Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology

Mental Health Research Topics

Works Count: 65984

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Description

This cluster of papers focuses on the application of network analysis to understand the structure and dynamics of psychopathology and mental disorders. It explores topics such as emotion dynamics, depression symptoms, ecological momentary assessment, and the use of psychometric models to study clinical longitudinal data.

Keywords

Network Analysis; Psychopathology; Mental Disorders; Emotion Dynamics; Depression Symptoms; Ecological Momentary Assessment; Symptom Networks; Personality Data; Psychometric Models; Clinical Longitudinal Data

State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory

2010-01-22

Charles D. Spielberger

Abstract Anxiety was defined by Freud as “something felt,” an emotional state that included feelings of apprehension, tension, nervousness, and worry accompanied by physiological arousal. Consistent with Darwin's evolutionary perspective, … Abstract Anxiety was defined by Freud as “something felt,” an emotional state that included feelings of apprehension, tension, nervousness, and worry accompanied by physiological arousal. Consistent with Darwin's evolutionary perspective, Freud observed that anxiety was adaptive in motivating behavior that helped individuals cope with threatening situations and that intense anxiety was prevalent in most psychiatric disorders. In measuring anxiety, Cattell (1966) emphasized the importance of distinguishing between anxiety as an emotional state and individual differences in anxiety as a personality trait.

Handbook of self-regulation: research, theory, and applications

2005-02-01

Kathleen D. Vohs , Roy F. Baumeister

Part 1. Basic Regulatory Processes. C. S. Carver, M. F. Scheier, Self-Regulation of Action and Affect. S. L. Koole, L. F. van Dillen, G. Sheppes, The Self-Regulation of Emotion. D. … Part 1. Basic Regulatory Processes. C. S. Carver, M. F. Scheier, Self-Regulation of Action and Affect. S. L. Koole, L. F. van Dillen, G. Sheppes, The Self-Regulation of Emotion. D. D. Wagner, T. F. Heatherton, Giving In to Temptation: The Emerging Cognitive Neuroscience of Self-Regulatory Failure. I. M. Bauer, R. F. Baumeister, Self-Regulatory Strength. W. Mischel, O. Ayduk, Willpower in a Cognitive Affective Processing System: The Dynamics of Delay of Gratification. A. J. Rothman, A. S. Baldwin, A. W. Hertel, P. Fuglestad, Self-Regulation and Behavior Change: Disentangling Behavioral Initiation and Behavioral Maintenance. Part 2. Cognitive, Physiological, and Neurological Dimensions of Self-Regulation. E. K. Papies, H. Aarts, Nonconscious Self-Regulation, or the Automatic Pilot of Human Behavior. A. A. Scholer, E. T. Higgins, Promotion and Prevention Systems: Regulatory Focus Dynamics within Self-Regulatory Hierarchies. P. M. Gollwitzer, G. Oettingen, Planning Promotes Goal Striving. K. McRae, K. N. Ochsner, J. J. Gross, The Reason in Passion: A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Emotion Regulation. W. Hofmann, M. Friese, B. J. Schmeichel, A. D. Baddeley, Working Memory and Self-Regulation. A. Ledgerwood, Y. Trope, Local and Global Evaluations: Attitudes as Self-Regulatory Guides for Near and Distant Responding. A. Fishbach, B. A. Converse, Identifying and Battling Temptation. Part 3. Development of Self-Regulation. N. Eisenberg, C. L. Smith, T. L. Spinrad, Effortful Control: Relations with Emotion Regulation, Adjustment, and Socialization in Childhood. M. R. Rueda, M. I. Posner, M. K. Rothbart, Attentional Control and Self-Regulation. C. Blair, A. Ursache, A Bidirectional Model of Executive Functions and Self-Regulation. W. von Hippel, J. D. Henry, Aging and Self-Regulation. Part 4. Social Dimension of Self-Regulation. M. R. Leary, J. Guadagno, The Sociometer, Self-Esteem, and the Regulation of Interpersonal Behavior. S. D. Calkins, E. M. Leerkes, Early Attachment Processes and the Development of Emotional Self-Regulation. C. D. Rawn, K. D. Vohs, When People Strive for Self-Harming Goals: Sacrificing Personal Health for Interpersonal Success. E. J. Finkel, G. M. Fitzsimons, The Effects of Social Relationships on Self-Regulation. G. M. Fitzsimons, E. J. Finkel, The Effects of Self-Regulation on Social Relationships. M. E. McCullough, E. C. Carter, Waiting, Tolerating, and Cooperating: Did Religion Evolve to Prop Up Humans' Self-Control Abilities? Part 5. Personality and Self-Regulation. M. K. Rothbart, L. K. Ellis, M. I. Posner, Temperament and Self-Regulation. D. Cervone, N. Mor, H. Orom, W. G. Shadel, W. D. Scott, Self-Efficacy Beliefs and the Architecture of Personality: On Knowledge, Appraisal, and Self-Regulation. C. G. DeYoung, Impulsivity as a Personality Trait. Part 6. Common Problems with Self-Regulation. M. A. Sayette, K. M. Griffin, Self-Regulatory Failure and Addiction. C. P. Herman, J. Polivy, The Self-Regulation of Eating: Theoretical and Practical Problems. R. J. Faber, K. D. Vohs, Self-Regulation and Spending: Evidence from Impulsive and Compulsive Buying. R. A. Barkley, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Self-Regulation, and Executive Functioning.

Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research

2007-01-01

Timothy A. Brown

With its emphasis on practical and conceptual aspects, rather than mathematics or formulas, this accessible book has established itself as the go-to resource on confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Detailed, worked-through … With its emphasis on practical and conceptual aspects, rather than mathematics or formulas, this accessible book has established itself as the go-to resource on confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Detailed, worked-through examples drawn from psychology, management, and sociology studies illustrate the procedures, pitfalls, and extensions of CFA methodology. The text shows how to formulate, program, and interpret CFA models using popular latent variable software packages (LISREL, Mplus, EQS, SAS/CALIS); understand the similarities and differences between CFA and exploratory factor analysis (EFA); and report results from a CFA study. It is filled with useful advice and tables that outline the procedures. The companion website offers data and program syntax files for most of the research examples, as well as links to CFA-related resources. New to This Edition *Updated throughout to incorporate important developments in latent variable modeling. *Chapter on Bayesian CFA and multilevel measurement models. *Addresses new topics (with examples): exploratory structural equation modeling, bifactor analysis, measurement invariance evaluation with categorical indicators, and a new method for scaling latent variables. *Utilizes the latest versions of major latent variable software packages--

<b>lavaan</b>: An<i>R</i>Package for Structural Equation Modeling

2012-01-01

Yves Rosseel

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a vast field and widely used by many applied researchers in the social and behavioral sciences. Over the years, many software packages for structural equation … Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a vast field and widely used by many applied researchers in the social and behavioral sciences. Over the years, many software packages for structural equation modeling have been developed, both free and commercial. However, perhaps the best state-of-the-art software packages in this field are still closed-source and/or commercial. The R package lavaan has been developed to provide applied researchers, teachers, and statisticians, a free, fully open-source, but commercial-quality package for latent variable modeling. This paper explains the aims behind the development of the package, gives an overview of its most important features, and provides some examples to illustrate how lavaan works in practice.

A critique of the cross-lagged panel model.

2015-01-01

Ellen L. Hamaker , Rebecca M. Kuiper , Raoul P. P. P. Grasman

The cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) is believed by many to overcome the problems associated with the use of cross-lagged correlations as a way to study causal influences in longitudinal panel … The cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) is believed by many to overcome the problems associated with the use of cross-lagged correlations as a way to study causal influences in longitudinal panel data.The current article, however, shows that if stability of constructs is to some extent of a trait-like, timeinvariant nature, the autoregressive relationships of the CLPM fail to adequately account for this.As a result, the lagged parameters that are obtained with the CLPM do not represent the actual within-person relationships over time, and this may lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the presence, predominance, and sign of causal influences.In this article we present an alternative model that separates the within-person process from stable between-person differences through the inclusion of random intercepts, and we discuss how this model is related to existing structural equation models that include cross-lagged relationships.We derive the analytical relationship between the cross-lagged parameters from the CLPM and the alternative model, and use simulations to demonstrate the spurious results that may arise when using the CLPM to analyze data that include stable, trait-like individual differences.We also present a modeling strategy to avoid this pitfall and illustrate this using an empirical data set.The implications for both existing and future cross-lagged panel research are discussed.

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A Diagnostic Interview

1978-07-01

Jean Endicott

• The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) was developed to reduce information variance in both the descriptive and diagnostic evaluation of a subject. The SADS is unique among … • The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) was developed to reduce information variance in both the descriptive and diagnostic evaluation of a subject. The SADS is unique among rating scales in that it provides for (1) a detailed description of the features of the current episode of illness when they were at their most severe; (2) a description of the level of severity of manifestations of major dimensions of psychopathology during the week preceding the evaluation, which can then be used as a measure of change; (3) a progression of questions and criteria, which provides information for making diagnoses; and (4) a detailed description of past psychopathology and functioning relevant to an evaluation of diagnosis, prognosis, and overall severity of disturbance. This article reports on initial scale development and reliability studies of the items and the scale scores.

Manifesto for a Relational Sociology

1997-09-01

Mustafa Emirbayer

Sociologists today are faced with a fundamental dilemma: whether to conceive of the social world as consisting primarily in substances or processes, in static "things" or in dynamic, unfolding relations. … Sociologists today are faced with a fundamental dilemma: whether to conceive of the social world as consisting primarily in substances or processes, in static "things" or in dynamic, unfolding relations. Rational‐actor and norm‐based models, diverse holisms and structuralisms, and statistical "variable" analyses continue implicitly or explicitly to prefer the former point of view. By contrast, this "manifesto" presents an alternative, "relational" perspective, first in broad, philosophical outlines, then by exploring its implications for both theory and empirical research. In the closing pages, it ponders some of the difficulties and challenges now facing relational analysis, taking up in turn the issues of boundaries and entities, network dynamics, causality, and normative implications.

