reçues et leurs attentes de l'enseignement et de la PIP, ainsi que leurs expériences initiales de professeur stagiaire. On a trouvé un nombre de thèmes généraux à travers tous ces domaines, et ceux‐ci sont présentés ici comme caractéristiques fondamentales de l'expérience vécue de professeur stagiaire débutant. Ils sont relatifs aux concepts suivants : l'identité du professeur, le rôle des relations, la notion de pertinence et la présence capitale de l'émotion. Este documento es un informe sobre los primeros resultados de un proyecto de investigación longitudinal sobre las experiencias de profesores principiantes en la Inglaterra. En la primera fase del estudio (2003–2004), los datos fueron obtenidos a partir de dos fuentes: minuciosas entrevistas cara a cara con 85 profesores en prácticas por toda Inglaterra y cuestionarios personales que fueron devueltos por 4,790 profesores en prácticas procedentes de distintas ramas de la ITP (preparación para profesores principiantes). A través de estos métodos, el estudio fue lanzado con el propósito de sondear las razones que motivaron a los profesores en prácticas a entrar en la ITP, sus preconcepciones y expectativas en cuanto a la ITP y a dar clase y sus primeras experiencias como profesores en prácticas. Estas áreas presentaron una serie de temas generales comunes que son presentados aquí como características centrales de la experiencia de convertirse en profesor en prácticas. Estas están relacionadas con el concepto de identidad del profesor, la importancia de las relaciones, la noción de relevancia, y el papel central de las emociones. Dieses Referat berichtet über die ersten Ergebnisse eines langfristigen Forschungsprojektes, basierend auf Erfahrungen von Lehrern in England, die in den Beruf einsteigen. In der ersten Phase der Studie (2003–2004) wurden Daten gesammelt mittels: 1) ausführlicher, persönlicher Gespräche mit 85 auszubildenden Lehrern aus ganz England; und 2) selbstauszufüllender Fragebögen, die von 4,790 auszubildenden Lehrern aus verschiedenen Ausbildungsrichtungen zurückgesendet wurden. Die Studie hatte das Ziel, die Berichte der auszubildenden Lehrer zu untersuchen hinsichtlich ihrer Motivation, eine Ausbildung anzufangen, ihrer Erwartungen vom Unterrichten und von der Ausbildung, sowie ihrer ersten Erfahrungen als auszubildende Lehrer. Eine Anzahl von allgemeinen Themen wurden in allen diesen Bereichen festgestellt und sind hier als Kernmerkmale des Ausbildungsverfahrens dargestellt. Diese beziehen sich auf das Konzept der Lehreridentität, auf die Rolle von Beziehungen, auf die Idee der Relevanz, sowie auf die zentrale Präsenz von Emotionen.
Since improvement under psychotherapy is not a unitary phenomenon, progress in studying the effectiveness of psychotherapy depends on the use of carefully defined and generally agreed upon criteria of improvement. … Since improvement under psychotherapy is not a unitary phenomenon, progress in studying the effectiveness of psychotherapy depends on the use of carefully defined and generally agreed upon criteria of improvement. In the present state of knowledge such criteria must be based on value judgments by the patient, and by persons with whom he interacts. It is suggested that the criteria comfort and effectiveness represent these values. Means of measuring them are described and problems connected with the measures considered. Some implications of the viewpoint that improvement must be evaluated in terms of underlying personality changes are discussed. A simple measure of self-awareness is described which may be a possible indicator of certain such changes.
The focus of the study is on the relationship between two dimensions of parental behavior: support and control, and the adolescent's self-evaluation. Drawing on sociological theory which stresses the importance … The focus of the study is on the relationship between two dimensions of parental behavior: support and control, and the adolescent's self-evaluation. Drawing on sociological theory which stresses the importance of the evaluative behavior of significant others in the development of the individual's selfevaluation, it was hypothesized that both parental support and parental control would be positively related to adolescent self-evaluation. The findings strongly supported the first hypothesis but not the second. Two foci of selfevaluation were identified through factor analysis: Power and Worth, and were found to be relted to support but not control. Both the level of selfevaluation on power and worth and the relationships between the parental and the self variables varied somewhat by social class and by sex of parent and respondent. The findings were interpreted as giving added support to the interactionist proposition, that the self-concept arises through interaction with significant others, by pointing to the behavioral dimension especially salient in this respect, parental support. The study also suggests the importance of focusing on specific contents of self-evaluation, such as power and worth.
As the forerunners of education, teachers and their psycho-affective variables have been the focus of numerous studies in the past decades. To add to this line of inquiry, the present … As the forerunners of education, teachers and their psycho-affective variables have been the focus of numerous studies in the past decades. To add to this line of inquiry, the present study aimed to scrutinize the correlation among English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers' self-efficacy, work engagement, and reflection in the context of China. To do so, three previously validated questionnaires related to each of the variables were distributed among Chinese EFL teachers with various experiences and academic degrees, and a sample of 614 completed the questionnaires. The results of Pearson's Product-moment correlation revealed that the participants' self-efficacy, work engagement, and reflection were positively correlated. Moreover, the results of regression analysis and ANOVA demonstrated that Chinese EFL teachers' self-efficacy and work engagement significantly predicted their reflection. The findings have viable takeaways for EFL teachers and teacher education programs in that they can invest more time and energy in promoting psychological factors in teaching the English language along with pedagogical issues.
