Arts and Humanities Philosophy

Media, Religion, Digital Communication

Description

This cluster of papers explores the intersection of religion and digital technology, encompassing topics such as the influence of the internet on religious authority, the formation of online religious communities, the mediatization of religious practices, virtual reality in religious contexts, the development of religious mobile applications, and the cultural adaptation of traditional religious practices to digital platforms.

Keywords

Digital Religion; Internet; Religious Authority; Online Community; Cyberspace; Mediatization; Virtual Reality; Mobile Applications; Social Media; Cultural Adaptation

From the Publisher: How the convergence of mobile communications and computing is driving the next social revolution-transforming the ways in which people meet, mate, work, buy, sell, govern, and create. … From the Publisher: How the convergence of mobile communications and computing is driving the next social revolution-transforming the ways in which people meet, mate, work, buy, sell, govern, and create. When Howard Rheingold sneaks off down an untrodden trail, everyone else follows. He is always onto something marvelous no one has seen before. An ever-considerate guide, he navigates this new world with ease, compassion, and grace, and gives you the inside story, with no punches pulled. Tech talk? Howard could get your mother to understand. From Tokyo to Helsinki, Manhattan to Manila, Howard Rheingold takes us on a journey around the world for a preview of the next techno-cultural shift-a shift he predicts will be as dramatic as the widespread adoption of the PC in the 1980s and the Internet in the 1990s. The coming wave, says Rheingold, is the result of super-efficient mobile communications-cellular phones, personal digital assistants, and wireless-paging and Internet-access devices that will allow us to connect with anyone, anywhere, anytime. From the amusing (Lovegetty devices in Japan that light up when a person with the right date-potential characteristics appears in the vicinity) to the extraordinary (the overthrow of a repressive regime in the Philippines by political activists who mobilized by forwarding text messages via cell phones), Rheingold gives examples of the fundamentally new ways in which people are already engaging in group or collective action. He also considers the dark side of this phenomenon, such as the coordination of terrorist cells, threats to privacy, and the ability to incite violent behavior. Applying insights from sociology, artificial intelligence, engineering, and anthropology, Rheingold offers a penetrating perspective on the brave new convergence of pop culture, cutting-edge technology, and social activism. At the same time, he reminds us that, as with other technological revolutions, the real impact of mobile communications will come not from the technology itself but from how people use it, resist it, adapt to it, and ultimately use it to transform themselves, their communities, and their institutions. Author Biography: Howard Rheingold is one of the world's foremost authorities on the social implications of technology. Over the past twenty years he has traveled around the world, observing and writing about emerging trends in computing, communications, and culture. One of the creators and former founding executive editor of HotWired, he has served as editor of The Whole Earth Review, editor-in-chief of The Millennium Whole Earth Catalog, and on-line host for The Well. The author of several books, including The Virtual Community, Virtual Reality, and Tools for Thought, he lives in Mill Valley, California.
From the Publisher: No one can deny the stunning impact of Internet technology upon culture - driving the growth of commerce and spurring communications to a frantic speed. Inevitably, consumers … From the Publisher: No one can deny the stunning impact of Internet technology upon culture - driving the growth of commerce and spurring communications to a frantic speed. Inevitably, consumers demanding faster, cheaper, more have begun to seek encounters with the otherworldly, thus launching religion into cyberspace. Tracking this movement in her compelling book, Give Me That Online Religion, Brenda Brasher explores the meaning of electronic faith and the future of traditional religion. As the Internet overcomes barriers of time and space, religion enjoys an ever-increasing accessibility on a global scale. Operating online allows long-established religious communities to reach the unaffiliated as never before. More startling is the ease by which anyone with Internet access can create new circles of faith. Bringing religion online also has the effect of closing the gap between pop culture and the sacred. Electronic shrines and kitschy personal Web altars express adoration for living celebrities, just as they honor the memory of long-departed martyrs. Looking to the future, Brasher braves a new world in which cyber-concepts and technologies challenge conventional ideas about the human condition - all the while attempting to realize age-old religious ideals of transcendence and eternal life. As the Internet continues its rapid absorption of culture, Give Me That Online Religion offers pause for thought about spirituality in the cyber-age. Religion's move to the online world does not mean technology's triumph over faith. Rather, Brasher argues, it assures religion's place in the wired universe, along with commerce and communications - meeting the spiritual demands of Internet generations to come.--BOOK JACKET.
