Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science

Livestock Management and Performance Improvement

Works Count: 31164

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Description

This cluster of papers focuses on various aspects of livestock farming, rural development practices, and their impact on public health and socioeconomic factors. It covers topics such as healthcare reform, globalization's cultural consequences, women empowerment in agriculture, and the nutritional status of livestock. The papers also discuss the challenges and opportunities in agricultural practices and the implications for rural development.

Keywords

Livestock Farming; Rural Development; Agricultural Practices; Healthcare Reform; Globalization; Cultural Consequences; Women Empowerment; Nutritional Status; Socioeconomic Factors; Public Health Policy

Forage evaluation in ruminant nutrition.

2000-01-01

D.I. Givens , E. Owen , R. F. E. Axford +1 more

Forage evaluation in ruminant nutrition , Forage evaluation in ruminant nutrition , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی Forage evaluation in ruminant nutrition , Forage evaluation in ruminant nutrition , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Role of ruminant livestock in sustainable agricultural systems.

1996-01-01

J. W. Oltjen , Jessica Beckett

Ruminants have served and will continue to serve a valuable role in sustainable agricultural systems. They are particularly useful in converting vast renewable resources from rangeland, pasture, and crop residues … Ruminants have served and will continue to serve a valuable role in sustainable agricultural systems. They are particularly useful in converting vast renewable resources from rangeland, pasture, and crop residues or other by-products into food edible for humans. With ruminants, land that is too poor or too erodable to cultivate becomes productive. Also, nutrients in by-products are utilized and do not become a waste-disposal problem. The need to maintain ruminants to utilize these humanly inedible foodstuffs and convert them into high-quality foods for human consumption has been a characteristic of advanced societies for several thousand years. Further, ruminant livestock production is entirely consistent with proper agronomy practices in which forages are grown on 25% of arable land to minimize water and soil erosion. Questions have been asked, however, about the use of humanly edible foodstuffs (grains, protein sources, etc.) in ruminant diets. Does their use create a net loss of nutrients for human consumption? What level of their use is necessary or desirable? Does the use of some of these improve the nutrient (e.g. protein) quality or product value? Too often the opponents of animal agriculture evaluate the desirability of animal production on gross calorie or protein intake/output values. However, in many cases the feeds used in animal production are not consumable by humans, and in order to properly evaluate animal production, humanly consumable energy and protein intake should be used for efficiency comparisons. Analysis of the costs/returns of humanly edible energy and protein for a variety of dairy and beef cattle production systems shows that food value is increased with ruminant products, and that net returns of humanly edible nutrients are dependent on the production system used. The efficiency with which ruminants convert humanly edible energy and protein into meat or milk is highly dependent on diet, and hence, on regional production practices. Previous studies suggest that in the United States, dairy production efficiency ranges from 96 to 276% on a humanly consumable protein basis. Beef production efficiency is very dependent on the time spent in the feedlot and digestible energy and protein efficiencies range from 28 to 59% and 52 to 104%, respectively. However, beef production can add to the humanly consumable protein pool depending on the feeding schedule. In addition, the protein resulting from ruminant livestock production is of higher quality with a greater biological value than protein in the substrate feeds. The evidence that ruminant livestock belong in sustainable livestock production systems is convincing.

Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics

2018-11-30

Geoffrey H. Arthur

Cattle breeds: an encyclopedia

2007-09-01

Marleen Felius

Sheep and goat breeds of India

1982-01-01

R. M. Acharya

Cancer among farmers.

1991-07-01

A. Blair , Shelia Hoar Zahm

Population Growth and the Decline of Common Property Resources in Rajasthan, India

1985-06-01

N. S. Jodha

Pnces as obtained in the villages.SOURCE: Jodha, cited in note IS.Details relate to a cluster of three villages in Nagaur disuict.Data were collected from village records and interviews during field … Pnces as obtained in the villages.SOURCE: Jodha, cited in note IS.Details relate to a cluster of three villages in Nagaur disuict.Data were collected from village records and interviews during field work in 1963-66 (see Jodha, cited in note 5).' Those owning up to 5 hectares of land.Those owning 10 or more hectares of land.6 Field visits during 1973 were in connection with the preparatory work of the World Bank's project proposal for drought-prone mas.

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(ii) Note on Discriminant Functions

1939-01-01

B. L. Welch

Journal Article (ii) Note on Discriminant Functions Get access B. L. WELCH, PH.D. B. L. WELCH, PH.D. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Biometrika, … Journal Article (ii) Note on Discriminant Functions Get access B. L. WELCH, PH.D. B. L. WELCH, PH.D. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Biometrika, Volume 31, Issue 1-2, July 1939, Page 218, https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/31.1-2.218 Published: 01 July 1939

Design and Analysis of Experiments in the Animal and Medical Sciences.

1980-12-01

H. D. Patterson , J. L. Gill

Design and analysis of experiments in the animal and medical sciences , Design and analysis of experiments in the animal and medical sciences , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی … Design and analysis of experiments in the animal and medical sciences , Design and analysis of experiments in the animal and medical sciences , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Production Losses in Dairy Cattle Due to Days Open

1968-04-01

A. Louca , J.E. Legates

Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux

1966-07-01

Thomas Scrivenor , G. S. Ainsworth

Diurnal variations in human corneal thickness.

1996-12-01

C L Harper , Michael E. Boulton , David Bennett +4 more

AIM: To elucidate the diurnal variation in human corneal thickness over a 48 hour period. METHOD: Changes in central corneal thickness were monitored in eight healthy subjects (four male, four … AIM: To elucidate the diurnal variation in human corneal thickness over a 48 hour period. METHOD: Changes in central corneal thickness were monitored in eight healthy subjects (four male, four female) aged between 10 and 63 years using an ultrasonic pachymeter. Measurements were made over a 48 hour period-immediately before sleep, immediately upon waking and at 15, 30, 45 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 hours, and at 2 hour intervals thereafter throughout the remainder of each day. RESULTS: The mean corneal thickness for the group (SD) was 546 (14) microns, with a mean overnight increase of 5.5% (2.9%) (range 1.9-12.6%) and a maximum diurnal increase of 7.2% (2.8%) (range 2.1-14.3%). Individual differences in the extent of diurnal and overnight variation occurred within the group. For three subjects, the first reading taken on waking was not the highest and corneal thickness continued to increase. CONCLUSION: These data confirm an increase of corneal thickness during sleep, but also reveal considerable variation during waking hours. Thus, the overnight changes in corneal thickness are not truly representative of diurnal variations in human corneal thickness and, in fact, much greater diurnal variation occurs than the 3.0-4.4% previously reported.