Teacher job satisfaction and well-being have a significant impact on educational outcomes, considering that teaching is the main objective of the educational process. The aim of this study is to … Teacher job satisfaction and well-being have a significant impact on educational outcomes, considering that teaching is the main objective of the educational process. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between teacher job satisfaction and four main categories of determinants: self-efficacy, relational aspects (colleague collaboration, student behavior, school management), work-related aspects (administrative workload, teaching tasks), and working conditions, in order to identify various implications for teachers' well-being. The study employs a survey delivered to 658 K-12 (pre-university) teachers, from the North-West region of Romania. We used factorial analysis and a structural equation model to test eight proposed hypotheses. The results showed that self-efficacy, promotion, positive student behavior, and working conditions have significant effects on job satisfaction. These factors influence job satisfaction and well-being in the teaching profession because they ensure a positive work environment in which teachers and students thrive, thus leading to higher levels of involvement from teachers, students, and parents alike. An efficient work environment decreases attrition, burnout, emotional exhaustion, and teacher turnover, while increasing job satisfaction, well-being, and teacher retention.
A correlational study examined relationships between motivational orientation, self-regulated learning, and classroom academic performance for 173 seventh graders from eight science and seven English classes.A self-report measure of student self-efficacy, … A correlational study examined relationships between motivational orientation, self-regulated learning, and classroom academic performance for 173 seventh graders from eight science and seven English classes.A self-report measure of student self-efficacy, intrinsic value, test anxiety, self-regulation, and use of learning strategies was administered, and performance data were obtained from work on classroom assignments.Self-efficacy and intrinsic value were positively related to cognitive engagement and performance.Regression analyses revealed that, depending on the outcome measure, self-regulation, self-efficacy, and test anxiety emerged as the best predictors of performance.Intrinsic value did not have a direct influence on performance but was strongly related to self-regulation and cognitive strategy use, regardless of prior achievement level.The implications of individual differences in motivational orientation for cognitive engagement and self-regulation in the classroom are discussed.
The present experiment tested the hypothesis that self-motivation through proximal goal setting serves as an effective mechanism for cultivating competencies, self-percepts of efficacy, and intrinsic interest.Children who exhibited gross deficits … The present experiment tested the hypothesis that self-motivation through proximal goal setting serves as an effective mechanism for cultivating competencies, self-percepts of efficacy, and intrinsic interest.Children who exhibited gross deficits and disinterest in mathematical tasks pursued a program of self-directed learning under conditions involving either proximal subgoals, distal goals, or no goals.Results of the multifaceted assessment provide support for the superiority of proximal self-influence.Under proximal subgoals, children progressed rapidly in self-directed learning, achieved substantial mastery of mathematical operations, and developed a sense of personal efficacy and intrinsic interest in arithmetic activities that initially held little attraction for them.Distal goals had no demonstrable effects.In addition to its other benefits, goal proximity fostered veridical self-knowledge of capabilities as reflected in high congruence between judgments of mathematical self-efficacy and subsequent mathematical performance.Perceived self-efficacy was positively related to accuracy of mathematical performance and to intrinsic interest in arithmetic activities. Article:Much human behavior is directed and sustained over long periods, even though the external inducements for it may be few and far between.Under conditions in which external imperatives are minimal and discontinuous, people must partly serve as agents of their own motivation and action.In social learning theory (Bandura, 1977b, in press), self-directedness operates through a self system that comprises cognitive structures and subfunctions for perceiving, evaluating, motivating, and regulating behavior.
The Problem of the Development of Higher Mental Functions. Research Method. Analysis of Higher Mental Functions. The Structure of Higher Mental Functions. Genesis of Higher Mental Functions. The Development of … The Problem of the Development of Higher Mental Functions. Research Method. Analysis of Higher Mental Functions. The Structure of Higher Mental Functions. Genesis of Higher Mental Functions. The Development of Speech. Prehistory of the Development of Written Language. Development of Arithmetic Operations. Mastering Attention. The Development of Mnemonic and Mnemotechnical Functions. Development of Speech and Thinking. Self-Control. Cultivation of Higher Forms of Behavior. The Problem of Cultural Age. Conclusion. Further Research. Development of Personality and World View in the Child. The Question of Multilingual Children. Epilogue. Notes to the Russian Edition. Indexes.