Reviewed Medium: book Authors: J. Y. Peel Year: 2000 Pages: xi + 420 Publisher: Indiana University Press Prices: $24.95 Reviewed Medium: book Authors: J. Y. Peel Year: 2000 Pages: xi + 420 Publisher: Indiana University Press Prices: $24.95
If asked, most people would agree that there are deep connections between technology and the modern world, and even that technology is the truly distinctive feature of modernity. Until recently, … If asked, most people would agree that there are deep connections between technology and the modern world, and even that technology is the truly distinctive feature of modernity. Until recently, however, there has been surprisingly little overlap between technology studies and modernity theory. The goal of this ambitious book is to lay the foundations for a new interdisciplinary field by closely examining the co-construction of technology and modernity. The book is divided into three parts. Part I lays the methodological groundwork for combining studies of technology and modernity, while integrating ideas drawn from feminism, critical theory, philosophy, sociology, and socioeconomics. Part II continues the methodological discussion, focusing on specific sociotechnical systems or technologies with prominent relations to modernity. Part III introduces practical and political issues by considering alternative modes of technology development and offering critiques of modern medicine, environmental technology, international development, and technology policy. The book as a whole suggests a broad research program that is both academic and applied and that will help us understand how contemporary societies can govern technologies instead of being governed by them.
Anthropology as Cultural Critique helped redefine cultural anthropology in the 1980s. Now, with Emergent Forms of Life and the Anthropological Voice, pathbreaking scholar Michael M. J. Fischer moves the discussion … Anthropology as Cultural Critique helped redefine cultural anthropology in the 1980s. Now, with Emergent Forms of Life and the Anthropological Voice, pathbreaking scholar Michael M. J. Fischer moves the discussion to a consideration of the groundwork laid in the 1990s for engagements with the fast-changing worlds of technoscience, telemedia saturation, and the reconstruction of societies after massive trauma. Fischer argues that new methodologies and conceptual tools are necessitated by the fact that cultures of every kind are becoming more complex and differentiated at the same time that globalization and modernization are bringing them into exponentially increased interaction. Anthropology, Fischer explains, now operates in a series of third spaces well beyond the nineteenth- and twentieth-century dualisms of us/them, primitive/civilized, East/West, or North/South. He contends that more useful paradigms—such as informatics, multidimensional scaling, autoimmunity, and visual literacy beyond the frame—derive from the contemporary sciences and media technologies. A vigorous advocate of the anthropological voice and method, Fischer emphasizes the ethical dimension of cultural anthropology. Ethnography, he suggests, is uniquely situated to gather and convey observations fundamental to the creation of new social institutions for an evolving civil society. In Emergent Forms of Life and the Anthropological Voice Fischer considers a dazzling array of subjects—among them Iranian and Polish cinema, cyberspace, autobiographical and fictional narrative, and genomic biotechnologies—and, in the process, demonstrates a cultural anthropology for a highly networked world. He lays the groundwork for a renewed and powerful twenty-first-century anthropology characterized by a continued insistence on empirical fieldwork, engagements with other disciplines, and dialogue with interlocutors around the globe.
Taking as a starting point the paradox that immediacy is not prior to, but rather a product of mediation, this article argues that the negotiation of newly available media technologies … Taking as a starting point the paradox that immediacy is not prior to, but rather a product of mediation, this article argues that the negotiation of newly available media technologies is key to the transformation of religion. Invoked to authorise sensations of spiritual powers as immediate and real, media are prone to ‘disappear’ or become ‘hyper‐apparent’ in the act of mediation. I argue that a view of media as intrinsic to religion requires a fundamental critique of approaches of both religion and media that posit an opposition between media and immediacy.