Validity and Reliability of the Experience-Sampling Method

1987-09-01

Mihály Csíkszentmihályi , Reed Larson

To understand the dynamics of mental health, it is essential to develop measures for the frequency and the patterning of mental processes in every-day-life situations. The Experience-Sampling Method (ESM) is … To understand the dynamics of mental health, it is essential to develop measures for the frequency and the patterning of mental processes in every-day-life situations. The Experience-Sampling Method (ESM) is an attempt to provide a valid instrument to describe variations in self-reports of mental processes. It can be used to obtain empirical data on the following types of variables: a) frequency and patterning of daily activity, social interaction, and changes in location; b) frequency, intensity, and patterning of psychological states, i.e., emotional, cognitive, and conative dimensions of experience; c) frequency and patterning of thoughts, including quality and intensity of thought disturbance. The article reviews pratical and methodological issues of the ESM and presents evidence for its short-and long-term reliability when used as an instrument for assessing the variables outlined above. It also presents evidence for validity by showing correlation between ESM measures on the one hand and physiological measures, one-time psychological tests, and behavioral indices on the other. A number of studies with normal and clinical populations that have used the ESM are reviewed to demonstrate the range of issues to which the technique can be usefully applied.

The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory

1974-01-01

Leonard R. Derogatis , Ronald S. Lipman , Karl Rickels +2 more

This report describes the historical evolution, development, rationale and validation of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL), a self-report symptom inventory. The HSCL is comprised of 58 items which are representative … This report describes the historical evolution, development, rationale and validation of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL), a self-report symptom inventory. The HSCL is comprised of 58 items which are representative of the symptom configurations commonly observed among outpatients. It is scored on five underlying symptom dimensions—sommatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety and depression—which have been identified in repeated factor analyses. A series of studies have established the factorial invariance of the primary symptom dimensions, and substantial evidence is given in support of their construct validity. Normative data in terms of both discrete symptoms and primary symptom dimensions are presented on 2,500 subjects—1,800 psychiatric outpatients and 700 normals. Indices of pathology reflect both intensity of distress and prevalence of symptoms in the normative samples. Standard indices of scale reliability are presented, and a broad range of criterion-related validity studies, in particular an important series reflecting sensitivity to treatment with psychotherapeutic drugs, are reviewed and discussed.

Patterns of Aggressive Behavior in Experimentally Created “Social Climates”

1939-05-01

Kurt Lewin , Ronald Lippitt , Ralph K. White

(1939). Patterns of Aggressive Behavior in Experimentally Created “Social Climates”. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 269-299. (1939). Patterns of Aggressive Behavior in Experimentally Created “Social Climates”. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 269-299.

Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression.

1989-04-01

Lyn Y. Abramson , Gerald I. Metalsky , Lauren B. Alloy

Summary and Future Directions On the basis of the aforementioned studies, the hopelessnesstheory appears promising. However, further research is needed.For example, although powerful tests of the attributional diath-esis-stress component have … Summary and Future Directions On the basis of the aforementioned studies, the hopelessnesstheory appears promising. However, further research is needed.For example, although powerful tests of the attributional diath-esis-stress component have been conducted, no one has exam-ined the cognitive diatheses of inferring negative consequencesor characteristics about the self or whether the cognitive stylediathesis-stress interaction predicts clinically significant de-pression. Moreover, it is crucial to determine if this interactionpredicts the development of the hypothesized symptoms ofhopelessness depression. More generally, an important short-coming of the prior work is that it has not focused on the symp-toms of hopelessness depression in particular and, instead, sim-ply has examined the symptoms of depression in general. Fu-ture investigators need to test more fine-grained predictionsabout the hypothesized symptoms of hopelessness depression.The issue of the stability of the cognitive diatheses has not beenresolved satisfactorily. We have only begun, in a preliminaryway, to investigate the issues of specific vulnerability and media-tional processes. Finally, further tests of the predictions aboutcourse, cure, and prevention are needed. We eagerly await thisresearch.Difficult methodological issues may arise in the search forhopelessness depression, however. For example, the hopeless-ness theory is silent about the time lag between formation ofhopelessness and onset of the symptoms of hopelessness depres-sion. If it is very short, then a major challenge will be to developmethods with sufficient temporal resolving power to determineif hopelessness indeed precedes the occurrence of the hypothe-sized symptoms of hopelessness depression (see Alloy, Hartlage,et al., 1988, for proposed methods for testing the hopelessnesstheory). The results of work to test the hopelessness theory willdetermine if the concept of hopelessness depression needs tobe revised. For example, perhaps the statement of the causalpathway is correc t bu culminate n a differen se f symp-toms than those currently hypothesized to compose hopeless-ness depression. In this case, the symptom—but not thecause—component of the hopelessness theory would need to bemodified.In discussing how to search for hopelessness depression, wenote the possibility that future work may not corroborate theexistence of hopelessness depression as a bona fide subtype withcharacteristic cause, symptoms, course, treatment, and preven-tion. Instead, the etiological chain featured in the hopelessnesstheory may be one of many pathways to a final common out-come of depression. In this case, it would be more compellingto speak of a hopelessness cause, as opposed to a hopelessnesssubtype, of depression.

Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications.

1996-01-01

Murray Smith , Rick H. Hoyle

Foreword - Kenneth A Bollen Preface - Rick H Hoyle The Structural Equation Modeling Approach - Rick H Hoyle Basic Concepts and Fundamental Issues Model Specification - Robert C MacCallum … Foreword - Kenneth A Bollen Preface - Rick H Hoyle The Structural Equation Modeling Approach - Rick H Hoyle Basic Concepts and Fundamental Issues Model Specification - Robert C MacCallum Procedures, Strategies, and Related Issues Estimates and Tests in Structural Equation Modeling - Chih-Ping Chou and Peter M Bentler Structural Equation Models with Nonnormal Variables - Stephen G West, John F Finch and Patrick J Curran Problems and Remedies Evaluating Model Fit - Li-tze Hu and Peter M Bentler Statistical Power in Structural Equation Modeling - David Kaplan Objectivity and Reasoning in Science and Structural Equation Modeling - Stanley A Mulaik and Lawrence R James One Application of Structural Equation Modeling from Two Perspectives - Barbara M Byrne Exploring the EQS and LISREL Strategies Writing about Structural Equation Models - Rick H Hoyle and Abigail T Panter Latent Variable Models for Multitrait-Multimethod Data - Herbert W Marsh and David Grayson Sex-Race Differences in Social Support and Depression in Older Low-Income Adults - Jane A Scott-Lennox and Richard D Lennox Modeling the Relation of Personality Variables to Symptom Complaints - Jay G Hull, Judith C Tedlie and Daniel A Lehn The Unique Role of Negative Affectivity Predictors of Change in Antisocial Behavior during Elementary School for Boys - Mike Stoolmiller, Terry E Duncan and Gerald Patterson

A law of comparative judgment.

1927-07-01

L. L. Thurstone

This chapter describes a new psychophysical law which may be called the law of comparative judgment and to show some of its special applications in the measurement of psychological values. … This chapter describes a new psychophysical law which may be called the law of comparative judgment and to show some of its special applications in the measurement of psychological values. The law of comparative judgment is applicable not only to the comparison of physical stimulus intensities but also to qualitative comparative judgments such as those of excellence of specimens in an educational scale. The scale difference between the discriminal processes of two specimens which are involved in the same judgment will be called the discriminal difference on that occasion. The law of comparative judgment is basic for all experimental work on Weber's law, Fechner's law, and for all educational and psychological scales in which comparative judgments are involved. The formulation of the law of comparative judgment involves the use of a new psychophysical concept, namely, the discriminal dispersion.

The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention.

1995-01-01

Peter J. Lang

Emotions are action dispositions--states of vigilant readiness that vary widely in reported affect, physiology, and behavior. They are driven, however, by only 2 opponent motivational systems, appetitive and aversive--subcortical circuits … Emotions are action dispositions--states of vigilant readiness that vary widely in reported affect, physiology, and behavior. They are driven, however, by only 2 opponent motivational systems, appetitive and aversive--subcortical circuits that mediate reactions to primary reinforcers. Using a large emotional picture library, reliable affective psychophysiologies are shown, defined by the judged valence (appetitive/pleasant or aversive/unpleasant) and arousal of picture percepts. Picture-evoked affects also modulate responses to independently presented startle probe stimuli. In other words, they potentiate startle reflexes during unpleasant pictures and inhibit them during pleasant pictures, and both effects are augmented by high picture arousal. Implications are elucidated for research in basic emotions, psychopathology, and theories of orienting and defense. Conclusions highlight both the approach's constraints and promising paths for future study.

In search of how people change. Applications to addictive behaviors.

1992-09-01

Janice Prochaska , Carlo C. DiClemente , John C. Norcross

How people intentionally change addictive behaviors with and without treatment is not well understood by behavioral scientists. This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors … How people intentionally change addictive behaviors with and without treatment is not well understood by behavioral scientists. This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors using the key trans-theoretical constructs of stages and processes of change. Modification of addictive behaviors involves progression through five stages--pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance--and individuals typically recycle through these stages several times before termination of the addiction. Multiple studies provide strong support for these stages as well as for a finite and common set of change processes used to progress through the stages. Research to date supports a trans-theoretical model of change that systematically integrates the stages with processes of change from diverse theories of psychotherapy.

Development of a Rating Scale for Primary Depressive Illness

1967-12-01

Max Hamilton

This is an account of further work on a rating scale for depressive states, including a detailed discussion on the general problems of comparing successive samples from a ‘population’, the … This is an account of further work on a rating scale for depressive states, including a detailed discussion on the general problems of comparing successive samples from a ‘population’, the meaning of factor scores, and the other results obtained. The intercorrelation matrix of the items of the scale has been factor‐analysed by the method of principal components, which were then given a Varimax rotation. Weights are given for calculating factor scores, both for rotated as well as unrotated factors. The data for 152 men and 120 women having been kept separate, it is possible to compare the two sets of results. The method of using the rating scale is described in detail in relation to the individual items.

Ironic processes of mental control.

1994-01-01

Daniel M. Wegner

A theory of ironic processes of mental control is proposed to account for the intentional and counterintentional effects that result from efforts at self-control of mental states. The theory holds … A theory of ironic processes of mental control is proposed to account for the intentional and counterintentional effects that result from efforts at self-control of mental states. The theory holds that an attempt to control the mind introduces 2 processes: (a) an operating process that promotes the intended change by searching for mental contents consistent with the intended state and (b) a monitoring process that tests whether the operating process is needed by searching for mental contents inconsistent with the intended state. The operating process requires greater cognitive capacity and normally has more pronounced cognitive effects than the monitoring process, and the 2 working together thus promote whatever degree of mental control is enjoyed. Under conditions that reduce capacity, however, the monitoring process may supersede the operating process and thus enhance the person's sensitivity to mental contents that are the ironic opposite of those that are intended.