В статье рассмотрены проявления симптомов эмоционального выгорания в различных фазах его формирования у педагогов специального образования. В качестве ключевых позиций для оценки степени риска появления синдрома эмоционального выгорания выступила нервно-психическая … В статье рассмотрены проявления симптомов эмоционального выгорания в различных фазах его формирования у педагогов специального образования. В качестве ключевых позиций для оценки степени риска появления синдрома эмоционального выгорания выступила нервно-психическая устойчивость личности к стрессовой профессиональной деятельности. Цель статьи заключается в определении типологии личностных профилей педагогов специального образования в структуре формирования синдрома эмоционального выгорания. Гипотеза исследования: синдром эмоционального выгорания развивается вне зависимости от стажа профессиональной деятельности педагога и связан с нервно-психической устойчивостью личности педагога. Представленные в результатах экспериментального исследования фазы резистентности, истощения и психического напряжения позволили выделить типологические личностные профили педагогов, оценить ведущие механизмы развития симптоматики выгорания, характерные для школьных учителей. Кроме того, результаты исследования, содержащиеся в статье, позволили оценить процессуальную сторону синдрома эмоционального выгорания, оценить степень дезадаптивных проявлений личности. Выборка респондентов проводилась, чтобы проанализировать характер корреляций эмоционального выгорания и стажа педагогической деятельности и возраста. Исследование проявлений синдрома эмоционального выгорания педагогов, работающих с категорией умственно отсталых обучающихся, показало наличие высокого риска данного синдрома даже на начальном этапе профессиональной деятельности. При этом стаж работы, в отличие от типа нервного реагирования личности, повлиял на стресс косвенно. The article considers symptoms of emotional burnout at different phases of its formation in teachers of special education institutions. A person’s neuropsychic stability in stressful professional activity was considered as the key position for assessing the degree of risk of emotional burnout syndrome occurrence. The aim of the article is to determine the types of personality profiles of special education teachers in the structure of emotional burnout syndrome formation. The hypothesis of the research suggests that the emotional burnout syndrome develops regardless of the duration of professional activity of a teacher and is associated with neuropsychic stability of the teacher's personality. The phases of resistance, exhaustion and mental tension presented in the results of the experimental study allowed us to identify typological personality profiles of teachers, to assess the leading mechanisms of burnout symptom development characteristic of school teachers. In addition, the research results allowed us to evaluate the procedural side of the emotional burnout syndrome, to assess the degree of adaptation failures of person. The respondents were selected in such a way as to analyze the nature of correlations between emotional burnout and duration of teaching work and the teacher’s age. The study of emotional burnout syndrome manifestations in teachers working with the category of mentally retarded students showed the presence of high risk of this syndrome even at the initial stage of someone’s professional activity. At that, the duration of being in the profession, unlike the type of nervous reaction of personality, influenced stress indirectly.
The relevance of studying independent professional development (IPD) stems from the need to adapt education systems to rapidly evolving technologies and teaching methods. In conditions of limited resources and restricted … The relevance of studying independent professional development (IPD) stems from the need to adapt education systems to rapidly evolving technologies and teaching methods. In conditions of limited resources and restricted access to traditional PD programs—particularly in rural areas—flexible and personalized approaches are essential. This article aims to develop an activity-based model of professional development management that enables teachers to self-direct their learning and overcome systemic constraints. The study employs a quantitative method (pre- and post-tests) to assess teacher engagement and progress, alongside qualitative tools (interviews, focus groups) to explore individual and collective needs, motivations, and barriers. Findings demonstrate high teacher engagement in self-development, improved reflective skills, and enhanced adaptation to educational technologies. The model proves effective in promoting professional growth and fostering sustainable improvements in education quality. Practically, it offers a framework for integration into Kazakhstan’s educational policy to enhance student outcomes. Theoretically, it contributes to the discourse on continuous professional development and may be adapted to other educational contexts.
Andrea Bordás , Edith Debrenti | International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology
A review of pedagogical methods oriented toward developing empathy in learners of different age categories. The author sequentially addresses features of elementary, middle, and high school, highlighting group games, role-play … A review of pedagogical methods oriented toward developing empathy in learners of different age categories. The author sequentially addresses features of elementary, middle, and high school, highlighting group games, role-play scenarios, and discussion clubs. Enriching the educational space with activities that stimulate shared emotional experience strengthens a supportive atmosphere and enhances communication. Consolidated findings verify the effectiveness of combining creative practices and psychological exercises, enabling students of various ages to refine emotional intelligence and proceed with collective problem-solving. Tools for diagnosis and reflection, clarifying the level of empathic culture, have been systematized. A tabular scheme for monitoring changes in empathetic response has been offered. The practical significance of art therapy, volunteer endeavors, and mediation training is underscored, since these initiatives serve as driving forces of mutual support amid social challenges. Taking into account different age groups a unified plan of educational activities is proposed, 1) formation of a list of interactive methods for primary school. Among them: games, fairy tale therapy, creative exercises; 2) development of scenarios for middle school, where role-playing dialogues, book discussions, short debates are present; 3) preparation of discussion platforms for high school. Directions for the implementation of the above-mentioned plan are determined: social initiatives, volunteer projects. Attention is directed to how digital technologies broaden the methodological foundation for engagement with children in stressful circumstances. Prospects for implementing distance activities that reinforce solidarity and safety, vital during wartime, are examined.