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Cancer among farmers. A review.

1985-12-01

Aaron Blair , H Malker , Kenneth P. Cantor +2 more

During the performance of routine tasks farmers may come in contact with a variety of substances, including pesticides, solvents, oils and fuels, dusts, paints, welding fumes, zoonotic viruses, microbes, and … During the performance of routine tasks farmers may come in contact with a variety of substances, including pesticides, solvents, oils and fuels, dusts, paints, welding fumes, zoonotic viruses, microbes, and fungi. Because some of these substances are known or suspected carcinogens, the epidemiologic literature regarding cancer risks concerning farmers has been reviewed. Farmers had consistent deficits for cancers of the colon, rectum, liver, and nose. The deficits for cancer of the lung and bladder were particularly striking, presumably due to less frequent use of tobacco among farmers than among people in many other occupational groups. Malignancies frequently showing excesses among farmers included Hodgkin's disease, leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and cancers of the lip, stomach, prostate, skin (nonmelanotic), brain, and connective tissues. The etiologic factors that may contribute to these excesses in the agricultural environment have not been identified. Detailed, analytic epidemiologic studies that incorporate environmental and biochemical monitoring are needed to clarify these associations.

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Dairy Cattle Culling Patterns, Explanations, and Implications

2006-06-01

Gregg Hadley , Christopher A. Wolf , Stephen B. Harsh

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Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals

2011-06-21

E. J. Perry

The artificial insemination of farm animals , The artificial insemination of farm animals , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی The artificial insemination of farm animals , The artificial insemination of farm animals , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

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Recent Developments in Ruminant Nutrition

1981-01-01

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Nutritional requirements of dairy cattle

1961-01-01

Wallace Lr

An epidemiologic study of mortality within a cohort of rubber workers, 1964-72.

1974-07-01

McMichael Aj , Robert Spirtas , Kupper Ll

Biostatistics 103: qualitative data - tests of independence.

2003-10-01

Y H Chan

Biostatistical Analysis, 3rd edn.

1996-10-01

Andrew R. Watkinson , Jerrold H. Zar

Feeding Strategy for the high yielding dairy cow

1980-12-01

J. Landis

The nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock

1982-06-01

A.J.H. van Es

World Review of Animal Production.

1965-01-01

K. Kallay

Nutrient Requirements of Goats

1981-01-01

National Research Council

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The SAGE Dictionary of Statistics

2004-01-01

Duncan Cramer , Dennis Howitt

The Sage dictionary of statistics , The Sage dictionary of statistics , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع) The Sage dictionary of statistics , The Sage dictionary of statistics , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)

Nutrient Requirements of Sheep

1975-01-01

Edward B. Rayburn

Nutrient requirements of sheep , Nutrient requirements of sheep , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی Nutrient requirements of sheep , Nutrient requirements of sheep , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

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Role of women in agriculture.

2012-01-01

Fatima Buchh , Neelofar Khan , Farhat Jan

Corruption Perception Index

2020-12-29

Silvia Puiu

The Agricultural handbook

1988-01-01

Martin Whitby

Effects of dietary starch and protein contents on lactation performance, blood metabolites and methane production of Nili Ravi buffaloes

2025-06-24

Hina Tahir , Saima Naveed , Nisar Ahmad +7 more | Animal Bioscience

Imbalanced feeding of protein and energy in ruminants coupled with increasing concerns over low production efficiencies and high livestock emissions intensify the feeding challenges, especially in buffaloes. This study was … Imbalanced feeding of protein and energy in ruminants coupled with increasing concerns over low production efficiencies and high livestock emissions intensify the feeding challenges, especially in buffaloes. This study was planned to evaluate the independent or interactive effects of dietary starch and crude protein (CP) on lactation performance, blood metabolites, and methane production of dairy buffaloes. Sixteen lactating multiparous Nili Ravi buffaloes received the following dietary treatments of low (LS) or high starch (HS) content combined with low (LP) or high protein (HP) content in a 4 × 4 Latin square design: 1) LSLP, 2) LSHP, 3) HSLP, and 4) HSHP. Dietary starch contents were 19.5 and 28.7% in LS and HS diets, whereas, CP contents were 8.8 and 10.6% in LP and HP diets, respectively. Although milk yield was not affected by dietary treatments, the HP diet increased milk protein and lactose contents compared with LP diet in HS group, however, no such increase was observed in LS group, resulting in a starch × CP interaction. Efficiencies of metabolizable protein and milk nitrogen decreased with HP diet compared with LP diet. Metabolic efficiency of metabolizable protein was higher in buffaloes fed LS diet compared with HS diet. Rumen pH decreased with HS diet compared with LS diet in HP group, however, no such change was observed in LP group. Methane production was increased with LS diet compared with HS diet. Contrarily, methane production was decreased in buffaloes fed HP diet compared with those fed LP diet. These findings indicated that dietary starch interacted with CP level for milk protein, milk lactose, rumen pH, and methane production of lactating buffaloes. Overall, high starch combined with high protein content can effectively improve milk protein and lactose contents while reducing the methane emission of lactating buffaloes.