An Inventory for Measuring Depression

1961-06-01

Aaron T. Beck

The difficulties inherent in obtaining consistent and adequate diagnoses for the purposes of research and therapy have been pointed out by a number of authors. Pasamanick<sup>12</sup>in a recent article viewed … The difficulties inherent in obtaining consistent and adequate diagnoses for the purposes of research and therapy have been pointed out by a number of authors. Pasamanick<sup>12</sup>in a recent article viewed the low interclinician agreement on diagnosis as an indictment of the present state of psychiatry and called for "the development of objective, measurable and verifiable criteria of classification based not on personal or parochial considerations, but on behavioral and other objectively measurable manifestations." Attempts by other investigators to subject clinical observations and judgments to objective measurement have resulted in a wide variety of psychiatric rating scales.<sup>4,15</sup>These have been well summarized in a review article by Lorr<sup>11</sup>on "Rating Scales and Check Lists for the Evaluation of Psychopathology." In the area of psychological testing, a variety of paper-and-pencil tests have been devised for the purpose of measuring specific

Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes.

1991-01-01

Susan Nolen–Hoeksema

I propose that the ways people respond to their own symptoms of depression influence the duration of these symptoms. People who engage in ruminative responses to depression, focusing on their … I propose that the ways people respond to their own symptoms of depression influence the duration of these symptoms. People who engage in ruminative responses to depression, focusing on their symptoms and the possible causes and consequences of their symptoms, will show longer depressions than people who take action to distract themselves from their symptoms. Ruminative responses prolong depression because they allow the depressed mood to negatively bias thinking and interfere with instrumental behavior and problem-solving. Laboratory and field studies directly testing this theory have supported its predictions. I discuss how response styles can explain the greater likelihood of depression in women than men. Then I intergrate this response styles theory with studies of coping with discrete events. The response styles theory is compared to other theories of the duration of depression. Finally, I suggest what may help a depressed person to stop engaging in ruminative responses and how response styles for depression may develop.

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample

2004-08-24

John R. Crawford , Julie D. Henry

Objectives: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the PANAS (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988b) and provide normative data. Design: Cross‐sectional and correlational. Method: The PANAS was administered to a … Objectives: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the PANAS (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988b) and provide normative data. Design: Cross‐sectional and correlational. Method: The PANAS was administered to a non‐clinical sample, broadly representative of the general adult UK population ( N = 1,003). Competing models of the latent structure of the PANAS were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. Regression and correlational analysis were used to determine the influence of demographic variables on PANAS scores as well as the relationship between the PANAS with measures of depression and anxiety (the HADS and the DASS). Results: The best‐fitting model (robust comparative fit index = .94) of the latent structure of the PANAS consisted of two correlated factors corresponding to the PA and NA scales, and permitted correlated error between items drawn from the same mood subcategories (Zevon & Tellegen, 1982). Demographic variables had only very modest influences on PANAS scores and the PANAS exhibited measurement invariance across demographic subgroups. The reliability of the PANAS was high, and the pattern of relationships between the PANAS and the DASS and HADS were consistent with tripartite theory. Conclusion: The PANAS is a reliable and valid measure of the constructs it was intended to assess, although the hypothesis of complete independence between PA and NA must be rejected. The utility of this measure is enhanced by the provision of large‐scale normative data.

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The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review

1998-09-01

James J. Gross

The emerging field of emotion regulation studies how individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express them. This review takes an evolutionary … The emerging field of emotion regulation studies how individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express them. This review takes an evolutionary perspective and characterizes emotion in terms of response tendencies. Emotion regulation is defined and distinguished from coping, mood regulation, defense, and affect regulation. In the increasingly specialized discipline of psychology, the field of emotion regulation cuts across traditional boundaries and provides common ground. According to a process model of emotion regulation, emotion may be regulated at five points in the emotion generative process: (a) selection of the situation, (b) modification of the situation, (c) deployment of attention, (d) change of cognitions, and (e) modulation of responses. The field of emotion regulation promises new insights into age-old questions about how people manage their emotions.

Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences.

2009-01-01

Jay Belsky , Michael Pluess

Evolutionary-biological reasoning suggests that individuals should be differentially susceptible to environmental influences, with some people being not just more vulnerable than others to the negative effects of adversity, as the … Evolutionary-biological reasoning suggests that individuals should be differentially susceptible to environmental influences, with some people being not just more vulnerable than others to the negative effects of adversity, as the prevailing diathesis-stress view of psychopathology (and of many environmental influences) maintains, but also disproportionately susceptible to the beneficial effects of supportive and enriching experiences (or just the absence of adversity). Evidence consistent with the proposition that individuals differ in plasticity is reviewed. The authors document multiple instances in which (a) phenotypic temperamental characteristics, (b) endophenotypic attributes, and (c) specific genes function less like "vulnerability factors" and more like "plasticity factors," thereby rendering some individuals more malleable or susceptible than others to both negative and positive environmental influences. Discussion focuses upon limits of the evidence, statistical criteria for distinguishing differential susceptibility from diathesis stress, potential mechanisms of influence, and unknowns in the differential-susceptibility equation.

The Nature and Organization of Individual Differences in Executive Functions

2012-01-31

Akira Miyake , Naomi P. Friedman

Executive functions (EFs)-a set of general-purpose control processes that regulate one's thoughts and behaviors-have become a popular research topic lately and have been studied in many subdisciplines of psychological science. … Executive functions (EFs)-a set of general-purpose control processes that regulate one's thoughts and behaviors-have become a popular research topic lately and have been studied in many subdisciplines of psychological science. This article summarizes the EF research that our group has conducted to understand the nature of individual differences in EFs and their cognitive and biological underpinnings. In the context of a new theoretical framework that we have been developing (the unity/diversity framework), we describe four general conclusions that have emerged from our research. Specifically, we argue that individual differences in EFs, as measured with simple laboratory tasks, (1) show both unity and diversity (different EFs are correlated yet separable); (2) reflect substantial genetic contributions; (3) are related to various clinically and societally important phenomena; and (4) show some developmental stability.

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The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report

1983-08-01

Leonard R. Derogatis , Nick Melisaratos

Synopsis This is an introductory report for the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), a brief psychological self-report symptom scale. The BSI was developed from its longer parent instrument, the SCL-90-R, and … Synopsis This is an introductory report for the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), a brief psychological self-report symptom scale. The BSI was developed from its longer parent instrument, the SCL-90-R, and psychometric evaluation reveals it to be an acceptable short alternative to the complete scale. Both test-retest and internal consistency reliabilities are shown to be very good for the primary symptom dimensions of the BSI, and its correlations with the comparable dimensions of the SCL-90-R are quite high. In terms of validation, high convergence between BSI scales and like dimensions of the MMPI provide good evidence of convergent validity, and factor analytic studies of the internal structure of the scale contribute evidence of construct validity. Several criterion-oriented validity studies have also been completed with this instrument

Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication

2005-06-01

Ronald C. Kessler , Patricia A. Berglund , Olga Demler +3 more

Little is known about lifetime prevalence or age of onset of DSM-IV disorders.To estimate lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the recently completed National Comorbidity Survey Replication.Nationally … Little is known about lifetime prevalence or age of onset of DSM-IV disorders.To estimate lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the recently completed National Comorbidity Survey Replication.Nationally representative face-to-face household survey conducted between February 2001 and April 2003 using the fully structured World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview.Nine thousand two hundred eighty-two English-speaking respondents aged 18 years and older.Lifetime DSM-IV anxiety, mood, impulse-control, and substance use disorders.Lifetime prevalence estimates are as follows: anxiety disorders, 28.8%; mood disorders, 20.8%; impulse-control disorders, 24.8%; substance use disorders, 14.6%; any disorder, 46.4%. Median age of onset is much earlier for anxiety (11 years) and impulse-control (11 years) disorders than for substance use (20 years) and mood (30 years) disorders. Half of all lifetime cases start by age 14 years and three fourths by age 24 years. Later onsets are mostly of comorbid conditions, with estimated lifetime risk of any disorder at age 75 years (50.8%) only slightly higher than observed lifetime prevalence (46.4%). Lifetime prevalence estimates are higher in recent cohorts than in earlier cohorts and have fairly stable intercohort differences across the life course that vary in substantively plausible ways among sociodemographic subgroups.About half of Americans will meet the criteria for a DSM-IV disorder sometime in their life, with first onset usually in childhood or adolescence. Interventions aimed at prevention or early treatment need to focus on youth.

Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events

1981-03-01

Allen D. Kanner , James C. Coyne , Catherine Schaefer +1 more

Computational Tools for Probing Interactions in Multiple Linear Regression, Multilevel Modeling, and Latent Curve Analysis

2006-12-01

Kristopher J. Preacher , Patrick J. Curran , Daniel J. Bauer

Simple slopes, regions of significance, and confidence bands are commonly used to evaluate interactions in multiple linear regression (MLR) models, and the use of these techniques has recently been extended … Simple slopes, regions of significance, and confidence bands are commonly used to evaluate interactions in multiple linear regression (MLR) models, and the use of these techniques has recently been extended to multilevel or hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) and latent curve analysis (LCA). However, conducting these tests and plotting the conditional relations is often a tedious and error-prone task. This article provides an overview of methods used to probe interaction effects and describes a unified collection of freely available online resources that researchers can use to obtain significance tests for simple slopes, compute regions of significance, and obtain confidence bands for simple slopes across the range of the moderator in the MLR, HLM, and LCA contexts. Plotting capabilities are also provided.

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Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states.

1984-01-01

David Watson , Lee Anna Clark

A number of apparently diverse personality scales—variously called trait anxiety, neuroticism, ego strength, general maladjustment, repression-sensitization, and social desirability—are reviewed and are shown to be in fact measures of the … A number of apparently diverse personality scales—variously called trait anxiety, neuroticism, ego strength, general maladjustment, repression-sensitization, and social desirability—are reviewed and are shown to be in fact measures of the same stable and pervasive trait. An integrative interpretation of the construct as Negative Affectivity (NA) is presented. Extensive data indicate that high-NA individuals are more likely to experience discomfort at all times and across situations, even in the absence of overt stress. They are relatively more introspective and tend differentially to dwell on the negative side of themselves and the world. Further research is needed to explain the origins of NA and to elucidate the characteristics of low-NA individuals. Rorer and Widiger (1983) recently bemoaned that in the field of personality literature reviews appear to be disparate conglomerations rather than cumulative or conclusive integrations (p. 432). We intend this review to be an exception to this discouraging statement. Distinct and segregated literatures have developed around a number of specific personality measures that, despite dissimilar names, nevertheless intercorrelate so highly that they must be considered measures of the same construct. Following Tellegen (1982), we call this construct Negative Affectivity (NA) and present a comprehensive view of the trait that integrates data from a wide variety of relevant research. We are not the first to note this broad and pervasive personality trait. The Eysencks, for example, (e.g. Eysenck & Eysenck, 1968) have done extensive research in the area, traditionally calling the dimension Neuroticism, although in their most recent revision (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975) they suggest a label, emotionality, that is similar to our own. Nonetheless, in discussing the relation between our interpretation and previous views of the domain, we argue for the preferability of our term, Negative Affectivity. We also present

Amazon's Mechanical Turk

2011-01-01

Michael D. Buhrmester , Tracy Kwang , Samuel D. Gosling

Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is a relatively new website that contains the major elements required to conduct research: an integrated participant compensation system; a large participant pool; and a streamlined … Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is a relatively new website that contains the major elements required to conduct research: an integrated participant compensation system; a large participant pool; and a streamlined process of study design, participant recruitment, and data collection. In this article, we describe and evaluate the potential contributions of MTurk to psychology and other social sciences. Findings indicate that (a) MTurk participants are slightly more demographically diverse than are standard Internet samples and are significantly more diverse than typical American college samples; (b) participation is affected by compensation rate and task length, but participants can still be recruited rapidly and inexpensively; (c) realistic compensation rates do not affect data quality; and (d) the data obtained are at least as reliable as those obtained via traditional methods. Overall, MTurk can be used to obtain high-quality data inexpensively and rapidly.