It has been proven that creative potential plays a decisive role in the training of bachelors of fine arts, decorative and applied arts and restoration, and therefore should be a … It has been proven that creative potential plays a decisive role in the training of bachelors of fine arts, decorative and applied arts and restoration, and therefore should be a priority area in the process of shaping their professional competencies. It is noted that the problem of creative potential remains relevant throughout historical development and attracts the attention of philosophers, psychologists and educators. Creativity is considered by scientists as a leading factor in personal development, as its results are distinguished by originality and individuality, which is especially important for perspective bachelors of fine arts, decorative and applied arts, and restoration. The essence of the concept of “creative potential of a person” has been clarified, which is interpreted as a complex of intellectual, psychological and cognitive characteristics, encompassing abilities, knowledge and internal resources that contribute to the development of creative imagination, analytical thinking, a non-standard approach to solving problems and the ability to innovate. It has been found that creative potential is particularly important for the formation of professional skills of perspective bachelors of fine arts, decorative and applied arts, and restoration. Therefore, the necessary conditions for its development must be provided in the process of professional training. Attention was focused on the fact that the professional training of perspective specialists in the art industry should meet the requirements of their future professional activities and contribute to the development of creative potential, which involves not only mastering the general foundations of fine arts, but also a deep understanding of materials, artistic processing technologies and their structural features, which will contribute to the formation of general and professional competencies.
Рассмотрены различные подходы к определению понятия «педагогическая система» в отечественной педагогике, на ее содержание и структуру. В основе детального анализа научных статей, монографий ведущих педагогов авторами использовался системно-структурный подход с … Рассмотрены различные подходы к определению понятия «педагогическая система» в отечественной педагогике, на ее содержание и структуру. В основе детального анализа научных статей, монографий ведущих педагогов авторами использовался системно-структурный подход с учетом принципов целостности, иерархичности, структуризации, организованности и интегративности. В статье произведена систематизация концептуальных подходов к описанию педагогических систем, предлагаемых различными исследователям. Выделены элементы педагогических систем, позволяющие обеспечить соответствующий уровень познавательной деятельности обучающихся. Рассмотрены предложенные авторами элементы новой модели «педагогической системы» – преподаватели, обучающиеся, цели, содержание, методы, формы, средства. Раскрыто содержание целей и методов обучения, дана характеристика различных схем управления педагогическим процессом в рамках педагогической системы. Дана характеристика общедидактических методов обучения как элементов педагогической системы: информационно-рецептивного, репродуктивного, проблемного изложения, эвристического и исследовательского. Обоснован вывод о том, что педагогическая система подготовки обучающихсяв вузе – это целевая система обучения, воспитания и развития, в которой решаются конкретные педагогические задачи, это «система – процесс» формирования знаний, навыков, умений и профессионально важных качеств личности будущего специалиста. Современные требования к педагогической системе сформулированы исходя из необходимости реализации субъектно-ориентированного типа педагогического процесса, отвечающего, по мнению авторов, современным требованиям к образованию. Сформулированы закономерности педагогической системы исходя из необходимости реализации ориентированного типа педагогического процесса. Показана управляющая роль преподавателя в формировании дидактики и мотивации обучающихся. Various approaches to the definition of the concept of “pedagogical system” in Russian pedagogy, its content and structure are considered. The authors used a system-structural approach based on the principles of integrity, hierarchy, structuring, organization, and integrativity in a detailed analysis of scientific articles and monographs by leading educators. The article systematizes the conceptual approaches to the description of pedagogical systems proposed by various researchers. The elements of pedagogical systems are highlighted, which make it possible to ensure an appropriate level of cognitive activity of students. The elements of the new model of the “pedagogical system” proposed by the authors are considered – teachers, students, goals, content, methods, forms, means. The content of the goals and methods of teaching is disclosed, and the characteristics of various management schemes of the pedagogical process within the pedagogical system are given. The characteristics of general didactic teaching methods as elements of the pedagogical system are given: information-receptive, reproductive, problematic presentation, heuristic and research. The conclusion is substantiated that the pedagogical system of training students at the university is a targeted system of education, upbringing and development, in which specific pedagogical tasks are solved, it is a “system – process” of forming knowledge, skills, abilities and professionally important qualities of the personality of a future specialist. Modern requirements for the pedagogical system are formulated based on the need to implement a subject-oriented type of pedagogical process that meets, according to the authors, modern educational requirements. The regularities of the pedagogical system are formulated based on the need to implement an oriented type of pedagogical process. The controlling role of the teacher in the formation of didactics and motivation of students is shown.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the practice of applying discourse-based activities in teaching writing skills to English majors at a university in Vietnam. For long, discourse competence … The purpose of this study is to investigate the practice of applying discourse-based activities in teaching writing skills to English majors at a university in Vietnam. For long, discourse competence has been considered a constituent part of different models of communicative competence and developing learners' knowledge of discourse is crucial in teaching language communicatively. Strong evidence regarding the positive impacts of discourse pedagogy on English-as-a-Foreign-Language (EFL) learners' overall English proficiency has been accumulated in different contexts worldwide. However, in Vietnam, there is a dearth of studies that explore the integration of discourse knowledge and implementation of discourse-based activities in teaching EFL writing. This paper presents an investigation into teachers’ practice of applying discourse-based activities in teaching writing to English majors at a university in Vietnam. It was conducted following the mixed methods design, with the participation of 30 teachers from four different departments of the university. Data were collected by means of questionnaire, interview, and class observation, and then analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of the study reveal that the teachers utilized discourse-based activities on a relatively frequent basis, and the purpose of using these activities was mainly to teach the organizational and communicative aspects of writing, which is in line with the previous findings and suggests a firm correlation between teachers’ perceptions and practice. The conclusion and implications drawn from the findings emphasize the role of different agents (teachers, curriculum developers, course book writers, and educational institution) in promoting the integration of discourse-based activities in EFL teaching.