Voices from the Field: Profile, Challenges, and Insights of Women Agriculture Officers in Andhra Pradesh, India

2025-06-24

Shaik Shama , M. Rama Devy , M. Srinivasa Rao | Journal of Scientific Research and Reports

The study was conducted to study the Profile of Women Agriculture Officers and Challenges and Insights elicited by the Women Agriculture Officers in Andhra Pradesh. Ex Post-Facto research design was … The study was conducted to study the Profile of Women Agriculture Officers and Challenges and Insights elicited by the Women Agriculture Officers in Andhra Pradesh. Ex Post-Facto research design was followed for the study. The study was conducted in all the thirteen districts of Andhra Pradesh during the year 2020-21. From each of the selected district ten Women Agriculture Officers were selected as respondents by following simple random sampling procedure which constituted to a total of 130 respondents. The data was collected with the help of a Questionnaire through google forms, personal interview method and data obtained was analysed. The detailed analysis of profile of Women Agriculture Officers revealed that majority of WAOs were middle age, completed B.Sc. (Ag.), medium experience, rural background, medium distance travelled from the residence, medium number of trainings undergone, medium number of subordinates working, and using own vehicle for office duties. Among various personal constraints faced by Women Agriculture Officers, the major constraints was lack of Govt. transportation facilities (61.46, Rank I) followed by lack of adequate and equitable sanitation facilities at work place (53.31, Rank II), Among various administrative constraints the major constraints were heavy workload and hectic schedule of working untimely instructions with a mean score of 61.46 (Rank I) followed by cumbersome reporting and documentation 54.08 (Rank II), a mean score of 49.23 was observed . Among various technological constraints the major constraint expressed by majority of them were release of inputs in late season 60.88 (Rank I) followed by lack of location specific technologies 54.73 (Rank II). These results may help the government to prepare an action plan for addressing the constraints by providing required facilities at the workplace.

Non-genetic Factors Influencing Conception Rate of Vechur Breed of Cattle from Kerala

2025-06-23

Joe King , M. Manoj , V. L. Gleeja +3 more | Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika

Background: Vechur cattle, a native breed of Kerala, are known for their low maintenance requirements, disease resistance and adaptability to tropical climates. Fertility, particularly conception rate, is a crucial factor … Background: Vechur cattle, a native breed of Kerala, are known for their low maintenance requirements, disease resistance and adaptability to tropical climates. Fertility, particularly conception rate, is a crucial factor in livestock productivity and is influenced by both genetic and non-genetic factors. Non-genetic factors such as management practices, nutrition, health, month and year of breeding play a significant role in reproductive performance. Understanding the impact of these variables is essential for optimizing breeding strategies and improving fertility outcomes. This study aims to analyse the effect of non-genetic factors on the conception rate of Vechur cattle maintained at the Vechur Cattle Conservation Project, Centre for Advanced Studies in Animal Genetics and Breeding, Mannuthy. Methods: A total of 868 breeding records spanning 14 years (2011-2024) were collected and analysed. The data included information on breeding time (forenoon or afternoon), month and year of breeding. The conception rate was calculated as the percentage of successful pregnancies relative to total breeding attempts. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v27, employing logistic regression to assess the influence of categorical variables on conception rate and chi-square tests to determine significant differences across different years, months and breeding conditions. Bulls used for natural service were periodically evaluated for seminal quality and their conception rates were compared to assess variations in male fertility. Result: The overall conception rate during the study period was 51.40%. Year-wise analysis showed significant variations, with higher conception rates observed in 2012 and 2021, while lower rates were recorded in 2013 and 2024. Monthly analysis revealed that August had a significantly lower conception rate (32.10%) compared to other months. The time of breeding (forenoon vs. afternoon) had no significant effect on conception rate. No significant variation was observed in conception rates across different bulls used for natural service, suggesting consistent seminal quality and fertility across sires. These findings highlight the influence of environmental factors on reproductive performance and emphasize the need to incorporate these variables into breeding and improvement programs for Vechur cattle.

Dairy Dreams Deferred: What’s Holding Back Bihar’s Dairy Farmers?

2025-06-21

Sushma Priya , S.M.W. Rahaman , M.K. Wadhwani +4 more | Journal of Scientific Research and Reports

Bihar's dairy farmers face several challenges that hinder the growth of the dairy industry in the state. This study examined the key constraints faced by dairy farmers in Khagaria, Bhagalpur, … Bihar's dairy farmers face several challenges that hinder the growth of the dairy industry in the state. This study examined the key constraints faced by dairy farmers in Khagaria, Bhagalpur, Banka, and Katihar district, focusing on infrastructural, financial, feeding, breeding, healthcare, and market-related challenges. Financial constraints, particularly the high cost of purebred cattle and lack of capital, were identified as primary obstacles, followed by inadequate livestock housing and the prohibitive initial costs of setting up dairy operations. Feeding-related challenges, such as the high cost of feed, seasonal fluctuations in fodder availability, and a reliance on dry fodder, were found to significantly affect productivity. Breeding and healthcare constraints included difficulties in identifying estrus signs, high veterinary medicine costs, and limited access to qualified professionals. Market-related issues were dominated by the lack of cold chain facilities, low milk prices, and limited demand for processed dairy products. Additionally, the study highlights the interrelated nature of these challenges, driven by poor infrastructure, lack of training, and ineffective implementation of government policies and support schemes. Addressing these constraints requires targeted interventions in infrastructure development, financial access, technical training, and market access to enhance the sustainability and profitability of dairy farming in these regions. Garrett ranking tool was applied for analysis of constraints faced by respondents.

Socio-Economic Profiling of Dairy Farmers in Kumaon Region of Uttarakhand, India: A Multidimensional Study on Knowledge, Adoption, and Access to Support Services and Resources

2025-06-20

Surinder Singh , B. S. Hansra | Deleted Journal

Dairy farming plays a critical role in meeting the nutritional needs of India's growing population while offering significant livelihood opportunities, particularly in rural and hilly regions like Uttarakhand. This study … Dairy farming plays a critical role in meeting the nutritional needs of India's growing population while offering significant livelihood opportunities, particularly in rural and hilly regions like Uttarakhand. This study aimed to assess the socio-economic profile, knowledge level, adoption behavior, and access to resources among dairy farmers in the Kumaon region, covering the districts of Almora and Pithoragarh. A sample of 100 dairy farmers was selected randomly from ten villages in two districts, and data were collected through direct interviews using a pre-tested questionnaire. Findings revealed that dairy farming in the region is primarily managed by middle-aged male farmers with marginal landholdings and secondary-level education. Most farmers operate in joint family systems and engage in dairy alongside other agricultural activities. Despite a high willingness to adopt improved dairy practices, the majority demonstrated only medium levels of knowledge and adoption, with limited access to training and support services. Women, although heavily involved in daily operations, were underrepresented in ownership and decision-making roles. The study underscores the importance of targeted interventions to improve training, extension contact, media exposure, and gender inclusion. Enhancing access to resources and promoting women’s participation as recognized entrepreneurs are essential to making dairy farming more sustainable and equitable. These insights are vital for shaping region-specific strategies and policy frameworks that support the long-term viability of the dairy sector in hilly terrains.