Network Analysis: An Integrative Approach to the Structure of Psychopathology

2013-03-28

Denny Borsboom , Angélique O. J. Cramer

In network approaches to psychopathology, disorders result from the causal interplay between symptoms (e.g., worry → insomnia → fatigue), possibly involving feedback loops (e.g., a person may engage in substance … In network approaches to psychopathology, disorders result from the causal interplay between symptoms (e.g., worry → insomnia → fatigue), possibly involving feedback loops (e.g., a person may engage in substance abuse to forget the problems that arose due to substance abuse). The present review examines methodologies suited to identify such symptom networks and discusses network analysis techniques that may be used to extract clinically and scientifically useful information from such networks (e.g., which symptom is most central in a person's network). The authors also show how network analysis techniques may be used to construct simulation models that mimic symptom dynamics. Network approaches naturally explain the limited success of traditional research strategies, which are typically based on the idea that symptoms are manifestations of some common underlying factor, while offering promising methodological alternatives. In addition, these techniques may offer possibilities to guide and evaluate therapeutic interventions.

A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation

2000-12-01

Julian F. Thayer , Richard D. Lane

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Ecological Momentary Assessment

2007-11-28

Saul Shiffman , Arthur A. Stone , Michael R. Hufford

Assessment in clinical psychology typically relies on global retrospective self-reports collected at research or clinic visits, which are limited by recall bias and are not well suited to address how … Assessment in clinical psychology typically relies on global retrospective self-reports collected at research or clinic visits, which are limited by recall bias and are not well suited to address how behavior changes over time and across contexts. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) involves repeated sampling of subjects’ current behaviors and experiences in real time, in subjects’ natural environments. EMA aims to minimize recall bias, maximize ecological validity, and allow study of microprocesses that influence behavior in real-world contexts. EMA studies assess particular events in subjects’ lives or assess subjects at periodic intervals, often by random time sampling, using technologies ranging from written diaries and telephones to electronic diaries and physiological sensors. We discuss the rationale for EMA, EMA designs, methodological and practical issues, and comparisons of EMA and recall data. EMA holds unique promise to advance the science and practice of clinical psychology by shedding light on the dynamics of behavior in real-world settings.

Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC

2013-05-14

Bruce N. Cuthbert , Thomas R. Insel

Current diagnostic systems for mental disorders rely upon presenting signs and symptoms, with the result that current definitions do not adequately reflect relevant neurobiological and behavioral systems--impeding not only research … Current diagnostic systems for mental disorders rely upon presenting signs and symptoms, with the result that current definitions do not adequately reflect relevant neurobiological and behavioral systems--impeding not only research on etiology and pathophysiology but also the development of new treatments.The National Institute of Mental Health began the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project in 2009 to develop a research classification system for mental disorders based upon dimensions of neurobiology and observable behavior. RDoC supports research to explicate fundamental biobehavioral dimensions that cut across current heterogeneous disorder categories. We summarize the rationale, status and long-term goals of RDoC, outline challenges in developing a research classification system (such as construct validity and a suitable process for updating the framework) and discuss seven distinct differences in conception and emphasis from current psychiatric nosologies.Future diagnostic systems cannot reflect ongoing advances in genetics, neuroscience and cognitive science until a literature organized around these disciplines is available to inform the revision efforts. The goal of the RDoC project is to provide a framework for research to transform the approach to the nosology of mental disorders.

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Influence of Life Stress on Depression: Moderation by a Polymorphism in the 5-HTT Gene

2003-07-17

Avshalom Caspi , Karen Sugden , Terrie E. Moffitt +7 more

In a prospective-longitudinal study of a representative birth cohort, we tested why stressful experiences lead to depression in some people but not in others. A functional polymorphism in the promoter … In a prospective-longitudinal study of a representative birth cohort, we tested why stressful experiences lead to depression in some people but not in others. A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter (5-HT T) gene was found to moderate the influence of stressful life events on depression. Individuals with one or two copies of the short allele of the 5-HT T promoter polymorphism exhibited more depressive symptoms, diagnosable depression, and suicidality in relation to stressful life events than individuals homozygous for the long allele. This epidemiological study thus provides evidence of a gene-by-environment interaction, in which an individual's response to environmental insults is moderated by his or her genetic makeup.

<b>qgraph</b>: Network Visualizations of Relationships in Psychometric Data

2012-01-01

Sacha Epskamp , Angélique O. J. Cramer , Lourens Waldorp +2 more

We present the qgraph package for R, which provides an interface to visualize data through network modeling techniques. For instance, a correlation matrix can be represented as a network in … We present the qgraph package for R, which provides an interface to visualize data through network modeling techniques. For instance, a correlation matrix can be represented as a network in which each variable is a node and each correlation an edge; by varying the width of the edges according to the magnitude of the correlation, the structure of the correlation matrix can be visualized. A wide variety of matrices that are used in statistics can be represented in this fashion, for example matrices that contain (implied) covariances, factor loadings, regression parameters and p values. qgraph can also be used as a psychometric tool, as it performs exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, using sem and lavaan; the output of these packages is automatically visualized in qgraph, which may aid the interpretation of results. In this article, we introduce qgraph by applying the package functions to data from the NEO-PI-R, a widely used personality questionnaire.

Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality–social, clinical, and health psychology.

1982-01-01

Charles S. Carver , Michael F. Scheier

Control theory provides a model of self-regulati on that we believe is useful in the analysis of human behavior. As an illustration of the breadth of its applicability, we present … Control theory provides a model of self-regulati on that we believe is useful in the analysis of human behavior. As an illustration of the breadth of its applicability, we present the basic construct of control theory—the discrepancy-reducing feedback loop—and discuss certain of its implications for theory in three separate areas of human psychology. In personality-s ocial, clinical, and health psychology, the construct proves to fit well with known phenomena and with the theories most recently developed to account for the phenomena. Moreover, in each case control theory appears to make a distinct and unique contribution to the state of the area. We conclude by noting the integrative potential that is suggested by these illustrations and by noting some issues that should receive attention in future work. Cybernetic or control theory is a general approach to the understanding of self-regulating systems. Its central ideas have been around for a long time (see, for example, Cannon's 1929, 1932, discussion of homeostatic physiological mechanisms), but its birth as a distinct body of thought is usually traced to the publication of Wiener's (1948) book, Cybernetics: Control and communication in the animal and the machine. Since then, control theory (in various forms) has had a major impact on areas of work as diverse as engineering (e.g., Dransfield, 1968; Ogata, 1970), applied mathematics (e.g.,

Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication

2005-06-01

Ronald C. Kessler , Wai Tat Chiu , Olga Demler +1 more

<h3>Background</h3> Little is known about the general population prevalence or severity of<i>DSM-IV</i>mental disorders. <h3>Objective</h3> To estimate 12-month prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of<i>DSM-IV</i>anxiety, mood, impulse control, and substance disorders in the … <h3>Background</h3> Little is known about the general population prevalence or severity of<i>DSM-IV</i>mental disorders. <h3>Objective</h3> To estimate 12-month prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of<i>DSM-IV</i>anxiety, mood, impulse control, and substance disorders in the recently completed US National Comorbidity Survey Replication. <h3>Design and Setting</h3> Nationally representative face-to-face household survey conducted between February 2001 and April 2003 using a fully structured diagnostic interview, the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. <h3>Participants</h3> Nine thousand two hundred eighty-two English-speaking respondents 18 years and older. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Twelve-month<i>DSM-IV</i>disorders. <h3>Results</h3> Twelve-month prevalence estimates were anxiety, 18.1%; mood, 9.5%; impulse control, 8.9%; substance, 3.8%; and any disorder, 26.2%. Of 12-month cases, 22.3% were classified as serious; 37.3%, moderate; and 40.4%, mild. Fifty-five percent carried only a single diagnosis; 22%, 2 diagnoses; and 23%, 3 or more diagnoses. Latent class analysis detected 7 multivariate disorder classes, including 3 highly comorbid classes representing 7% of the population. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Although mental disorders are widespread, serious cases are concentrated among a relatively small proportion of cases with high comorbidity.

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A network theory of mental disorders

2017-01-26

Denny Borsboom

In recent years, the network approach to psychopathology has been advanced as an alternative way of conceptualizing mental disorders. In this approach, mental disorders arise from direct interactions between symptoms. … In recent years, the network approach to psychopathology has been advanced as an alternative way of conceptualizing mental disorders. In this approach, mental disorders arise from direct interactions between symptoms. Although the network approach has led to many novel methodologies and substantive applications, it has not yet been fully articulated as a scientific theory of mental disorders. The present paper aims to develop such a theory, by postulating a limited set of theoretical principles regarding the structure and dynamics of symptom networks. At the heart of the theory lies the notion that symptoms of psychopathology are causally connected through myriads of biological, psychological and societal mechanisms. If these causal relations are sufficiently strong, symptoms can generate a level of feedback that renders them self‐sustaining. In this case, the network can get stuck in a disorder state. The network theory holds that this is a general feature of mental disorders, which can therefore be understood as alternative stable states of strongly connected symptom networks. This idea naturally leads to a comprehensive model of psychopathology, encompassing a common explanatory model for mental disorders, as well as novel definitions of associated concepts such as mental health, resilience, vulnerability and liability. In addition, the network theory has direct implications for how to understand diagnosis and treatment, and suggests a clear agenda for future research in psychiatry and associated disciplines.