Preface - Introduction - PART 1 PHENOMENOLOGICAL - The Soteriological Character of Post-Axial Religion - Salvation/Liberation as Human Transformation - The Cosmic Optimism of Post-Axial Religion - PART 2 THE … Preface - Introduction - PART 1 PHENOMENOLOGICAL - The Soteriological Character of Post-Axial Religion - Salvation/Liberation as Human Transformation - The Cosmic Optimism of Post-Axial Religion - PART 2 THE RELIGIOUS AMBIGUITY OF THE UNIVERSE - Ontological, Cosmological and Design Arguments - Morality, Experience and Overall Probability - The Naturalistic Option - PART 3 EPISTEMOLOGICAL - Natural Meaning and Experience - Ethical and Aesthetic Meaning and Experience - Religious Meaning and Experience - Religion and Reality - Contemporary non-Realist Religion - The Rationality of Religious Belief - PART 4 THE PLURALISTIC HYPOTHESIS - The Pluralistic Hypothesis - The Personae of the Real - The Impersonae of the Real - PART 5 CRITERIOLOGICAL - Soteriology and Ethics - The Moral Criterion - Myths, Mysteries and the Unanswered Questions - The Problem of Conflicting Truth-Claims - Epilogue: the Future - Bibliography - Index
Stages in the development of human communication the emergence of the mass press the development of motion pictures the establishment of the broadcase media the mass media as social systems … Stages in the development of human communication the emergence of the mass press the development of motion pictures the establishment of the broadcase media the mass media as social systems mass society and the magic bullet theory theories of selective influence socialization and theories of indirect influence mass communication and the construction of meaning theoretical strategies for persuasion media system depending theory emerging media systems.
Current perspectives in mass communication research , Current perspectives in mass communication research , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع) Current perspectives in mass communication research , Current perspectives in mass communication research , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
hen an individual enters the presence of oth ers, they commonly seek to acquire information about him or to bring into play information about him already possessed. They will be … hen an individual enters the presence of oth ers, they commonly seek to acquire information about him or to bring into play information about him already possessed. They will be interested in his general socio-economic status, his concep tion of self, his attitude toward them, his compe tence, his trustworthiness, etc. Although some of this information seems to be sought almost as an end in itself, there are usually quite practical reasons for acquiring it. Information about the individual helps to define the situation, enabling others to know in advance what he will expect of them and what they may expect of him. Informed in these ways, the others will know how best to act in order to call forth a desired response from him. For those present, many sources of information become accessible and many carriers (or “signvehicles”) become available for conveying this information. If unacquainted with the individual, observers can glean clues from his conduct and appearance which allow them to apply their previ ous experience with individuals roughly similar to the one before them or, more important, to apply untested stereotypes to him. They can also assume from past experience that only individuals of a par ticular kind are likely to be found in a given social setting. They can rely on what the individual says about himself or on documentary evidence he provides as to who and what he is. If they know, or know of, the individual by virtue of experience prior to the interaction, they can rely on assumptions as to the persistence and generality of psychological traits as a means of predicting his present and future behavior. However, during the period in which the indi vidual is in the immediate presence of the others, few events may occur which directly provide the others with the conclusive information they will need if they are to direct wisely their own activity . Many crucial facts lie beyond the time and place of interaction or lie concealed within it. For example, the “true” or “real” attitudes, beliefs, and emotions of the individual can be ascertained only indirectly , through his avowals or through what appears to be involuntary expressive behavior. Similarly , if the individual offers the others a product or service, they will often find that during the interaction there will be no time and place immediately available for eating the pudding that the proof can be found in. They will be forced to accept some events as con ventional or natural signs of something not directly available to the senses. In Ichheiser ’s terms, 1 the individual will have to act so that he intentionally or unintentionally expresses himself, and the others will in turn have to be impressed in some way by him.…
Journal Article Understanding the Relationship between Religion Online and Offline in a Networked Society Get access Heidi A. Campbell Heidi A. Campbell * *Heidi A. Campbell, Department of Communication, Texas … Journal Article Understanding the Relationship between Religion Online and Offline in a Networked Society Get access Heidi A. Campbell Heidi A. Campbell * *Heidi A. Campbell, Department of Communication, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4234, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. I would like to thank Mia Lövheim, Peter Horsfield, Cara Wallis, and Joshua Heuman for their careful reading and thoughtful feedback on drafts of this article, as well as the JAAR's anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. I also wish to acknowledge the input of Christopher Helland and Barry Wellman with whom I have shared many conversations over the past decade, which have inspired and shaped my thinking about "networked religion." Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume 80, Issue 1, March 2012, Pages 64–93, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfr074 Published: 08 November 2011