Please contact us, in beta form, but also have your own potential to acquire independently should master the experience. Therefore, in the learning process, the student must become an active … Please contact us, in beta form, but also have your own potential to acquire independently should master the experience. Therefore, in the learning process, the student must become an active subject of analytical and heuristic thinking activity. It provides an optimal connection of analytical and heuristic activity with the learning system, which has a personality-oriented nature. The paper emphasizes that, focusing on the optimal mental development and activity of mental processes of the learner, the components occupy a relevant place in the dialectic of "content ⇄ method ⇆ organizational form", which manifests itself in relation to the requirement, motive, marriage and essence of the training process, and according to them, the relations (formation of dependent relations and conditioning relations) in the context of the parts "content ⇔ form" should not recede into the background. In the process of turning the method into the main goal in the methodological system, it is necessary to take into account the form of movement of the educational material, the formation of the organization (in the particular case of the teacher), educational material and an adequately chosen method (in the joint case). This approach is useful from the point of view of regulating algorithmic and heuristic relations in teaching and implementing student-centered learning.
Le Thanh Huyen | East African Scholars Journal of Education Humanities and Literature
Design thinking is not only a highly humanistic intelligent problem-solving process, widely applied in many fields. For early childhood education, Design thinking has the potential to become an effective method … Design thinking is not only a highly humanistic intelligent problem-solving process, widely applied in many fields. For early childhood education, Design thinking has the potential to become an effective method of organizing educational activities. Project based learning is a form of teaching widely applied in all educational levels with an organizational model linked to reality, producing real-life products through “social role-playing” of learners. Applying Design thinking in Project based learning for Elementary students help them practice their ability to solve problems creatively, stimulate curiosity, the ability to observe, explore, apply, arouse interest and gain additional skills for presenting creative ideas. Our article gives definition, clarifying the steps of Design thinking; present the effects and applicability of Design thinking in Elementary school. This article also generalizes some characteristics of Project based learning and provides instructions for applying Design thinking in Project based learning in Elementary school.
The article presents the results of a study aimed at the theoretical and methodological justification of the possibility and effectiveness of integrated teaching of physics to students in pedagogical training … The article presents the results of a study aimed at the theoretical and methodological justification of the possibility and effectiveness of integrated teaching of physics to students in pedagogical training programs. The novelty of the research lies in the formulation of the requirements for implementing a competence-based approach based on the principle of humanism. These requirements helped identify the directions of the pedagogical strategy for integrated teaching of physics to students. The results of the study made it possible to build a structural sequence of decomposing a graph of ordered content lines of the discipline. This, in turn, enabled the creation of a learning content system in the form of a transformed matrix, high-lighting a hierarchically ordered structure of content and interconnections within the discipline. In educa-tional practice, the research results can be used in thematic planning of disciplines to develop the learning content.
One of the most important tasks and components of moral education is the formation of a sense of respect for elders in students. Historically, the elderly, old people, influential people … One of the most important tasks and components of moral education is the formation of a sense of respect for elders in students. Historically, the elderly, old people, influential people occupied an important place in society, their authority was expected, they were surrounded by respect and care. Respect for elders is not considered separately from respect for a person.
The author notes that the introduction of interactive teaching methods encourages the realisation of goals and tasks based on the principles of educational reforms. It promotes the organisation of a … The author notes that the introduction of interactive teaching methods encourages the realisation of goals and tasks based on the principles of educational reforms. It promotes the organisation of a student-centreed learning process, fostering democratic, psychological and social environment, as well as the implementa-tion of an objective assessment system. A positive aspect of this approach is the process of fostering genu-ine motivation. This method is based on resolving contradictions in students' thinking during the course and development of cognitive activity. According to the author, interactive methods such as discussions, debates, and interview techniques should be utilised in teaching subjects. The application of these methods creates favourable conditions for students to assimilate knowledge, discover new scientific insights, refine and apply this knowledge with additions, collaborate with peers to solve emerging problems in any situation, seek and find more accurate and practical solutions, and demonstrate their skills.
У статті досліджено особливості формування професійного середовища для розвитку критичного мислення вчителів. Розкрито сутність поняття “критичне мислення” на підставі опрацювання психолого-педагогічної літератури. Розглянуто принципи та функції критичного мислення, а також … У статті досліджено особливості формування професійного середовища для розвитку критичного мислення вчителів. Розкрито сутність поняття “критичне мислення” на підставі опрацювання психолого-педагогічної літератури. Розглянуто принципи та функції критичного мислення, а також перелічено умови для професійного розвитку критичного мислення вчителів. Визначено чинники, які найефективніше впливають на формування критичного мислення. За допомогою емпіричного дослідження, в основі якого лежали методики оцінки критичного мислення California Critical Thinking Skills Test, Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal, Reflective Judgment Model, виявлено поточний рівень критичного мислення у вчителів, визначено основні чинники, що впливають на його розвиток. Запропоновано методичні рекомендації щодо розвитку критичного мислення педагогів.