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Book Review: Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms

1975-07-01

Robert G. Priest

Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders

1977-10-01

Laurence P. Ince

Evaluating Effect Size in Psychological Research: Sense and Nonsense

2019-05-08

David C. Funder , Daniel J. Ozer

Effect sizes are underappreciated and often misinterpreted—the most common mistakes being to describe them in ways that are uninformative (e.g., using arbitrary standards) or misleading (e.g., squaring effect-size rs). We … Effect sizes are underappreciated and often misinterpreted—the most common mistakes being to describe them in ways that are uninformative (e.g., using arbitrary standards) or misleading (e.g., squaring effect-size rs). We propose that effect sizes can be usefully evaluated by comparing them with well-understood benchmarks or by considering them in terms of concrete consequences. In that light, we conclude that when reliably estimated (a critical consideration), an effect-size r of .05 indicates an effect that is very small for the explanation of single events but potentially consequential in the not-very-long run, an effect-size r of .10 indicates an effect that is still small at the level of single events but potentially more ultimately consequential, an effect-size r of .20 indicates a medium effect that is of some explanatory and practical use even in the short run and therefore even more important, and an effect-size r of .30 indicates a large effect that is potentially powerful in both the short and the long run. A very large effect size ( r = .40 or greater) in the context of psychological research is likely to be a gross overestimate that will rarely be found in a large sample or in a replication. Our goal is to help advance the treatment of effect sizes so that rather than being numbers that are ignored, reported without interpretation, or interpreted superficially or incorrectly, they become aspects of research reports that can better inform the application and theoretical development of psychological research.

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Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper

2017-03-24

Sacha Epskamp , Denny Borsboom , Eiko I. Fried

The usage of psychological networks that conceptualize behavior as a complex interplay of psychological and other components has gained increasing popularity in various research fields. While prior publications have tackled … The usage of psychological networks that conceptualize behavior as a complex interplay of psychological and other components has gained increasing popularity in various research fields. While prior publications have tackled the topics of estimating and interpreting such networks, little work has been conducted to check how accurate (i.e., prone to sampling variation) networks are estimated, and how stable (i.e., interpretation remains similar with less observations) inferences from the network structure (such as centrality indices) are. In this tutorial paper, we aim to introduce the reader to this field and tackle the problem of accuracy under sampling variation. We first introduce the current state-of-the-art of network estimation. Second, we provide a rationale why researchers should investigate the accuracy of psychological networks. Third, we describe how bootstrap routines can be used to (A) assess the accuracy of estimated network connections, (B) investigate the stability of centrality indices, and (C) test whether network connections and centrality estimates for different variables differ from each other. We introduce two novel statistical methods: for (B) the correlation stability coefficient, and for (C) the bootstrapped difference test for edge-weights and centrality indices. We conducted and present simulation studies to assess the performance of both methods. Finally, we developed the free R-package bootnet that allows for estimating psychological networks in a generalized framework in addition to the proposed bootstrap methods. We showcase bootnet in a tutorial, accompanied by R syntax, in which we analyze a dataset of 359 women with posttraumatic stress disorder available online.

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Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology.

1998-01-01

James J. Gross

The Psychophysics Toolbox

1997-01-01

David H. Brainard

How does internet addiction interact with depression at the symptom level? a joint perspective of undirected and directed networks

2025-06-26

Yue Zhao , Diyang Qu , Xiaoqi Wei +1 more | Current Psychology

Identification of patient-reported core information needs and associated factors in hospitalized patients with heart failure: A network analysis

2025-06-25

Mei Yang , Yilin Zhang , Wenjie Fang +3 more | Heart & Lung

Multiple Roads to Pathology

2025-06-25

Angélique O. J. Cramer , Denny Borsboom | Cambridge University Press eBooks

The Relationships Between Sociocultural Factors, Parental Responses to Children’s Negative Emotions, and Adolescent Outcomes in Chinese Urban and Rural Communities: A Network Approach

2025-06-25

Nini Wu , Z. B. Li , Tuo Liu +2 more | Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

There is a growing emphasis on the role of sociocultural factors in parental emotion socialization. Using a network approach, we examined the relationships between sociocultural factors, parental responses to children’s … There is a growing emphasis on the role of sociocultural factors in parental emotion socialization. Using a network approach, we examined the relationships between sociocultural factors, parental responses to children’s negative emotions (PRCNE), and adolescent maladaptive outcomes in urban ( n = 674, M age = 13.84, SD = 2.34; 44.9% female) and rural ( n = 457, M age = 13.09, SD = 2.37; 52.5% female) Chinese adolescents. The results indicated both regional similarities and differences in the links between PRCNE and maladaptive outcomes for adolescents, as well as in the associations between sociocultural factors and PRCNE. For bridge centrality, emotion-focused responses had the highest bridge strength in the urban network, while parental distress was most central in the rural network in connecting to adolescent outcomes. For sociocultural factors and their links to PRCNE, maternal education was most central in the urban network, and interdependent socialization goals were most central in the rural network. However, the bridge strengths of PRCNE types in connecting to adolescent outcomes and of sociocultural factors in connecting to PRCNE were not significantly different in urban and rural regions. In conclusion, the findings emphasize the need for more culturally nuanced research to better understand parental emotion socialization.

Network Architectures of Personality and Its Pathology

2025-06-25

Annemarie C. J. Köhne , Adela‐Maria Isvoranu | Cambridge University Press eBooks

Social Jetlag Has Detrimental Effects on Hallmark Characteristics of Adolescent Brain Structure, Circuit Organization and Intrinsic Dynamics

2025-06-25

Matthew Risner , Eliot S. Katz , Catherine Stamoulis | bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

Study Objectives: To investigate associations between social jetlag and developing brain circuits and structures in adolescents. Methods: N = 3507 youth (median (IQR) age = 12.0 (1.1) years; 50.9% females) … Study Objectives: To investigate associations between social jetlag and developing brain circuits and structures in adolescents. Methods: N = 3507 youth (median (IQR) age = 12.0 (1.1) years; 50.9% females) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) cohort were studied. Social jetlag (adjusted for sleep debt (SJLSC) versus non-adjusted (SJL)), topological properties and intrinsic dynamics of resting-state networks, and morphometric characteristics were analyzed. Results: Over 35% of participants had SJLSC ≥2.0 h. Boys, Hispanic and Black non-Hispanic youth, and/or those at later pubertal stages had longer SJLSC (β=0.06 to 0.68, CI=[0.02, 0.83], p≤0.02), which was also associated with higher BMI (β=0.13, CI=[0.08, 0.18], p<0.01). SJLSC and SJL were associated with weaker thalamic projections (β=-0.22, CI=[-0.39, -0.05], p=0.03), potentially reflecting a disrupted sleep-wake cycle. Longer SJLSC was also associated with less topologically resilient and weakly connected salience network (β=-0.04, CI=[-0.08, -0.01], p=0.04), and lower thickness and/or volume of cortical and subcortical structures overlapping with this and other networks supporting emotional and reward processing and regulation, and social function (β=-0.08 to -0.05, CI=[-0.12, -0.01], p<0.05). SJLSC and SJL were associated with alterations in spontaneous brain activity and coordination that indicate disrupted neural maturation and plasticity. SJL was associated with lower information transfer between regions supporting sensorimotor integration, social function and emotion regulation (β=-0.07 to -0.05, CI=[-0.12, -0.01], p<0.04). Conclusions: Misaligned sleep may have detrimental effects on adolescent brain circuit organization and dynamics, and structural characteristics of regions that play critical roles in cognitive function and regulation of fundamental biological processes.

Dissociable effects of curiosity and hedonic valence on reinforcement learning

2025-06-25

Kathryn M. Rothenhoefer , McKenna D Romac , K. HENDERSON +1 more | bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

Curiosity and exploration support learning and adaptive decision-making in uncertain environments. While these processes are sensitive to motivational context, it remains unclear how outcome valence shapes exploration across species. Human … Curiosity and exploration support learning and adaptive decision-making in uncertain environments. While these processes are sensitive to motivational context, it remains unclear how outcome valence shapes exploration across species. Human studies suggest that aversive contexts increase exploration, but these effects often rely on verbal framing and explicit instructions. To gain deeper insight into how exploration strategies emerge from experience alone, this study investigated the influence of hedonic valence on novelty seeking, exploration, and reinforcement learning in rhesus macaques. Using visual tokens as secondary reinforcers, we found that monkeys explored novel, uncertain options more frequently when exploitation would lead to losses rather than gains. However, our analyses clarified that this heightened novelty seeking was primarily a consequence of the monkeys employing an optimistic prior belief about the value of novelty, rather than a categorical, valence-dependent shift in their underlying curiosity or the information bonus associated with exploration. Approach and avoidance motivation did influence other aspects of reinforcement learning. Monkeys demonstrated faster learning from losses than from gains, indicating that they were averse to losing tokens. They also frequently chose an option and then quickly aborted their choice. These choice balks were strategic responses to approach-avoidance conflicts and uncertainty, and represented self-generated bouts of exploratory behavior that led to valence-dependent use of directed and random exploration. These findings suggest that different strategies are used to manage explore-exploit tradeoffs induced by novelty or internal motivational conflicts, revealing dissociable effects of curiosity and hedonic valence on reinforcement learning.

Towards Richer AI-Assisted Psychotherapy Note-Making and Performance Benchmarking

2025-06-25

Prottay Kumar Adhikary , Swaran P. Singh , Shalini Singh +7 more | medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

Psychotherapy note-making is crucial for effective patient care. However, traditional formats such as SOAP (Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan) and BIRP (Behavior, Intervention, Response, and Plan) often fail to capture … Psychotherapy note-making is crucial for effective patient care. However, traditional formats such as SOAP (Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan) and BIRP (Behavior, Intervention, Response, and Plan) often fail to capture the nuanced complexities of therapeutic sessions, as they primarily focus on surface-level details and lack a comprehensive understanding of the patient's history, mental status, and therapeutic process. While recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise in clinical documentation, their application in psychotherapy note summarisation remains unexplored. We present iCARE (identifiers, Chief Concerns and Clinical History, Assessment and Analysis, Risk and Crisis, Engagement and Next Steps), a comprehensive framework for AI-assisted psychotherapy documentation that addresses these limitations. iCARE comprises 17 clinically relevant aspects, developed collaboratively with mental health professionals, and aligned with established guidelines. We further introduce PATH (Psychotherapy Aspects and Treatment History summary), a novel dataset of annotated therapy sessions. Through extensive benchmarking with 11 LLMs, including both open and closed-source models, we evaluate their performance across different note-taking aspects using automatic and human evaluation metrics. Our results show that closed-source models like Gemini Pro and GPT4o-mini excel in various aspects, with Gemini Pro achieving superior human evaluation scores. Notably, all models struggle with temporal reasoning and complex therapeutic interpretations. The findings suggest that current LLMs can assist in basic documentation but require improvements in handling longitudinal therapeutic relationships and aspects that require deeper clinical understanding and interpretative reasoning. This work advances mental health care documentation while emphasising the need for continued clinical expertise in psychotherapy note summarization.