AbstractThis paper presents findings from a study of Instagram use and funerary practices that analysed photographs shared on public profiles tagged with '#funeral'. We found that the majority of images … AbstractThis paper presents findings from a study of Instagram use and funerary practices that analysed photographs shared on public profiles tagged with '#funeral'. We found that the majority of images uploaded with the hashtag #funeral often communicated a person's emotional circumstances and affective context, and allowed them to reposition their funeral experience amongst wider networks of acquaintances, friends, and family. We argue that photo-sharing through Instagram echoes broader shifts in commemorative and memorialization practices, moving away from formal and institutionalized rituals to informal and personalized, vernacular practices. Finally, we consider how Instagram's 'platform vernacular' unfolds in relation to traditions and contexts of death, mourning, and memorialization. This research contributes to a broader understanding of how platform vernaculars are shaped through the logics of architecture and use. This research also directly contributes to the understanding of death and digital media by examining how social media is being mobilized in relation to death, the differences that different media platforms make, and the ways social media are increasingly entwined with the places, events, and rituals of mourning.Keywords: Instagramplatform vernacularhashtagfuneralphoto-sharingselfie AcknowledgementsWe want to thank Mitchell Harrop for his assistance with data collection.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).FundingThis work was supported by the Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Projects funding scheme (project number DP140101871); and the Institute for a Broadband Enabled Society.Notes on contributorsMartin Gibbs is a senior lecturer in Computing and Information Systems at The University of Melbourne. His current teaching and research interests lie at the intersection of science and technology studies, and human–computer interaction, and are focused on the sociable use of interactive technologies. He is the co-editor of the book From Social Butterfly to Engaged Citizen, a new work on ICTs and civic engagement, recently published by the MIT Press and Chief Investigator on the Australia Research Council funded project Digital Commemoration. [email: [email protected]]James Meese is a research fellow at The University of Melbourne, working on the Australian Research Council-funded project Digital Commemoration, investigating contemporary practices of digital commemoration and their wider social and cultural implications. He recently completed his doctoral dissertation and investigated the cultural politics of copyright law and subjectivity. He also conducts research on mobile media, post-broadcast television, privacy law, media regulation, and sports media. [email: [email protected]]Michael Arnold is a senior lecturer in the History and Philosophy of Science Program at The University of Melbourne. His ongoing teaching and research activities lie at the intersection of contemporary technologies and our society and culture. In recent years, Michael's research projects include studies of social networking in six locations across the Asia-Pacific; high-speed broadband in the domestic context; ethical and governance issues associated with the electronic health record; digital storytelling by young aboriginals; and digital commemoration. [email: [email protected]]Bjorn Nansen is a research fellow in the Department of Computing and Information Systems at The University of Melbourne. He is a researcher of digital media and culture, with interests in technology adoption and innovation, screen and interface ecologies, family and children's media use, material culture studies, and critical theory of technology. His current research investigates young children and interactive media, broadband in the home, and digital commemoration. [email: [email protected]]Marcus Carter is a Research Fellow in the Microsoft Research Centre for Social NUI at The University of Melbourne, investigating the ways that natural user interfaces (such as the Kinect) can create social experiences in the home. He is in the final stages of completing his Ph.D on Treacherous Play in EVE Online. [email: [email protected]]
Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Fourth Edition Chapter 1: What Is Propaganda, and How Does It Differ … Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Fourth Edition Chapter 1: What Is Propaganda, and How Does It Differ From Persuasion? Chapter 2: Propaganda Through the Ages Chapter 3: Propaganda Institutionalized Chapter 4: Propaganda and Persuasion Examined Chapter 5: Propaganda and Psychological Warfare Chapter 6: How to Analyze Propaganda Chatper 7: Propaganda in Action: Four Case Studies Chapter 8: How Propaganda Works in Modern Society
Examines the public presence of religion in the information age worldwide. Examines the public presence of religion in the information age worldwide.