Constraints Faced by Dairy Farmers in the Kumaon Region of Uttarakhand, India: An Analytical Study

2025-06-20

Surinder Singh , B. S. Hansra | Asian Journal of Current Research

The rural economy predominantly relies on dairy as a key sector—whether to meet the food and nutritional needs of the family, supplement household income, or pursue dairy farming as a … The rural economy predominantly relies on dairy as a key sector—whether to meet the food and nutritional needs of the family, supplement household income, or pursue dairy farming as a full-time occupation. Dairy farming plays a pivotal role in sustaining the economy in hilly regions like the Kumaon division of Uttarakhand, where agricultural land is fragmented and infrastructure is limited. Despite its potential to provide livelihood, nutritional security, and reduce rural outmigration, dairy farmers in the region face several challenges that hinder productivity and profitability. This study aims to identify and analyze the primary constraints encountered by dairy farmers in the Kumaon region. Using a structured survey of 100 randomly selected dairy farmers across Almora and Pithoragarh districts, data were collected and categorized into three domains: management practices, feeding, and reproduction/production-related issues. The results indicate that the most pressing constraints include lack of knowledge about modern management practices (76%), feed shortages during the dry season (84%), and post-disease productivity loss in animals (98%). The study concludes that improving extension services, feed resource management, and veterinary care are essential for addressing these challenges. Targeted policy interventions and context-specific support systems are recommended to enhance the viability and sustainability of dairy farming in the hills of Uttarakhand.

Physical Quality of Raw Milk Marketed in and Around Guwahati City, Assam, India

2025-06-17

Smita Kakati , A. Talukdar , Razibuddin Ahmed Hazarika | Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry

Introduction: Milk, a nutritionally complete food, is susceptible to contamination throughout the supply chain—from production to consumption. Ensuring its physical quality is crucial for safeguarding public health. Problem: In India, … Introduction: Milk, a nutritionally complete food, is susceptible to contamination throughout the supply chain—from production to consumption. Ensuring its physical quality is crucial for safeguarding public health. Problem: In India, particularly in urban and peri-urban regions like Guwahati, the quality of raw milk often varies and may not meet prescribed legislative standards. Aim: This study aimed to assess the physical quality of raw cow milk samples collected from various locations in and around Guwahati, Assam, India. Methodology: A total of 200 pooled raw cow milk samples were collected from 25 different locations in and around Guwahati during 2015–2016. Physical quality parameters evaluated included titratable acidity, pH, specific gravity, fat content, solids-not-fat (SNF), and the Clot on Boiling (COB) test, following standard procedures. Results: The milk samples exhibited titratable acidity ranging from 0.14% to 0.20% lactic acid, pH between 5.60 and 6.91, specific gravity from 1.024 to 1.030, fat content between 1.57% and 3.55%, and SNF ranging from 6.634% to 8.350%. All parameters showed highly significant (P<0.01) variation among the different locations. All 200 samples tested negative in the COB test, indicating no coagulation on boiling. Conclusion: The study revealed that a substantial portion of raw milk samples failed to meet established physical quality standards, posing potential public health concerns. These findings underscore the need for improved monitoring, regulatory interventions, and public awareness to ensure milk safety and quality.

Detection and Analysis of Veterinary Drug Residues in Milk from the Valley of Kashmir

2025-06-16

Z. A. Akhoon , Muzaffar Shaheen , Nazir Ahmad Bhat +2 more | Indian Journal of Animal Research

Background: Irrational and indiscriminate use of drugs (antibiotics and anthelmintics) leads to increased occurrence of drug residues in animal foods like milk causing deleterious effects on the health and environment. … Background: Irrational and indiscriminate use of drugs (antibiotics and anthelmintics) leads to increased occurrence of drug residues in animal foods like milk causing deleterious effects on the health and environment. It leads to the increased emergence of multi drug resistant (MDR) microbes and aggravates the problem of antimicrobial and anthelmitic resistance. Methods: A study was conducted in 2021 to detect and analyze the presence of residues of antibiotics and anthelmintics in milk procured from the markets of Kashmir Valley. A total of 60 samples collected from different sources were randomly taken and analyzed for drug residues using the technique of reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Result: The study revealed that 6.67% samples of milk were positive for Ivermectin while 10% of the overall samples of milk were detected to be positive for Fenbendazole. However none of the milk sample studied was found to be positive for Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline, Enrofloxacin and Ceftriaxone antibiotic residues.

Patterns of Migration-induced feminization in the Agricultural Workforce of Tamil Nadu

2025-06-14

B. Lakshmi , C. Sunita | Economic Sciences.

The migration of male agricultural workers from rural Tamil Nadu to urban areas has significantly reshaped the region’s agricultural workforce, leading to the feminization of agriculture. As men move to … The migration of male agricultural workers from rural Tamil Nadu to urban areas has significantly reshaped the region’s agricultural workforce, leading to the feminization of agriculture. As men move to cities in search of better employment, women increasingly take on farming responsibilities, altering traditional gender roles and household dynamics. This transition has had profound economic and social implications, affecting agricultural productivity, land ownership, and access to essential resources. Women farmers now manage crucial agricultural tasks, yet they continue to face systemic challenges, including limited access to land, financial credit, and modern farming technologies. Despite their growing participation, gender disparities persist in wages, decision-making power, and recognition of their contributions. These structural barriers hinder women’s ability to fully engage in sustainable agricultural practices and improve their economic well-being. Migration-induced feminization has also influenced rural communities, creating both opportunities and burdens for female agricultural workers. While women gain autonomy and control over farming decisions, they must also balance demanding agricultural work with domestic responsibilities, resulting in increased workloads and limited economic mobility. The absence of male laborers has made women central to maintaining rural livelihoods, but societal norms often restrict their ability to benefit fully from their expanded roles. Policy interventions play a crucial role in addressing these challenges. Government initiatives such as employment guarantee schemes and self-help groups aim to empower women, but gaps in implementation and gender biases persist. Strengthening policies that support female farmers, ensuring equitable access to resources, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices can enhance rural development and economic stability. This study underscores the importance of gender-inclusive agricultural policies to support the evolving role of women in Tamil Nadu’s farming sector. Future research should explore long-term impacts, focusing on solutions to bridge gender disparities and strengthen rural economies.