Disrupted Energy Landscape in Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Insights from Network Control Theory

2025-06-25

Dietrich Neumann , Qolamreza Razlighi , Yaakov Stern +4 more | bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

Introduction: Patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have shown disruptions in both brain structure and function, often studied separately. However, understanding the relationship between brain structure and function can provide … Introduction: Patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have shown disruptions in both brain structure and function, often studied separately. However, understanding the relationship between brain structure and function can provide valuable insights into this early stage of cognitive decline for better treatment strategies to avoid its progression. Network Control Theory (NCT) is a multi-modal approach that captures the alterations in the brain's energetic landscape by combining the brain's functional activity and the structural connectome. Our study aims to explore the differences in the brain's energetic landscape between people with MCI and healthy controls (HC). Methods: Four hundred ninety-nine HC and 55 MCI patients were included. First, k-means was applied to functional MRI (fMRI) time series to identify commonly recurring brain activity states. Second, NCT was used to calculate the minimum energy required to transition between these brain activity states, otherwise known as transition energy (TE). The entropy of the fMRI time series as well as PET-derived amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau deposition were measured for each brain region. The TE and entropy were compared between MCI and HC at the network, regional, and global levels using linear models where age, sex, and intracranial volume were added as covariates. The association of TE and entropy with A β and tau deposition was investigated in MCI patients using linear models where age, sex, and intracranial volume were controlled. Results: Commonly recurring brain activity states included those with high and low amplitude activity in visual (+/-), default mode (+/-), and dorsal attention (+/-) networks. Compared to HC, MCI patients required lower transition energy in the limbic network (adjusted p = 0.028). Decreased global entropy was observed in MCI patients compared to HC (p = 7.29e-7). There was a positive association between TE and entropy in the frontoparietal network (p = 7.03e-3). Increased global Aβ was associated with higher global entropy in MCI patients (rho = 0.632, p = 0.041). Conclusion: Lower TE in the limbic network in MCI patients may indicate either neurodegeneration-related neural loss and atrophy or a potential functional upregulation mechanism in this early stage of cognitive impairment. Future studies that include people with AD are needed to better characterize the changes in the energetic landscape in the later stages of cognitive impairment.

AI Technology and Bias in Detecting Psychiatric Disorders

2025-06-24

Kennedy A. Flowers | Undergraduate Journal of Public Health

The brain’s frontal and temporal lobes are responsible for our social skills, memory, behavior, audio, emotional, and language processing. Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder that impairs a person’s auditory and … The brain’s frontal and temporal lobes are responsible for our social skills, memory, behavior, audio, emotional, and language processing. Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder that impairs a person’s auditory and cognitive processing and affects their thoughts, behavior, and actions (NYU Langone Health, n.d.). Schizophrenia is also associated with a reduction in the size of the brain’s frontal and temporal lobes, which can impact stimuli processing and cause hallucinations (Cleveland Clinic, 2024). Schizophrenia affects a disproportionate amount of Black men (especially those with other mental conditions) compared to other ethnic and racial groups (Gara, 2019). While this trend can be partially explained by genetic and environmental factors such as family history, childhood health complications, urbanicity, and substance abuse, a prominent reason that Black men are diagnosed with schizophrenia is due to racial bias present in the AI (Artificial Intelligence) technology used to aid physicians in detecting and diagnosing psychiatric disorders, as well as systemic racial bias present in America’s healthcare system.

A Bayesian Time-Varying Psychophysiological Interaction Model

2025-06-24

Brian Schetzsle , Jaylen Lee , Aaron M. Bornstein +2 more | Data Science in Science

Diabetes-Related Distress and Glycemic Dysregulation in Everyday Life With Type 1 Diabetes: Which Comes First?

2025-06-24

Jeffrey S. Gonzalez , Claire J. Hoogendoorn , Raymond Hernandez +4 more | Diabetes Care

OBJECTIVE In an observational study, we paired ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to examine lagged effects of glycemic regulation on diabetes-related distress (DD), and vice versa, … OBJECTIVE In an observational study, we paired ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to examine lagged effects of glycemic regulation on diabetes-related distress (DD), and vice versa, among adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants (N = 182; median ± SD age 40 ± 14 years; 54% women; 41% Latino; 29% White and 15% Black) wore a blinded CGM device for 14 days and completed five to six EMA surveys per day. We tested expected associations between momentary DD ratings and relevant patient-reported outcomes on validated questionnaires. Using multilevel cross-lagged modeling, we evaluated within-person lagged effects of CGM metrics (mean glucose mean; percentage of time in range [TIR; i.e., 70–180 mg/dL] and percentages of time 181–250, &gt;250, and &lt;70 mg/dL; and coefficient of variation [CV]) over 3-h periods on DD rated 0–100 at the end of that interval and 3 h later. We also examined lagged effects of DD on subsequent CGM metrics. RESULTS Momentary DD ratings were significantly associated with results of questionnaires for DD, well-being, functional and mental health, and quality of life. Higher mean glucose, less TIR, greater percentage of time 181–250 and &gt;250 mg/dL, and higher CV over 3 h each predicted greater DD at the end of that interval; higher 3-h mean glucose also predicted more DD 3 h later (P &lt; 0.05). Greater DD unexpectedly predicted a lower percentage of time in hypoglycemia over the next 3 h (P &lt; 0.05) but predicted no other CGM metrics. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the validity of EMA of DD in adults with T1D and suggest glucose dysregulation is linked to subsequent increased DD over the short term, not vice versa. These findings have implications for interventions targeting DD.

Challenges of Using AI in Contemporary Psychological Interventions

2025-06-24

Bahril Hidayat , Iredho Fani Reza | Deleted Journal

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in psychological interventions is growing rapidly along with the increasing need for practical, adaptive, and technology-based mental health services. This article aims to examine … The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in psychological interventions is growing rapidly along with the increasing need for practical, adaptive, and technology-based mental health services. This article aims to examine the challenges, trends, benefits, and implementation of AI in psychological interventions through a literature study approach. By reviewing more than 20 scientific sources in the last 10 years, this article reveals how AI has been applied in early detection of mental disorders, virtual therapy, and AI-based psychological support. It was found that AI is able to expand the reach of psychological services, but still leaves challenges related to ethics, professional competence, and limitations of emotional responses. This article provides an initial foundation for further research on optimizing collaboration between psychology and technology as well as important suggestions for stakeholders, at the government level as policy makers, as well as psychology organizations, academics, and psychology practitioners.

Central Health Problems of Older Adults Working Beyond Pension Age: Applying Network Analysis to Korean Working Conditions Survey

2025-06-24

Layoung Kim , Gwang Suk Kim , Min Kyung Park +1 more | Journal of Aging & Social Policy

Older adults are staying in the labor market longer. As the workforce ages, occupational health policies for older workers are required to reduce the burden on occupational safety and health … Older adults are staying in the labor market longer. As the workforce ages, occupational health policies for older workers are required to reduce the burden on occupational safety and health management and maintain workers' health. This study examined the sociodemographic characteristics and health problems of older adults working beyond pension age. Network analysis was used to identify the central health problems reported in the 2017 and 2020-2021 Korean Working Conditions Survey. Results reveal that most older workers belong to blue-collar occupations; they had lower incomes, less education, and worked in ergonomic hazard postures compared to white-collar occupations. The central health problem of the networks in general and blue-collar workers was muscular pain in the upper limbs, which had the highest-strength centrality and showed significant relationships with lower limb pain, backache, and fatigue. In the comparison by occupation types, the central health problem of pink-collar workers in the service and sales sector was lower limb pain. Occupational safety and health systems should consider the relationships of health problems amongst occupation types and determine interventional priorities. The study findings thus hold implications for the establishment of health programs for older workers.

Assessing the Long-Term Stability of the Spielberger State-Trait Inventory Trait Scale over 3.5 Years

2025-06-24

Maren Klingelhöfer-Jens , Franziska Werner , Naemi D. Brandt +5 more | Journal of Personality Assessment

The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is the most cited measure of state and trait anxiety, and is routinely employed in a variety of research and clinical contexts. Here, we … The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is the most cited measure of state and trait anxiety, and is routinely employed in a variety of research and clinical contexts. Here, we investigate the temporal stability as well as the convergent and discriminant validity of the German version of the STAI trait scale (STAI-T) across multiple time points in two independent samples (105 and 120 Caucasians). We observed temporal stabilities of .42-.67 for intervals between 20 and 41 months and from .81-.87 for intervals of five to 12 months, with decreasing stability as the time interval increased. Temporal stability estimates of the STAI-T were similar to those of related constructs. Additionally, examining the relationships within a nomological network support the recent conclusion that the STAI-T also shares substantial variance with questionnaires measuring negative emotionality such as depression, and hence does not measure anxiety specifically - despite its name. These results provide further psychometric information on what the STAI-T actually measures and to what extent STAI-T scores are expected to be stable across longer time intervals. This is of relevance for researchers aiming, for example, to use the STAI-T scale for predicting symptom trajectories and evaluating the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.

Network analysis of depression symptoms and physical activity levels before and after menopause

2025-06-23

Song Chen , Di Wu , Kai Nie +4 more | PLoS ONE

Previous research has established connections between pre- and postmenopause, physical activity, and depression. This study aims to delve deeper into the network structure of depressive symptoms and specific manifestations of … Previous research has established connections between pre- and postmenopause, physical activity, and depression. This study aims to delve deeper into the network structure of depressive symptoms and specific manifestations of these symptoms at different levels of physical activity during pre- and postmenopause, utilizing network analysis as a tool. Our research utilized data samples from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning from 2009 to 2018. We assessed depression symptoms through the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, while categorizing physical activity based on the Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) values recommended by NHANES and the U.S. physical activity guidelines. We conducted an analysis of the depression symptoms network across varying levels of physical activity, both pre and post-menopause, to identify core symptoms within the network using 'strength' statistics. Furthermore, we evaluated the stability of the network structure via network stability and edge weight difference tests. Within the network model of depressive symptoms, both pre- and post-menopause, 'Sad Mood' emerged as the most central symptom, positioning itself as the core of the network. Furthermore, there was a noticeable decrease in the correlation between depressive symptoms and a reduced stability in the network structure during periods of high physical activity compared to those of low physical activity (88.9% → 66.7%, 80.5% → 72.2%). Notably, no significant structural differences were observed between the pre-menopausal and post-menopausal network models, regardless of physical activity levels (PS > 0.05, PM > 0.05). The symptom of 'Sad Mood' is pivotal in the network of depressive symptoms observed in both pre- and post-menopausal women. Engaging in high levels of physical activity may diminish the centrality of this symptom within the network, thereby weakening its association with other symptoms. Prioritizing attention to 'Sad Mood' symptoms during the pre- and post-menopausal phases could be instrumental in mitigating and forestalling the exacerbation of depressive distress.