`A panoramic view of American culture ... Television needs this kind of analysis.' Christian Science Monitor . `A panoramic view of American culture ... Television needs this kind of analysis.' Christian Science Monitor .
The article presents a theoretical framework for the understanding of how media work as agents of religious change. At the centre of this theory is the concept of mediatization. Through … The article presents a theoretical framework for the understanding of how media work as agents of religious change. At the centre of this theory is the concept of mediatization. Through the process of mediatization, religion is increasingly being subsumed under the logic of the media. As conduits of communication, the media have become the primary source of religious ideas, in particular in the form of banal religion. As a language the media mould religious imagination in accordance with the genres of popular culture, and as cultural environments the media have taken over many of the social functions of the institutionalized religions, providing both moral and spiritual guidance and a sense of community. Finally, the results of a national survey in Denmark are presented in order to substantiate the theoretical arguments and illustrate how the mediatization of religion has made popular media texts important sources of spiritual interest.
Drawing on recent advances in mediatisation theory, the article presents a theoretical framework for understanding the increased interplay between religion and media. The media have become an important, if not … Drawing on recent advances in mediatisation theory, the article presents a theoretical framework for understanding the increased interplay between religion and media. The media have become an important, if not primary, source of information about religious issues, and religious information and experiences become moulded according to the demands of popular media genres. As a cultural and social environment, the media have taken over many of the cultural and social functions of the institutionalised religions and provide spiritual guidance, moral orientation, ritual passages and a sense of community and belonging. Furthermore, the article considers the relationship between mediatisation and secularisation at three levels: society, organisation and individual. At the level of society, mediatisation is an integral part of secularisation. At the level of organisation and the individual, mediatisation may both encourage secular practices and beliefs and invite religious imaginations typically of a more subjectivised nature.
New Media in the Muslim World: The Emerging Public Sphere. Dale F. Eickelman and Jon W. Anderson, eds. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. vii + 213 pp., photographs, illustrations, glossary, … New Media in the Muslim World: The Emerging Public Sphere. Dale F. Eickelman and Jon W. Anderson, eds. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. vii + 213 pp., photographs, illustrations, glossary, contributors, index.
International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering (A UGC Approved and indexed with DOI, ICI and Approved, DPI Digital Library) is one of the leading and growing open access, peer-reviewed, … International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering (A UGC Approved and indexed with DOI, ICI and Approved, DPI Digital Library) is one of the leading and growing open access, peer-reviewed, monthly, and scientific research journal for scientists, engineers, research scholars, and academicians, which gains a foothold in Asia and opens to the world, aims to publish original, theoretical and practical advances in Computer Science,Information Technology, Engineering (Software, Mechanical, Civil, Electronics & Electrical), and all interdisciplinary streams of Computing Sciences. It intends to disseminate original, scientific, theoretical or applied research in the field of Computer Sciences and allied fields. It provides a platform for publishing results and research with a strong empirical component. It aims to bridge the significant gap between research and practice by promoting the publication of original, novel, industry-relevant research.
Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Understanding Religious Communities Responses to Media 2. Religious Communities and the Internet 3. Considering How Religious Communities Construct Technology 4. History & Tradition: How History and Tradition … Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Understanding Religious Communities Responses to Media 2. Religious Communities and the Internet 3. Considering How Religious Communities Construct Technology 4. History & Tradition: How History and Tradition Shape Religious Communities Approach to New Media 5. Core Values: How Community Values Construct a Basis for Responding to Technology 6. Negotiating with New Media: To Accept, Reject or Reconfigure? 7. Communal Discourse: How Religious Communities Talk about new Media 8. Studying the Religious Culturing of New Media: The Case of the Kosher Cell Phone 9. Conclusion
Social media is a platform for people to discuss their issues and opinions.Before knowing the aspects of social media people must have to know what is social media?Social media are … Social media is a platform for people to discuss their issues and opinions.Before knowing the aspects of social media people must have to know what is social media?Social media are computer tools that allows people to share or exchange information's, ideas, images, videos and even more with each other through a particular network.In this paper we cover all aspects of social media with its positive and negative effect.Focus is on the particular field like business, education, society and youth.During this paper we describe how these media will affect society in a broad way.
Looking at the everyday interaction of religion and media in our cultural lives, Hoover's new book is a fascinating assessment of the state of modern religion. Recent years have produced … Looking at the everyday interaction of religion and media in our cultural lives, Hoover's new book is a fascinating assessment of the state of modern religion. Recent years have produced a marked turn away from institutionalized religions towards more autonomous, individual forms of the search for spiritual meaning. Film, television, the music industry and the internet are central to this process, cutting through the monolithic assertions of world religions and giving access to more diverse and fragmented ideals. While the sheer volume and variety of information travelling through global media changes modes of religious thought and commitment, the human desire for spirituality also invigorates popular culture itself, recreating commodities – film blockbusters, world sport and popular music – as contexts for religious meanings. Drawing on research into household media consumption, Hoover charts the way in which media and religion intermingle and collide in the cultural experience of media audiences. Religion in the Media Age is essential reading for everyone interested in how today mass media relates to contemporary religious and spiritual life.
"A World Without Work: Technology, Automation, and How We Should Respond." Theology and Science, 20(1), pp. 133–134 "A World Without Work: Technology, Automation, and How We Should Respond." Theology and Science, 20(1), pp. 133–134
Introduction 1. The Arguable Death of Postmodernism 2. The Digimodernist Text 3. A Prehistory of Digimodernism 4. Digimodernism and Web 2.0 5. Digimodernist Aesthetics 6. Digimodernist Culture 7. Toward a … Introduction 1. The Arguable Death of Postmodernism 2. The Digimodernist Text 3. A Prehistory of Digimodernism 4. Digimodernism and Web 2.0 5. Digimodernist Aesthetics 6. Digimodernist Culture 7. Toward a Digimodernist Society? Conclusion - Endless Notes Works Cited.
Part One Community Heidi Campbell Authority Pauline Cheong Greg Grieves Ritual Christopher Helland Identity Mia Lovheim Authenticity Kerstin Radde-Antweiler Part Two Japanese New Religions Online: Hikari no Wa and Net … Part One Community Heidi Campbell Authority Pauline Cheong Greg Grieves Ritual Christopher Helland Identity Mia Lovheim Authenticity Kerstin Radde-Antweiler Part Two Japanese New Religions Online: Hikari no Wa and Net Religion Erica Baffelli Digital Storytelling and Collective Religious Identity in a Moderate to Progressive Youth Group Lynn Schofield Clark and Jill Dierberg Islamizing New Media Nabil Echchaibi Charting Frontiers of Online Religious Communities: The Case of Chabad Jews Oren Golan Considering Religious Community through Online Churches Tim Hutchings >Go Online!< Said My Guardian Angel The Internet as Platform of Religious Negotiation Nadja Miczek The Kosher Cell Phone in Ultra-Orthodox Society: A Technological Ghetto within the Global Village? Tsuriel Rashi Hindu Worship Online and Offline Heinz Scheifinger Playing Muslim Hero: Constructing Religious Identity in Video Games Vit Sisler Formation of a Religious Technorati: Negotiations of Authority Among Australian Emerging Church Blogs Paul Teusner The Digital Bricoleur: Authenticity in a Wired World Rachel Wagner Virtual Buddhism: Buddhist Ritual in Second Life Louise Connelly Part Three Theology and the Internet Stephen Garner Theoretical Frameworks for Approaching and New Media Knut Lundby Ethics in Internet Research Mark Johns