Women’s Acceptance of Training in Clean Milk Production and Milk Processing

2025-06-13

Arpita Sharma Kandpal , Jitendra Kwatra | Journal of Scientific Research and Reports

Milk production and processing play a vital role in the livelihood of rural households, especially in agrarian economies. Women, being primary contributors in dairy farming and milk handling, are key … Milk production and processing play a vital role in the livelihood of rural households, especially in agrarian economies. Women, being primary contributors in dairy farming and milk handling, are key stakeholders in ensuring the quality and safety of milk. Training programs on clean milk production and milk processing are essential to enhance their knowledge and skills, leading to improved milk quality, reduced contamination, and increased income opportunities. However, the success of such initiatives largely depends on the acceptability and willingness of women to participate and apply the knowledge gained. Understanding the factors influencing women’s acceptance of training is crucial for designing effective capacity-building programs that empower them, promote hygienic practices, and ultimately contribute to sustainable dairy development. This study focuses on assessing the acceptability of training on clean milk production and milk processing among women, exploring their perceptions, challenges, and motivation to adopt improved practices.

Wildlife Trade in India: A Study on Assessing the Impact of Socio-economic Drivers in the Proliferation of Poaching Activities

2025-06-10

Raja Saha | UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY

Wildlife trafficking and poaching have emerged as priority issues globally, and India is one of the world's hot spots for these crimes owing to its rich biodiversity. Rising demand for … Wildlife trafficking and poaching have emerged as priority issues globally, and India is one of the world's hot spots for these crimes owing to its rich biodiversity. Rising demand for keeping wildlife products as pets, and using them as drugs, and luxury commodities has pushed wildlife crime to record levels. This heightened demand finds support from socio-economic realities such as illiteracy, poverty, and unemployment, driving native communities into a situation of exploiting and selling through poaching activities as a survival strategy. A well-structured legal framework in India exists that is enforceable, yet with weak implementation coupled with corruption, allowing illegal trade to take firm ground. The current study aims to evaluate the current scenario of illegal wildlife trafficking in India with a definite focus on the socio-economic forces driving this phenomenon. It attempts to investigate the problems in preventing wildlife trade and determine the market complexities that underlie such illicit trade. The research employs an extensive literature review method, combining secondary data in the form of books, research articles, and reports to analyse the market forces, socio-economic drivers, and regulatory issues of the Indian wildlife trade. The study concludes that the illegal wildlife trade in India is being driven by demand for wildlife products and socio-economic drivers like poverty and illiteracy. The study recommends combat against illicit wildlife trade by adopting a multidimensional approach of an intensified structured framework, community engagement, and global coordination. Socio-economic factors need to be addressed through alternative livelihood and rural population education to reduce their reliance on poaching. Government, NGOs, civil society and businesses need to come together and make conservation work and ensure biodiversity in the long term.

A study on the financial ratio analysis salem district cooperative milk producers union limited, Salem

2025-06-09

V. Gayathri | International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

This study aims to analyze the financial health and performance of the Salem District Cooperative Milk Producers Union Limited (SDCMPU), Salem, through comprehensive financial ratio analysis. Financial ratios serve as … This study aims to analyze the financial health and performance of the Salem District Cooperative Milk Producers Union Limited (SDCMPU), Salem, through comprehensive financial ratio analysis. Financial ratios serve as crucial tools in understanding the operational efficiency, profitability, liquidity, and solvency of an organization. By examining key ratios such as liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, leverage ratios, and efficiency ratios over a specific period, this research seeks to provide valuable insights into the financial stability and performance trends of SDCMPU. The study utilizes audited financial statements and annual reports as primary data sources. The findings are expected to aid management in identifying strengths and areas of improvement, thereby facilitating better financial decision-making and strategic planning. Moreover, the analysis contributes to understanding how cooperative milk unions function in a competitive and dynamic dairy industry environment.

Study on marketing of black Bengal goat in Howrah district of west Bengal

2025-06-01

Sayak Das , Ameesh John Stephen | International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development

Profitability and Disposal Patterns of Milk in the Mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh

2025-06-01

| Indian Journal of Economics and Development

Dairy is considered an integral part of the rural population and contributes positively to the farm economy. The midhills of Himachal Pradesh are endowed with complex topography and varied climatic … Dairy is considered an integral part of the rural population and contributes positively to the farm economy. The midhills of Himachal Pradesh are endowed with complex topography and varied climatic conditions. Therefore, this study would help in understanding the economics, disposal patterns, and factors affecting the production in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh. The respondents were selected randomly from five blocks. The study revealed that rearing local cows was not a profitable enterprise due to their low milk yield potential (2.98 kg/day). Therefore, crossbred cows rearing were found profitable because net returns from the crossbred cow were found to be highest (?8.04 per kg) and can be more remunerative by reducing the cost of feed and fodder and concentrates because feed and fodder and concentrates accounted highest share in total variable cost (70-77 per cent) among all categories. Marketable surplus and disposal patterns were calculated among the households, and it was found that the large category of farmers had the highest milk production (35.6 kg/day) due to a larger herd size and smaller family size compared to other categories. Additionally, most of the milk was sold to vendors and sweet shops (48 per cent). Hence, it is advised that rearing crossbred cattle in the mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh is profitable and helps farmers double their income.