O. Chernilevskaya , Nilufar Ulashovna Mustafaeva , A.N. Konopleva +4 more | Scientific Research and Development Socio-Humanitarian Research and Technology
The article is devoted to the study of the role of museum pedagogy in the education system of schoolchildren and students. The author draws attention to the features, principles and … The article is devoted to the study of the role of museum pedagogy in the education system of schoolchildren and students. The author draws attention to the features, principles and forms of organizing the educational process in an informal environment - the museum space. The article presents the methodological development of an excursion workshop and the results of its testing with schoolchildren and students. An analysis of the results of the practical implementation of the developed excursion workshop is presented, namely the choice by the student (viewer) of a work of art (artistic image), based on the goals of art (according to Hegel). The pedagogical experiment confirms the special role of students studying works of art, their importance for art education, the highest result of which is the comprehensive development of the individual, the formation of the spiritual world based on universal human values, and familiarization with science, culture and art.
The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of critical thinking as a pedagogical category in the scientific works of Ukrainian and foreign researchers. Critical thinking is considered a key … The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of critical thinking as a pedagogical category in the scientific works of Ukrainian and foreign researchers. Critical thinking is considered a key competence of modern education, which ensures the development of analytical, synthetic and reflective skills for making informed decisions in various life situations. Based on the methods of comparative analysis, systemic approach, synthesis and generalization of scientific and pedagogical literature, approaches to the development of critical thinking in the educational systems of Ukraine and abroad are investigated. Common features, such as an emphasis on interactive teaching methods, and differences associated with disciplinary specifics and socio-cultural contexts are identified. It is proven that the integration of the best foreign practices into Ukrainian education will contribute to the training of specialists adapted to the globalized world. Prospects for further research are identified, which include the development of innovative methods taking into account the peculiarities of Ukrainian education and the needs of modern education seekers.
Technology in today's society is the tool that is most widely used in daily life activities. The main reason is the accessibility for any type of user and the quick … Technology in today's society is the tool that is most widely used in daily life activities. The main reason is the accessibility for any type of user and the quick response to problems that arise in the development of daily activities. The diffusion of this tool is reaching various fields of knowledge, including education. Within this field, the use of Virtual Reality is particularly noteworthy. The presentation of information in a visual way by VR is adjusted to the learning needs of autistic students. Therefore, the aim of the research is to analyze the improvements in play skills of autistic students due to the use of virtual reality. To this end, the Oculus Quest 2 glasses were used to work in virtual reality environments and the Denver questionnaire was used to apply a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test methodology with a group of 11 autistic students who individually developed 11 sessions. Significant improvements were produced in the play dimension, specifically in item 4 referring to placing figures appropriately in vehicles or miniatures. The implementation of artificial intelligence that can produce activities in real time adapted to the characteristics of the child is proposed as a future line of work.
This article explores the integration of art therapy into the distance learning environment as a tool for fostering the nationally-linguistic identity of primary education students. The study addresses a timely … This article explores the integration of art therapy into the distance learning environment as a tool for fostering the nationally-linguistic identity of primary education students. The study addresses a timely issue arising from the transformation of the educational system in Ukraine under the dual influence of the COVID-19 pandemic and wartime realities. In these circumstances, there is a growing demand for innovative pedagogical approaches that support not only academic development but also emotional stability and cultural continuity. Subject. The article investigates the role of art therapy in the development of linguistic and cultural identity among young learners within a digital educational space. Objective. To substantiate the pedagogical potential of art therapy as a means of forming a nationally-linguistic identity in primary school students during distance learning. Methodology. The research is based on an interdisciplinary approach combining pedagogical theory, developmental psychology, and art therapy practices. The analysis includes a review of relevant literature and examples of practical implementation. Results. The article presents psychological and pedagogical conditions for effective integration of art therapy into remote educational settings. It highlights the use of digital tools in conducting story therapy, visual arts, and symbolic work with national cultural elements (e.g., folklore, traditional motifs, native language). These methods contribute to the emotional engagement and linguistic expression of primary students, even in a virtual format. Application. The findings can be applied in inclusive and mainstream primary education, especially during distance or hybrid learning. Art therapy techniques are adaptable to support both general learners and children with special educational needs in the formation of cultural and linguistic identity. Conclusions. Art therapy offers a multidimensional approach that combines emotional development, language acquisition, and national identity formation. When implemented with digital resources, it remains an effective pedagogical strategy under remote learning conditions, helping children maintain cultural belonging and express themselves linguistically and creatively.