Preface - Part One - Chapter 1: Descriptions and Definitional Strategy - Chapter 2: Definitions - Chapter 3: Five Inadequate Conceptions - Chapter 4: Four Only Partly Adequate Conceptions - … Preface - Part One - Chapter 1: Descriptions and Definitional Strategy - Chapter 2: Definitions - Chapter 3: Five Inadequate Conceptions - Chapter 4: Four Only Partly Adequate Conceptions - Chapter 5: Some Special Problems in the Study of Ritual - Chapter 6: Some Communication Theory Applied to Ritual Problems - Part Two - Chapter 7: Five Contributions of the Ritual Concept to Communication Studies - Chapter 8: Mediated Communication in Ritual Form - Chapter 9: Ritual Functions of Mediated Culture - Chapter 10: Political, Rhetorical, and Civic Rituals - Chapter 11: Ritual Communication Forms in Everyday Secular Life - Chapter 12: Ritual Conceptions of Culture and Communication - Chapter 13: Conclusion
Mediatization has emerged as a key concept to reconsider old, yet fundamental questions about the role and influence of media in culture and society. In particular the theory of mediatization … Mediatization has emerged as a key concept to reconsider old, yet fundamental questions about the role and influence of media in culture and society. In particular the theory of mediatization has proved fruitful for the analysis of how media spread to, become intertwined with, and influence other social institutions and cultural phenomena like politics, play and religion. This book presents a major contribution to the theoretical understanding of the mediatization of culture and society. This is supplemented by in-depth studies of: The mediatization of politics: From party press to opinion industry; The mediatization of religion: From the faith of the church to the enchantment of the media; The mediatization of play: From bricks to bytes; The mediatization of habitus: The social character of a new individualism. Mediatization represents a new social condition in which the media have emerged as an important institution in society at the same time as they have become integrated into the very fabric of social and cultural life. Making use of a broad conception of the media as technologies, institutions and aesthetic forms, Stig Hjarvard considers how characteristics of both old and new media come to influence human interaction, social institutions and cultural imaginations.
Anne Käfer | Oxford University Press eBooks
Abstract Already in his early speeches about religion the influential German theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher deals with the ubiquity of God in the universe, and he refers appreciatively to Spinoza. So … Abstract Already in his early speeches about religion the influential German theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher deals with the ubiquity of God in the universe, and he refers appreciatively to Spinoza. So it seems that Schleiermacher is open to endorsing a pantheistic religion. But in his later Christian Faith he underlines the absolute dependence of creation on its omnipresent Creator. So he distinguishes the omnipresent Creator from his physical creatures. For their salvation God has become Human; this is what Christians believe. Christ, the redeemer, gets incarnate at one moment in time and at one point in space. But how could this Christian salvation event be described coherently? Schleiermacher gives a very convincing answer which enables to think omnipresence and space-boundary in an excitingly connected way.
Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi dinamika perubahan perayaan tradisional dalam lanskap digital, dengan fokus pada peran media sosial dalam merekonstruksi bentuk, makna, dan pola partisipasi ritual budaya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis … Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi dinamika perubahan perayaan tradisional dalam lanskap digital, dengan fokus pada peran media sosial dalam merekonstruksi bentuk, makna, dan pola partisipasi ritual budaya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh penggunaan media sosial terhadap perubahan bentuk, makna, dan partisipasi dalam perayaan tradisional, serta memahami implikasi budaya dari transformasi tersebut dalam konteks era digital. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif berbasis studi literatur, kajian ini menganalisis sejumlah sumber ilmiah untuk memahami media sosial bukan hanya sebagai media dokumentasi, tetapi juga sebagai ruang budaya yang aktif membentuk ulang praktik tradisi. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa media sosial menghasilkan bentuk ritual baru yang menggabungkan unsur daring dan luring, serta mengaburkan batas antara yang sakral dan yang sehari-hari. Simbol-simbol budaya mengalami transformasi makna akibat penyederhanaan visual dan interpretasi ulang oleh pengguna. Selain itu, keterlibatan lintas usia dan audiens global menciptakan keragaman perspektif terhadap nilai dan identitas budaya. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa ritual digital merepresentasikan pergeseran signifikan dalam praktik budaya yang dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan teknologi komunikasi dan pola interaksi sosial kontemporer.