Healthcare management practices adopted by dairy farmers in different agroclimatic zones of western Maharashtra

2025-06-01

Kalyankar BB , Nande MP , Kolhe SR +4 more | International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development

Relationship between profile of the dairy farmers and their management efficiency in animal husbandry practices

2025-06-01

R. P. Chaudhari , GR Patel , VG Tala +1 more | International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development

Comparative analysis of training needs of on-job trainees of agri machinery operators and power tiller operators in Kerala, India

2025-06-01

Akhil Ajith , Suma Nair , G Susan +1 more | International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development

Veterinary Treatment Methods for Goat Mastitis in India

2025-06-01

Sudeep Solanki , Kamal Purohit , Goverdhan Singh | International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development

Profile of farm women about improved dairy husbandry practices

2025-06-01

Hemraj Kumawat , J. P. Yadav , S. M. Kumawat +2 more | International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development

Socio-economic profile and rearing constraints of goat farmers in the southern transition zone of Hassan district, Karnataka

2025-06-01

Niteesh Patel BN , R. Guruprasad , N Jaishankar +2 more | International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development

Utilization of Government Livestock Grant Funds Among Goat Farmers

2025-05-31

Bara Ismiaji , Siti Azizah , Achadiah Rachmawati +1 more | International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science

The livestock grant program initiated by the Kediri Regency Government aimed to improve livestock numbers and productivity. However, since the funds were first distributed in 2022, the goat population in … The livestock grant program initiated by the Kediri Regency Government aimed to improve livestock numbers and productivity. However, since the funds were first distributed in 2022, the goat population in Puncu Sub-district has shown fluctuating trends, while Kepung Sub- district has experienced a consistent increase. This study seeks to investigate the utilization of grant funds by the farmer groups using case study with explorative approach. Most groups utilized the funds primarily for goat procurement, with a focus on breeding activities, employing farming practices that ranged from traditional to semi-intensive systems. Jawarandu and Peranakan Etawa (PE) were the most preferred goat breeds among the farmer groups. The farming approaches varied across groups, including collective, semi-collective, and individual management, reflecting differences in available resources, organizational maturity, and group objectives. Despite these variations, the majority of groups followed technical guidelines and used the grant funds as initial capital to start or improve their goat farming activities. Key factors supporting effective fund utilization included access to local feed resources, flexible fund usage guidelines, veterinary support, strong member solidarity, and accessible goat marketing channels. On the other hand, challenges included seasonal feed shortages, limited health and reproductive management practices, and difficulties in monitoring goats when housed individually. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers in designing more responsive and sustainable livestock grant programs and may serve as a basis for future research on the programs impacts.

Genetic parameters estimate of milk yield and composition of Bhadawari buffalo in India

2025-05-30

B. P. Kushwaha , Sultan Singh , Krishna Kunwar Singh +6 more | Tropical Animal Health and Production

When caring becomes hoarding: what is the vet's role?

2025-05-30

Michael Morley | In Practice

A Strategic Analysis of Artificial Insemination (AI) Adoption in Goat Farming in Kamrup, Assam

2025-05-29

Nijara Baruah , Biswajit Borah , M. N. Ray +4 more | Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology

Given the potential of artificial insemination (AI) to enhance goat productivity, this study conducted a strategic assessment of AI adoption among goat farmers in Kamrup district, Assam, covering both rural … Given the potential of artificial insemination (AI) to enhance goat productivity, this study conducted a strategic assessment of AI adoption among goat farmers in Kamrup district, Assam, covering both rural and urban subdivisions. A total of 120 goat farmers (60 each from Kamrup Rural and Kamrup Metro) were selected using stratified random sampling to ensure diverse representation. Data were collected through a structured, pre-tested interview schedule, with goat farmer perceptions captured under a SWOT framework. Analysis was performed using Mean Percent Score (MPS), Z-score, and percentile ranking to prioritize the top five factors under each SWOT category. Key strength identified included favourable agro-climatic conditions, presence of indigenous breeds, traditional knowledge, herd health benefits, and available institutional support. Major barriers to adoption were limited awareness of AI, cultural resistance, shortage of trained AI technicians, distant AI service centres, and low conception rates. Opportunities emerged in the form of increasing demand for goat meat and milk, prospects for genetic improvement, rising youth interest in livestock-based livelihoods, entrepreneurial potential, and the relevance of climate-resilient breeding programs. Notable threats included poor AI accessibility in remote areas, heightened disease risk, climate-related stress, and complications such as dystocia. Based on the SWOT outcomes, a TOWS matrix was formulated to develop actionable strategies such as mobile AI delivery units, farmer-led awareness campaigns, capacity building, and integration of veterinary and extension services. The study offers practical insights to guide sustainable AI adoption in goat farming across Kamrup, Assam.

Role of Women in Agriculture with Special Reference to WSHGs

2025-05-28

Manoj Kumar Meher , Swati Pattnaik , Bimal Kumar Digal | Archives of Current Research International

Women's Self-Help Groups have significantly transformed the agricultural landscape and emerged as an influential platform for empowering women by providing them with financial independence, skill development, and improved access to … Women's Self-Help Groups have significantly transformed the agricultural landscape and emerged as an influential platform for empowering women by providing them with financial independence, skill development, and improved access to agricultural inputs. Through collective action, women engaged in diverse activities, including sustainable farming, organic production, dairy farming, and agri-based entrepreneurship. The present study focuses on Sarlanji, a rural village in Lanjigarh Tehsil in the Kalahandi District of Odisha state using the data were collected by means of focused group discussions, and descriptive approaches were employed for interpretation. The results demonstrated a substantial transformation within the women's community particularly in involvement in agricultural practices, increased in finance, education, capacity building, empowerment, and entrepreneurship, decision-making, and support males in income generation, reduced in distressed male migration and increased in child education. This underscores the central role of women in rural agricultural transformation and the achievement of five sustainable development goals: eradicating hunger, promoting gender equality and women's empowerment, fostering inclusive and sustainable economic growth, and ensuring sustainable consumption and production.

A STUDY ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR TIRUMALA MILK

2025-05-28

T. T. Ajith Kumar , P. Haritha | International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

Consumer behavior studies how individuals, groups, and organizations make decisions related to purchasing, using, and disposing of goods and services. It examines the motivations, influences, and processes that drive these … Consumer behavior studies how individuals, groups, and organizations make decisions related to purchasing, using, and disposing of goods and services. It examines the motivations, influences, and processes that drive these choices, providing valuable insights for businesses and researchers. Understanding consumer behavior is crucial for developing effective marketing strategies, predicting market trends, and ensuring ethical business practices. Consumer behaviour is the study of how individuals, groups and organizations select, buy, use and dispose of goods, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants. In this research I found that Tirumala Dairy is not concentrating on dealers, so dealers motivation is must.