The article considers the problem of forming the readiness of teachers of natural science and mathematics disciplines for innovative pedagogical activity. It is proven that innovative pedagogical activity involves the … The article considers the problem of forming the readiness of teachers of natural science and mathematics disciplines for innovative pedagogical activity. It is proven that innovative pedagogical activity involves the use of digital educational resources, innovative methods and approaches to learning, innovative pedagogical technologies in the process of educational interaction in conditions of distance and blended learning, which raises the issue of organizing special training of teachers for this type of professional activity. It is emphasized that the formation of teachers' readiness is a complex and multi-level process that assumes the teacher's motivation, possession of effective methods and means of achieving pedagogical goals, the ability to be creative, creative and reflective in the process of implementing innovative pedagogical activity. The components of teachers' readiness for innovative activity are summarized (motivational, informational-cognitive, creative-activity, self- awareness). It is found that the result of the formation of the readiness of teachers of the disciplines of the natural and mathematical cycle depends on such areas of its formation as: theoretical training of teachers in the use of innovative technologies, methods and forms, practical development of digital educational resources by teachers, motivation of teachers to implement innovative pedagogical activity. We have identified the criteria of teachers' readiness for innovative activity: motivational, knowledge-based, creative, reflective according to their corresponding indicators and levels. The conducted experimental study, using innovative and methodological tools, proved that the measures taken effectively influenced the level of readiness of teachers of science and mathematics disciplines to implement innovative activities and became an incentive to improve the quality of professional activities of all teachers of the municipal institution «Kharkiv Lyceum № 12 of the Kharkiv City Council».
The article reveals the potential of the open educational resource of non-formal education «STEM- school» as an effective tool for professional development of pedagogical and scientific-pedagogical workers. The activities carried … The article reveals the potential of the open educational resource of non-formal education «STEM- school» as an effective tool for professional development of pedagogical and scientific-pedagogical workers. The activities carried out within the STEM-school are aimed at forming the motivation, knowledge, skills and abilities of educators for the active implementation and development of STEM education. The power of the created resource is confirmed by its constant demand among the STEM pedagogical community for many years. The relevance and purpose of the educational program «STEM school - an educational resource for the professional development of teachers», its features and expected learning outcomes are presented. The structure and content of the program aimed at developing the professional competencies of teachers in the context of STEM, forming their readiness for innovation and establishing effective interaction with participants in the educational process are characterized. Further research can be aimed at studying the effectiveness of the implementation of this program and its impact on the quality of STEM education in Ukraine.
Background Many students struggle to understand complex academic material, which negatively impacts their academic performance Purpose This study aims to examine the influence of psychomotor and cognitive aspects on the … Background Many students struggle to understand complex academic material, which negatively impacts their academic performance Purpose This study aims to examine the influence of psychomotor and cognitive aspects on the academic achievement of management students at Muhammadiyah University of East Kalimantan. Design/method/approach This study uses a quantitative research design. Data were collected through structured questionnaires distributed directly to the selected students, as well as documentation of their academic records. The sample of 180 students was determined using the Slovin formula and selected by random sampling from a total population of 328 students. The collected data were analyzed statistically using SPSS 27 software, employing classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, and hypothesis testing to assess the relationship between cognitive factors and academic achievement. Results The analysis revealed that cognitive aspects have a significant positive influence on the academic achievement of eighth-semester management students at Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur. Students who demonstrated stronger cognitive skills—such as critical thinking, understanding, and the ability to analyze material—tended to achieve higher academic performance, as reflected in their GPA and other academic indicators. The statistical results from multiple linear regression showed that the cognitive variable contributed meaningfully to variations in students’ academic success. These findings suggest that efforts to enhance cognitive abilities among students can lead to improved academic outcomes in higher education settings. Contribution/value This study provides valuable insight into the specific role of cognitive aspects in shaping academic achievement among eighth-semester management students at Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur. The findings offer practical recommendations for educators to design learning strategies that better support students’ cognitive growth.
The authors of the article explore the problem of forming a culture of stagereading for students of creative specialties of universities. The research is based on the general scientific principles … The authors of the article explore the problem of forming a culture of stagereading for students of creative specialties of universities. The research is based on the general scientific principles of anthropocentrism and consistency. A synergetic approach is used as a methodological basis, which has heuristic value in identifying the mechanisms of pedagogical interaction between the subjects of the educational process that is the object of research. The subject of the research is creativity as a cognitive ability of the student's personality and as a factor contributing to the formation of a culture of acting reading. The purpose of the article is to identify the stages of formation of the culture of acting reading and clarify the role of creativity in the process of professional training. The authors consider three stages of professional training: initial, advanced, and high, during which there is an introduction to the culture of acting reading, mastering the culture of acting reading, and the implementation and scenic embodiment of the culture of acting reading. The theoretical provisions of the study were tested during the experimental training of students of the acting course of the Perm State Institute of Culture from the first to the fourth year. A longitudinal experiment was conducted, in which one academic group of 15 people participated. The article presents the content and objectives of the experimental work of this group in the first semester of the first year. The results of the study showed the importance of developing creativity in the process of professional training of students. As a research perspective, it is assumed to study other psychological personality traits and cognitive abilities of students that influence the successful formation of a culture of acting reading.
The article is devoted to the consideration of the concepts of a digital platform for assessing pedagogical achievements. The modern educational system requires new approaches to evaluating learning outcomes, especially … The article is devoted to the consideration of the concepts of a digital platform for assessing pedagogical achievements. The modern educational system requires new approaches to evaluating learning outcomes, especially in the context of training future teachers. One possible solution is to create a digital platform for assessing pedagogical achievements. Such a platform can become a powerful tool for objective analysis and monitoring of educational outcomes, as well as for the formation of effective teaching methods and assessment of the educational process. Discusses the key concepts of creating a digital platform aimed at evaluating the pedagogical achievements of future specialists in the field of education.