Characterisation of serious mental illness trajectories through transdiagnostic clinical features

2025-06-23

Juan De La Hoz , Alejandro Arias , Susan K. Service +7 more | The British Journal of Psychiatry

Background Electronic health records (EHRs), increasingly available in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), provide an opportunity to study transdiagnostic features of serious mental illness (SMI) and its trajectories. Aims Characterise … Background Electronic health records (EHRs), increasingly available in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), provide an opportunity to study transdiagnostic features of serious mental illness (SMI) and its trajectories. Aims Characterise transdiagnostic features and diagnostic trajectories of SMI using an EHR database in an LMIC institution. Method We conducted a retrospective cohort study using EHRs from 2005–2022 at Clínica San Juan de Dios Manizales, a specialised mental health facility in Colombia, including 22 447 patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BPD) or severe/recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD). Using diagnostic codes and clinical notes, we analysed the frequency of suicidality and psychosis across diagnoses, patterns of diagnostic switching and the accumulation of comorbidities. Mixed-effect logistic regression was used to identify factors influencing diagnostic stability. Results High frequencies of suicidality and psychosis were observed across diagnoses of SCZ, BPD and MDD. Most patients (64%) received multiple diagnoses over time, including switches between primary SMI diagnoses (19%), diagnostic comorbidities (30%) or both (15%). Predictors of diagnostic switching included mentions of delusions (odds ratio = 1.47, 95% CI 1.34–1.61), prior diagnostic switching (odds ratio = 4.01, 95% CI 3.7–4.34) and time in treatment, independent of age (log of visit number; odds ratio = 0.57, 95% CI 0.54–0.61). Over 80% of patients reached diagnostic stability within 6 years of their first record. Conclusions Integrating structured and unstructured EHR data reveals transdiagnostic patterns in SMI and predictors of disease trajectories, highlighting the potential of EHR-based tools for research and precision psychiatry in LMICs.

Moving from exploratory to confirmatory network analysis: An evaluation of structural equation modeling fit indices and cutoff values in network psychometrics.

2025-06-23

Xinkai Du , Nora Skjerdingstad , René Freichel +3 more | Psychological Methods

Network models are well-suited for phenomena detection, and most empirical network studies have been exploratory so far. Yet, due to the close connections between (Gaussian) networks and structural equation modeling … Network models are well-suited for phenomena detection, and most empirical network studies have been exploratory so far. Yet, due to the close connections between (Gaussian) networks and structural equation modeling (SEM), confirmatory testing and SEM fit indices are readily applicable to network modeling as well. However, no study to date has evaluated how SEM fit indices perform in confirmatory network analysis (CNA), and what criteria should be applied. This study examined the applicability of SEM fit indices and their conventional cutoff values in CNA. We employed a panel graphical autoregressive model for its generalizability to network models in both cross-sectional (Gaussian graphical models) and N = 1 time-series cases (graphical autoregressive models). Using simulations, we analyzed the performance of fit indices to test hypothesized network structures and evaluate stationarity, under varying number of variables (nodes), sample sizes, and measurement waves. Most fit indices performed well, except that Type I incremental fit indices showed high false rejection rates. Conventional SEM cutoffs are largely generalizable to CNA as preliminary assessment criteria when dynamical cutoffs are unavailable. However, we recommend stricter cutoff values (e.g., 0.03/0.04 for the root-mean-square error of approximation [RMSEA] and 0.96/0.97 for incremental fit indices) in hypothesis testing or direct replication studies if researchers aim for more precise testing or exact replications. For detecting network structure non-stationarity, stricter RMSEA cutoffs (0.03/0.04) are advised. This study validates the use of SEM fit criteria for confirmatory network psychometrics and encourages theory-testing and replication studies in network research, providing practical recommendations for using SEM fit indices in confirmatory network testing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Supplemental Material for The Inadequacy of Normative Ratings for Building Stimulus Sets in Affective Science

2025-06-23

| Emotion

Personalized prediction and intervention for adolescent mental health: multimodal temporal modeling using transformer

2025-06-23

Guiyuan Zhang , Shuang Li | Frontiers in Psychiatry

Introduction Adolescent mental health problems are becoming increasingly serious, making early prediction and personalized intervention important research topics. Existing methods face limitations in handling complex emotional fluctuations and multimodal data … Introduction Adolescent mental health problems are becoming increasingly serious, making early prediction and personalized intervention important research topics. Existing methods face limitations in handling complex emotional fluctuations and multimodal data fusion. Methods To address these challenges, we propose a novel model, MPHI Trans, which integrates multimodal data and temporal modeling techniques to accurately capture dynamic changes in adolescent mental health status. Results Experimental results on the DAIC-WOZ and WESAD datasets demonstrate that MPHI Trans significantly outperforms advanced models such as BERT, T5, and XLNet. On DAIC-WOZ, MPHI Trans achieved an accuracy of 89%, recall of 84%, precision of 85%, F1 score of 84%, and AUC-ROC of 92%. On WESAD, the model attained an accuracy of 88%, recall of 81%, precision of 82%, F1 score of 81%, and AUC-ROC of 91%. Discussion Ablation studies confirm the critical contributions of the temporal modeling and multimodal fusion modules, as their removal substantially degrades model performance, underscoring their indispensable roles in capturing emotional fluctuations and information fusion.

Correction: Social, lifestyle, and health status characteristics as a proxy for occupational burnout identification: a network approach analysis

2025-06-23

Fengshi Jing , Mengyuan Cheng , Jing Li +7 more | Frontiers in Psychiatry

Push and Pull: A Framework for Measuring Attentional Agency on Digital Platforms

2025-06-23

Zachary Wojtowicz , Shrey Jain , Nicholas Vincent

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Sine of the times: Can sinusoidal waves model changes in the therapeutic alliance over time?

2025-06-23

Jonathan G. Shalom , Maya Korem , Asher Y. Strauss +3 more | Internet Interventions

A Comprehensive Study: Mental Health Status Prediction Using Machine Learning

2025-06-23

Kailash Pati Mandal | INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

Mental health is a growing concern in modern society, especially in high-pressure work environments. With increasing awareness and the availability of large-scale mental health survey data, predictive modeling using machine … Mental health is a growing concern in modern society, especially in high-pressure work environments. With increasing awareness and the availability of large-scale mental health survey data, predictive modeling using machine learning (ML) techniques has emerged as a powerful tool for early diagnosis and support. This research presents a comprehensive pipeline that includes data preprocessing, feature engineering, model building, evaluation, and visualization to predict whether an individual will seek treatment for mental health issues. Multiple models including logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, k-nearest neighbors (KNN), bagging, boosting, stacking, and neural networks are implemented and evaluated. The stacking classifier showed the best performance with an accuracy of 81.7%. The results highlight the importance of factors like work interference, anonymity, and benefits in influencing mental health treatment-seeking behavior. Keywords: Mental Health, Machine learning, Artificial Intelligence, psychometric

Relationship between Chinese Partners’ Marital Attitudes and Conflict Coping: A Network Analysis

2025-06-23

Hongyi Lin , Hong Zheng , Xiao Kong | Psychological Studies

The Association Between Mental Health Indices and the Chronotypes Measured by Single-Item Chronotyping in Young Adults

2025-06-23

Katarzyna Nowakowska‐Domagała , Małgorzata Juraś-Darowny , Jacek Koprowicz +3 more | Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background: Chronotype reflects individual variations in daily activity and sleep patterns, influenced by underlying circadian rhythms. While chronotype is often reduced to the morningness–eveningness spectrum, recent evidence suggests more diverse … Background: Chronotype reflects individual variations in daily activity and sleep patterns, influenced by underlying circadian rhythms. While chronotype is often reduced to the morningness–eveningness spectrum, recent evidence suggests more diverse circadian typologies. Chronotype is linked to mental health, frequently associated with psychiatric disorders such as depression and suicide. This study aims to examine differences among six chronotypes (as defined by Single-Item Chronotyping) in mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, interpersonal relations, general functioning, suicidal behavior, and suicide acceptance. Methods: The study sample consisted of 306 young adults. Chronotype was determined using the Polish version of Single-Item Chronotyping (SIC). Mental health was assessed with the 30-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30), which evaluates three dimensions: depression and anxiety, interpersonal relations, and general functioning. The Suicide Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ-R) measured past and potential future suicidal tendencies, while the Suicide Acceptance Questionnaire (SAQ) assessed attitudes toward the act of suicide. Results: The “daytime sleepy” and “moderately active” chronotypes were identified as at higher risk for mental health issues. These types exhibited greater levels of depression and anxiety, more general dysfunction, and a higher risk of suicidal behavior. The “daytime sleepy” type also experienced more interpersonal relationship difficulties compared to the “daytime active” type. Conclusions: Recognizing the “daytime sleepy” and “moderately active” types as risk factors highlights the importance of considering chronotype in mental health assessments. The SIC provides a concise method for monitoring circadian rhythm changes during treatment, facilitating tailored interventions such as modifying treatment schedules or lifestyle adjustments in alignment with an individual’s circadian rhythm.

The impact of executive functions on English academic performance among Chinese primary school students: A network analysis

2025-06-21

Chao Ma , M. Song , Xin Zhao | Learning and Instruction

Disaggregating Associations of Between-Person Differences in Change over Time from Within-Person Associations in Longitudinal Data

2025-06-21

Lesa Hoffman | Multivariate Behavioral Research

Longitudinal designs afford the opportunity to examine the many different ways in which variables can be related over time, which can be both a blessing and a curse. Much has … Longitudinal designs afford the opportunity to examine the many different ways in which variables can be related over time, which can be both a blessing and a curse. Much has been written about the need to distinguish between-person relations of individual mean differences from within-person relations of time-specific residuals for time-varying predictors. The present work expands on this topic by describing the need to further distinguish between-person relations among individual slopes for change over time. Using simulation methods, this problem is demonstrated within univariate longitudinal models (i.e., multilevel or mixed-effects models using observed predictors), as well as in multivariate longitudinal models (i.e., structural equation models using latent predictors). The discussion presents recommendations for practice, along with caveats and concerns regarding related longitudinal models for lead-lag effects.