Reproductive and Productive Performance Evaluation of Local Indigenous Non-descript Cattle of Manipur (Meetei San), India

2025-05-27

Laxmi Singh , Dibyajyoti Talukdar , K. Lalrintluanga +5 more

Background: The indigenous cattle of Manipur known as Meetei San are medium size, stout, hardy and a dual-purpose and non descript animal. Even though the role of these local indigenous … Background: The indigenous cattle of Manipur known as Meetei San are medium size, stout, hardy and a dual-purpose and non descript animal. Even though the role of these local indigenous cattle in the household and national economies, they are currently under-utilised, their productivity remains low andpopulations are faced with extinction. In addition to that, inadequate measures are taken to secure their present and future value. In the present study, an attempt was made to study the reproductive and productive performances of local female cattle of Manipur. Methods: A total number of 40 (forty) Manipuri local cattle were included in this experimental process. The experiment was carried out at the Livestock Farm Complex, College of Agriculture, Iroisemba, CAU, Imphal, Manipur and adjoining private indigenous cattle farms of Imphal west and Imphal east districts of Manipur. The mean values of age at sexual maturity, length of oestrous cycle, duration of oestrus, age at first calving, gestation length, inter-calving period, open days, dry period, number of service per conception, daily milk production, total milk production, lactation length of local female cattle of Manipur were recorded. Result: The mean values of age at sexual maturity, length of oestrous cycle, duration of oestrus, age at first calving, gestation length, inter-calving period, open days, dry period, number of service per conception, daily milk production, total milk production, lactation length of local female cattle of Manipur were 26.00±0.36 months, 21.50±0.13 days, 18.43±0.11 hours, 37.35±0.33 months, 280.10±0.17 days, 555.23±3.97 days, 275.13±3.95 days, 148.00±3.00 days, 2.28±0.12, 2.86±0.03 Kg, 363.34±5.86 Kg and 407.23±1.83 days, respectively. The behavioural signs of oestrus i.e. restlessness, frequent urination, bellowing were prominent in local female cattle of Manipur. The swollen vulva, hyperemia of vulvar mucous membrane and genital discharge during oestrus was noticed. In conclusion, the different reproductive and productive parameters in local female cattle of Manipur (Meetei San) were found to be comparable with other cattle breeds/crossbreds with variation in terms of age at sexual maturity, behavioural and physical oestrus signs, inter-calving period, service period, dry period, milk production and lactation length.

Analytical Review of Rural Studies in Iran

2025-05-27

Mostafa Azkia

Infectious and Non-Infectious Factors Associated with Infertility in Cross-Bred Dairy Cows in Mid Terai Region of Nepal

2025-05-27

Gokarna Gautam , Binod Bahadur Kathayat , Madhav Prasad Acharya +1 more

Infertility refers to the decrease of normal fertility, and it can be associated with various infectious and non-infectious factors. Brucellosis and neosporosis are important infectious causes of infertility in cattle. … Infertility refers to the decrease of normal fertility, and it can be associated with various infectious and non-infectious factors. Brucellosis and neosporosis are important infectious causes of infertility in cattle. This study evaluated the association of brucellosis, neosporosis and some non-infectious factors with infertility in cross-bred dairy cows in mid terai region of Nepal. A questionnaire survey was conducted in 100 households from three districts of mid terai region to collect information related to infertility. The cows that did not conceive at least until five month postpartum were considered infertile. Serum samples obtained from 162 infertile cows (Chitwan-62, Nawalparasi-50, Rupendehi-50) were examined using ELISA kits to detect antibodies against Neospora caninum and Brucella abortus.These infertile cows were clinically examined for anemic condition (using eye's mucous membrane)and body condition score (BCS). Overall, 4 (2.5%) and 9 (5.6%) cows were serologically positive for brucellosis and neosporosis, respectively. There was no association of brucellosis with abortion. Abortion cases were significantly higher in neosporosis positive cases (33.3%) than in neosporosis negative cases (9.8%). There was no association of brucellosis, neosporosis, breed and parity with repeat breeding. However, repeat breeding was more prevalent in cows having good nutritional status indicating that there might be other unknown factors causing repeat breeding. Likewise, there was no association of brucellosis, neosporosis and breed with anestrus. However, primiparity, low BCS, anemia, no drenching history since last calving and season of calving (spring and summer) were associated with anestrus in cross-bred dairy cows in mid terai region of Nepal.

Socio-economic profile of farmers and performance of crossbred dairy cattle reared under the dairy cooperative’s societies in Khasi and Jaintia Hill districts of Meghalaya

2025-05-26

Evando Sumer , Girin Kalita , Ranjana Goswami +4 more | Indian Journal of Animal Health

Prevalence and morphology of ectoparasites in goats from Tripura, India

2025-05-25

Pradip K. Bhowmik , Dipankar Borah , Mukesh Kumar +4 more | Journal of Livestock Science

Some of Indigenous Technical Knowledge Practices of Barak Valley Zone of Assam with Special Reference to Animal Husbandry, Plant Protection and Fish Capturing Technique

2025-05-23

H. R. Mishra , Ranjit Bordoloi , Saurav Baruah +2 more

Barak valley zone of Assam constituted with three different districts viz., Cachar, Karimganj and Hailakandi, native to many indigenous tribes, believe on their folkculture and depends on traditional farming practises … Barak valley zone of Assam constituted with three different districts viz., Cachar, Karimganj and Hailakandi, native to many indigenous tribes, believe on their folkculture and depends on traditional farming practises for growing crops and livelihood activities. To outline such traditional practices a survey programme was conducted during the year 2020-2022, all together 27 blocks were covered reaching 500 numbers of farmers through personal interview and questionnaire. The study of this survey programme revealed some popular and effective indigenous practices which was followed by the farmers since decade. An array of 10 numbers of different indigenous technical knowledge (ITKs) practices has been followed in this valley. Among the three different categories viz., Animal Husbandry, Plant Protection and Fish Capturing Technique. Plant protection recorded highest numbers ITKs while the other two categories registered three numbers of ITKs each. Documentation and validation with scientific procedure of such ITKs is the need of the hour. Without valid and proper documentation such ITK practices in the coming days become extinct.