Iryna Gavran , Yehor Polovko | Bulletin of Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts Series in Audiovisual Art and Production
The purpose of the article is to explore the psychological context of acting, focusing in particular on the ways in which a performer adapts to a role in theatre and … The purpose of the article is to explore the psychological context of acting, focusing in particular on the ways in which a performer adapts to a role in theatre and cinema. It also considers the particularities of embodiment in different stage environments, and the psychotechnics of the artist in adapting to the role. Research methodology. The following methods were used: theoretical – analysis of film material, information sources, scientific works on acting and role embodiment in different screen environments. The application of this method involved the analysis of film material and role embodiment in different screen environments. The comparative method is a comparison of different acting techniques and approaches in the process of role performance to compare American and European styles. The synthesis method is the formation of a generalised view of the influence of acting techniques on the perception of roles by integrating the data obtained and combining theoretical approaches with practical examples to form a holistic picture. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the psychological aspects of the creation of acting skills in cinema and theatre are analysed. A detailed analysis of the actor’s adaptation to the stage in cinema. The study also includes methods of psychological training that help an actor adapt to the constantly changing conditions on stage and on set, particularly in terms of emotional regulation and maintaining professional concentration, as well as interacting with the technical elements of filming. Conclusions. The article explores the complexity of psychotechnics and actor adaptation in cinema and theatre. By analysing the information space of the actor’s skill, the psycho-techniques of the actor in different screen environments have been studied in detail. The importance of improvisation as one of the key techniques of the film actor is analysed.
The article reveals the component of the spiritual and mental level of the socio-cultural identity project model in graphic design, namely the most fundamental values of the Ukrainian mentality – … The article reveals the component of the spiritual and mental level of the socio-cultural identity project model in graphic design, namely the most fundamental values of the Ukrainian mentality – will, heroism, and courage. These values are substantiated by historical research and the results of current surveys of Ukrainians. Examples of graphic design projects of the last 5-7 years show that designers refer to these values as a meaningful concept. In addition, they demonstrate will and heroism through visual techniques (such as composition, stylization, fonts, color), as well as the sign system. Among the most common signs are the national colors, transformed but recognizable forms of the trident, the Cossack character, and the military camouflage «pixel». The representation of the values of the Ukrainian mentality in graphic design resonates with the current social reality, which increases the effectiveness of visual communication. In addition, such projects broadcast Ukrainian identity to the international space and present a unique culture.
Tsabitha Azra , Emeliya Sukma Dara Damanik | Celtic A Journal of Culture English Language Teaching Literature and Linguistics
This study investigates how English language teachers develop their professional identities within the framework of inclusive education and Special Needs School (SNS), emphasizing the interplay of self-efficacy, emotional resilience, and … This study investigates how English language teachers develop their professional identities within the framework of inclusive education and Special Needs School (SNS), emphasizing the interplay of self-efficacy, emotional resilience, and teaching strategies for children with Special Education Needs (SEN). Utilizing a qualitative narrative inquiry method, data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and classroom observations, which were then analyzed thematically using ATLAS.ti. The findings indicated that teachers' professional identities are influenced by personal values, institutional support, and pedagogical modifications tailored to students' psychological requirements, including multimodal teaching approaches. Additionally, the results highlighted the essential role of emotional resilience in addressing the challenges encountered in an inclusive classroom. This research adds to educational psychology by presenting a conceptual framework that connects self-efficacy, systemic support, and inclusive practices. Recommendations suggest that teacher training should incorporate psycho-pedagogical strategies for educating children with disabilities.
This article analyzes the issues of forming a pragmatic worldview among young people in modern Uzbekistan, educating them in the spirit of personal responsibility, activity, patriotism, and national values. It … This article analyzes the issues of forming a pragmatic worldview among young people in modern Uzbekistan, educating them in the spirit of personal responsibility, activity, patriotism, and national values. It is emphasized that in the context of globalization of the world, it is important for young people to strive for an active lifestyle based on their knowledge and potential, to have innovative thinking and a creative approach. Based on the philosophy of pragmatism, the necessity of encouraging young people to think independently, act on the basis of specific goals, and harmonize their interests with national interests is highlighted. Thus, the upbringing of a harmoniously developed, spiritually mature young generation with modern knowledge in society is recognized as a priority direction of state policy.
This systematic review aims to investigate the effectiveness of text structure instruction (TSI) on students' expository writing and, using the insights obtained from the review, to develop theoretical frameworks and … This systematic review aims to investigate the effectiveness of text structure instruction (TSI) on students' expository writing and, using the insights obtained from the review, to develop theoretical frameworks and instructional procedures for TSI that will mainly serve the types of learners targeted by the present study. With this in mind, inclusion and exclusion criteria were set, and 14 experimental and quasi-experimental studies conducted on primary school students were selected. The review revealed that TSI could improve the inclusion of main ideas in written summaries and enhance the quality of expository text structure writing. Specifically, it can improve students’ ability to identify the main ideas and supportive details from the source text. Moreover, the study revealed a lack of consistent reporting on the fidelity of implementation and comprehensiveness, which are limitations of the reviewed studies. The review also revealed that an explicit TSI that integrates reading and writing skills and encourages the gradual release of student responsibilities during the writing process may enhance the ability of primary school EFL learners to write expository texts.