Nonlinear Dynamical Model and Analysis of Emotional Propagation Based on Caputo Derivative

2025-06-20

Liang Hong , Lipu Zhang | Mathematics

Conventional integer-order models fail to adequately capture non-local memory effects and constrained nonlinear interactions in emotional dynamics. To address these limitations, we propose a coupled framework that integrates Caputo fractional … Conventional integer-order models fail to adequately capture non-local memory effects and constrained nonlinear interactions in emotional dynamics. To address these limitations, we propose a coupled framework that integrates Caputo fractional derivatives with hyperbolic tangent–based interaction functions. The fractional-order term quantifies power-law memory decay in affective states, while the nonlinear component regulates connection strength through emotional difference thresholds. Mathematical analysis establishes the existence and uniqueness of solutions with continuous dependence on initial conditions and proves the local asymptotic stability of network equilibria (Wij*=1δsech2(∥Ei−Ej∥), e.g., W*≈1.40 under typical parameters η=0.5, δ=0.3). We further derive closed-form expressions for the steady-state variance under stochastic perturbations (Var(Wij)=σζ22ηδ) and demonstrate a less than 6% deviation between simulated and theoretical values when σζ=0.1. Numerical experiments using the Euler–Maruyama method validate the convergence of connection weights toward the predicted equilibrium, reveal Gaussian features in the stationary distributions, and confirm power-law scaling between noise intensity and variance. The numerical accuracy of the fractional system is further verified through L1 discretization, with observed error convergence consistent with theoretical expectations for μ=0.5. This framework advances the mechanistic understanding of co-evolutionary dynamics in emotion-modulated social networks, supporting applications in clinical intervention design, collective sentiment modeling, and psychophysiological coupling research.

Leveraging machine learning to uncover the hidden links between trusting behavior and biological markers

2025-06-20

Zimu Cao , Daiki Setoyama , Monica Natsumi Daudelin +6 more | Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience

Understanding the decision-making mechanisms underlying trust is essential, particularly for individuals with mental disorders who often experience difficulties in forming interpersonal trust. In this study, we aimed to explore biomarkers … Understanding the decision-making mechanisms underlying trust is essential, particularly for individuals with mental disorders who often experience difficulties in forming interpersonal trust. In this study, we aimed to explore biomarkers associated with trust-based decision-making through quantitative analysis. However, quantifying internal decision-making processes is challenging, as they are not directly observable. To address this, we developed a machine learning method based on a Bayesian hierarchical model to quantitatively infer latent decision-making parameters from behavioural data collected during a trust game. Applying this method to data from patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy controls (HCs), we estimated individualised model parameters that regulate trust-related decisions. The model successfully predicted participants' behaviours in the task. Although no significant group-level differences were observed in the estimated parameters between the MDD and HC groups, we uncovered hidden links between trust-related decision-making processes and specific blood biomarkers. Notably, metabolites such as 5-aminolevulinic acid, acetylcarnitine, and 2-aminobutyric acid were significantly associated with individual differences in trusting behaviour. These findings provide valuable insight into the biological basis of trust-based decision-making. They also offer a novel framework for integrating behavioural modelling with biomarker discovery, potentially informing the development of targeted interventions to enhance social functioning and overall well-being.

Do core motives differ from broad personality trait dimensions in their changeability and susceptibility to life experiences?

2025-06-20

Christian Kandler , Annika Tave Overlander , Wiebke Bleidorn | European Journal of Personality

Personality changes across the lifespan, primarily driven by environmental factors. However, environmental influences on personality, such as those related to life events, have been unsystematic, inconsistent, and difficult to replicate. … Personality changes across the lifespan, primarily driven by environmental factors. However, environmental influences on personality, such as those related to life events, have been unsystematic, inconsistent, and difficult to replicate. One explanation for the mixed body of evidence may be that some personality characteristics are more prone to environmental changes than others. In the present study, we analyzed self- and informant reports across three assessment waves in 3150 individuals (14–91 years, 62% female) to compare the stability and changeability of broad HEXACO trait dimensions (e.g., Emotionality and Openness) and core motives (e.g., Growth and Self-Protection) using latent variable and growth-curve modeling. We then compared both constructs in their susceptibility to 21 life-event categories using latent change modeling. We found marginal differences in the changeability of broad trait dimensions and core motives. While there were no consistent differences in event effects on change in both constructs, effects on the probability of experiencing events were significantly larger for core motives than for broad traits. The results provide no evidence for the hypotheses that core motives are more changeable and environmentally malleable than broad traits. In contrast, our results indicate selection effects rather than event effects and that motives primarily drive life experiences.

Potential for Individualized Conditioning Support for Athletes Through the Psychological Network Approach

2025-06-20

Keigo Hatto , Takahiro Shimizu , Hiroshi Ueda +1 more | Japanese Journal of Sport Psychology

Transdiagnostic profiles based on temperamental reactivity and effortful control dimensions in older adult psychiatric inpatients

2025-06-20

Xenia Brancart , Eva Dierckx , Rudi De Raedt +3 more | Aging & Mental Health

This study explored transdiagnostic temperamental profiles, based on Effortful Control (EC), Behaviour Inhibition System (BIS) and Behaviour Activation System (BAS). The clinical relevance of these profiles was investigated by examining … This study explored transdiagnostic temperamental profiles, based on Effortful Control (EC), Behaviour Inhibition System (BIS) and Behaviour Activation System (BAS). The clinical relevance of these profiles was investigated by examining differences in psychopathology. The objectives were examined in 305 older adult psychiatric inpatients (M = 66.71; SD = 4.77). Temperamental dimensions were measured by the BIS/BAS-scale and Effortful Control scale, while psychopathology was assessed with the SCL-90-R, ADP-IV, Utrecht Coping List and Young Schema Questionnaire. Through a two-step cluster analysis, we identified two distinct profiles: a resilient group (n = 130) characterized by high EC, low BIS and BAS, and an overcontrolled/dysregulated group (n = 175) characterized by lower EC, high BIS and rather high BAS. We could not corroborate an undercontrolled profile. Compared to the resilient profile, individuals with the overcontrolled/dysregulated profile reported more dysfunctional characteristics, including increased clinical symptoms, personality disorders, maladaptive coping styles and schemas. These findings highlight the protective role of high EC against psychopathology. Future research should explore the effectiveness of (neurocognitive) interventions aimed at improving top-down regulatory abilities such as EC in less resilient older adults. Understanding temperament-based profiles can inform transdiagnostic assessment and treatment approaches for older adults.

Differential Diagnosis in Disorders with Depressive Symptoms: Exact Clinical Framing and Proposal of the “Perrotta Depressive Symptoms Assessment”

2025-06-20

Perrotta Giulio , Stefano Eleuteri , Irene Petruccelli | Psychiatry International

Introduction: In the literature, depression is a medical condition that is well known and has been studied for decades, yet in clinical practice it often happens that depressive symptoms are … Introduction: In the literature, depression is a medical condition that is well known and has been studied for decades, yet in clinical practice it often happens that depressive symptoms are confused with structured disorders or complexes. This incorrect interpretation can lead the psychiatrist to choose to make a psychopharmacological prescription, relegating psychotherapy to mere support or in any case reducing its importance, risking making the patient’s symptoms chronic and overloading the healthcare system. Materials and Methods: The literature up to December 2024 was reviewed and 40 articles were included in the review. A pilot study was conducted to verify the effectiveness and validation of the proposed theoretical model. Results: We propose the use of the “Perrotta Depressive Symptoms Assessment” (PDSYA) for the differential diagnosis in disorders with the manifestation of depressive symptoms, to facilitate the correct diagnosis and to reduce interpretative errors, both at a nosographic and therapeutic level. Conclusions: In the pilot study, in the content validity analysis, all items obtained a CVR score greater than the cut-off value, with a minimum score of 0.811. Therefore, all items of the scale were considered essential; also, regarding the relevance of the items in exploring the constructs investigated, optimal values of I-CVI (>0.93) and scale (S-CVI > 0.98) were obtained. Therefore, all items were rated as relevant. The validation study of the model is underway with a representative sample.

A network approach to understanding the antecedents of teachers’ turnover intention: Linking job and personal resources, work engagement and burnout

2025-06-20

Yixuan Liu , Yingying Hu , Tao Lin +3 more | Teaching and Teacher Education

Sex Differences in the Network Structures of Depressive Symptom Profiles in Asian Patients with Depressive Disorders: Findings From the REAP-AD3

2025-06-20

Han Seul Kim , Seonjae Lee , Jeongha Lee +7 more | Acta Neuropsychiatrica

Abstract Background: Depression is a complex mental health disorder with highly heterogeneous symptoms that vary significantly across individuals, influenced by various factors, including sex and regional contexts. Network analysis is … Abstract Background: Depression is a complex mental health disorder with highly heterogeneous symptoms that vary significantly across individuals, influenced by various factors, including sex and regional contexts. Network analysis is an analytical method that provides a robust framework for evaluating the heterogeneity of depressive symptoms and identifying their potential clinical implications. Objective: To investigate sex-specific differences in the network structures of depressive symptoms in Asian patients diagnosed with depressive disorders, using data from the Research on Asian Psychotropic Prescription Patterns for Antidepressants, Phase 3, which was conducted in 2023. Methods: A network analysis of 10 depressive symptoms defined according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines was performed. The sex-specific differences in the network structures of the depressive symptoms were examined using the Network Comparison Test. Subgroup analysis of the sex-specific differences in the network structures was performed according to geographical region classifications, including East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South or West Asia. Results: A total of 998 men and 1,915 women with depression were analysed in this study. The analyses showed that all 10 depressive symptoms were grouped into a single cluster. Low self-confidence and loss of interest emerged as the most central nodes for men and women, respectively. In addition, a significant difference in global strength invariance was observed between the networks. In the regional subgroup analysis, only East Asian men showed two distinct clustering patterns. In addition, significant differences in global strength and network structure were observed only between East Asian men and women. Conclusion: The study highlights the sex-specific differences in depressive symptom networks across Asian countries. The results revealed that low self-confidence and loss of interest are the main symptoms of depression in Asian men and women, respectively. The network connections were more localised in men, whereas women showed a more diverse network. Among the Asian subgroups analysed, only East Asians exhibited significant differences in network structure. The considerable effects of neurovegetative symptoms in men may indicate potential neurobiological underpinnings of depression in the East Asian population.