Insights on the socioeconomic characteristics, production systems and constraints confronted by communal and smallholder sheep farmers in Limpopo Province, South Africa

2025-05-22

Lesego Motshekga , Kingsley Kwabena Ayisi , J. Isselstein +1 more

Sampling

2025-05-22

This chapter provides an in-depth examination of sampling, a foundational component in the research process that ensures the generalizability and credibility of empirical findings. It introduces the concepts of population, … This chapter provides an in-depth examination of sampling, a foundational component in the research process that ensures the generalizability and credibility of empirical findings. It introduces the concepts of population, sample, and sampling frame while elucidating the rationale for selecting a sample rather than studying an entire population. Emphasis is placed on the qualities of a good sample, the role of probability and non-probability sampling strategies, and the importance of minimizing sampling bias. Detailed attention is given to determining an appropriate sample size, reducing sampling errors, and ensuring alignment between research objectives and sampling techniques. Through real-world illustrations, checklists, and reflective exercises, this chapter equips readers with the practical knowledge to make informed sampling decisions. Ultimately, readers will gain a critical understanding of how well-designed sampling strategies can enhance the validity, reliability, and analytical power of quantitative and mixed-method research projects across academic and applied settings.

Constraints Faced by Self Help Group Members and Livestock Rearers in Reference to Functionality of Gothan and Godhan Nyay Yojna Implemented in Chhattisgarh, India

2025-05-22

Sneha Pandey , Stuti Pandey

Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are informal associations of people who choose to come together to find ways to improve their living conditions and livelihoods, all voluntarily coming together to save small … Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are informal associations of people who choose to come together to find ways to improve their living conditions and livelihoods, all voluntarily coming together to save small sums of money, on a regular basis. Gothan and Godhan Nyay Yojna of Chhattisgarh are schemes based on providing profits to the women SHGs and livestock rearers through vermicompost business and selling cow dung respectively. The present study was carried out in Bilaspur, Janjgir-Champa and Raigarh districts of Chhattisgarh with a sample size of 120 members from 12 SHGs and 240 livestock rearers registered under selected areas Gothan. Implementation issues faced by SHGs were timely not the availability of fund with a mean score of 96, followed by income not sufficient from the scheme and lack of Marketing channels. Implementation issues faced by livestock rearers were difficulty in bringing cow dung to Gothan with mean score of 80.8, dung not bought throughout the year and delay in Payment. The study suggested some measures for SHGs that there should be training program on marketing, a direct payment system at time of selling to SHGs and organizing some awards every year to create enthusiasm among SHGs. For livestock rearers, a motivation program for increasing participation in the scheme and promotion of organic farming so that our main concern will also be fulfilled to improve the health of the soil and also increase the fertility of the soil.

Economic Analysis of Milk Production in Raghuraj Nagar Tashil of Satna Districts Madhya Pradesh

2025-05-21

Virendra Kumar Vishwakarma , Rajiv Rao Suryavanshi

This study evaluates the economic aspects of milk production to support improved planning and rural development policies. It focuses on profitability, challenges, and opportunities in the dairy sector. A stratified … This study evaluates the economic aspects of milk production to support improved planning and rural development policies. It focuses on profitability, challenges, and opportunities in the dairy sector. A stratified random sampling method was used to ensure proportional representation, involving 75 milk producers—50 farmers from 10 villages in Raghuraj Nagar Tehsil, Satna district, and 25 dairy producers from the broader region—between January 2020 and June 2021. The study analyzes cost and return data across farmer milk producers, and dairy milk producers categorized into First, Second, and Average groups. Total milk production of all milk producers per lactation was 3,651,600 liters (First group), 722,400 liters (Second groups), and 543,840 liters (Average groups). While individual milk producers in First group, second groups and Average groups produced 7,303.20, 28,903.20, and 16,677.60 liters, respectively. The cost per milching animal per lactation was Rs. 56,180.10 (First groups), Rs. 37,461.06 (Second groups), and Rs. 47,018.57 (Average groups). While production cost per producer First group, Second groups and Average groups was Rs. 191,349.06, Rs. 397,466.83, and Rs. 294,396.94 respectively. The value of milk produced per milching animals was Rs. 64,440.00 (First group), Rs. 109,957.75 (Second group), and Rs. 81,384.55 (Average groups). While value of milk produced per milk producer First group, Second groups and Average groups were Rs. 219,096.00, Rs. 1,011,612.00, and Rs. 542,022.00 respectively. The value of other than milk produced per milching animals was Rs. 18750.00, (First group). Rs 6250.00 (Second group), and Rs. 16000.00 (Average groups) While value of other than milk produced per milk producer First group, Second groups and Average groups were Rs. 63750.00, Rs. 62000.00 and Rs. 59335.00 Respectively. Gross returns per milching animal were Rs. 83,190.00 (First groups), Rs. 116,207.75 (Second groups), and Rs. 97,384.55 (Average groups). While gross return per produced First group, second groups and Average groups were Rs. 282846.00, Rs. 1073612.00 and Rs. 601357.00 respectively. Net returns of per milching animal were Rs. 27,009.90(First groups), Rs. 78,746.69 (Second groups), and Rs. 46,626.27(Average groups). While net return per producer, First group, second groups and Average groups were Rs. 91496.94, Rs. 676145.17 and Rs. 306960.06 respectively. The per liter milk production cost per milching animal was Rs. 17.42(First group), Rs. 9.93 (Second groups), and Rs. 13.37(Average groups). While per liter milk production cost per producer First group, second groups and Average groups were Rs. 17.47, Rs. 11.60 and Rs. 14.09 respectively. The benefit-cost ratio (BCR) per milching animal was 1.48:1(First group), 3.10:1(Second groups), and 1.92:1(Average groups). While the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) per milk producer First group, second groups and Average groups were 1.48:1, 2.70:1 and 2.04:1 respectively. Indicating highest profitability in the Second groups.