Harry Febrian | Oxford University Press eBooks
Abstract This research examines the intersection between the emergence of religious influencers—that is, social media personalities with large followers who combine their calling for self-cultivation, commercial interests, and sociopolitical concerns … Abstract This research examines the intersection between the emergence of religious influencers—that is, social media personalities with large followers who combine their calling for self-cultivation, commercial interests, and sociopolitical concerns under the umbrella of da’wah and their Instagram followers in Indonesia. This dynamic relationship between public figures and their audiences has long been central to establishing authority. Indonesia, as the largest Muslim-populated country in the world, has been chosen due to its potential to be an ideal laboratory to examine the contesting of Islamic leaders, religious authority, and the use of digital media to mediate religious activities. Through the in-depth interviews of the religious influencer followers, online observation, and close reading of their interaction on Instagram posts (n=9,801), this research foregrounds the experience of the Islamic audience in the digital age. It finds nuanced ways in which the unique positioning and content production of religious influencers overlap with the needs and expectations of Islamic audiences in Indonesia along four dimensions: credible figures, platform creativity, relatable content, and low-effort experience. This research proposes a notion of “mutual spatiality” to encapsulate these nexuses, which help to explain how online authority is negotiated and how the spatial element of social media could play a crucial role in interceding this increasingly complex relationship. It extends the scholarly discussion on religious influencers, religious followers, and how they negotiate the idea of religious authority within the materiality of the digital space.
Innovative Development of the Potential to Integrate Modern Technology for Buddhist Monks as Promoters of Buddhism in the Mekong Region employed a mixed-method research and development approach. The objectives were: … Innovative Development of the Potential to Integrate Modern Technology for Buddhist Monks as Promoters of Buddhism in the Mekong Region employed a mixed-method research and development approach. The objectives were: to investigate the current conditions and factors influencing the development of innovations for disseminating Buddhism by monks in the Mekong region using modern social media technology, to create and develop innovative methods for Buddhist dissemination through social media platforms, and to evaluate the satisfaction of using these innovations for disseminating Buddhism via social media. Target groups included 25 Buddhist missionary monks, 20 foreign missionary monks in the Mekong region, 140 Buddhist monks teaching moral studies in schools, and 80 administrators from Buddhist universities. Quantitative tools included a questionnaire with a reliability score of 0.956, while qualitative tools involved structured interviews. Statistical analyses included percentages, mean, t-tests, and stepwise multiple regression. Qualitative data were analysed through content analysis and thematic interpretation based on Buddhist principles. The study found that the use of social media for disseminating Buddhism was rated very high (mean = 4.62). Factors such as social context, dissemination components, and management had a significant influence. The study proposed a systematic model for dissemination, which included planning, organizational structure, technology integration, and content delivery methods. Key outputs included an e-book titled&amp;nbsp;&amp;quot;Principles of Meditation Practice&amp;quot; for social media distribution. Monks rated this innovation highly for usability and benefits (mean = 4.65).
The aim of this paper is to identify the point of convergence between folklore and religious practices through the lens of phenomenology and social constructivism. The author interprets contemporary verbal … The aim of this paper is to identify the point of convergence between folklore and religious practices through the lens of phenomenology and social constructivism. The author interprets contemporary verbal folklore as a form of invisible religion that fosters community through conceptual frameworks, symbolic universes, social norms, and patterns of perception and action. Folklore and religion exhibit several shared characteristics: 1. both phenomena serve a sociointegrative function; 2. both phenomena evolve in form and content over time; 3. both phenomena evoke intense ambivalent emotions; 4. both eligious and aesthetic experiences elicited by folklore texts are characterized by a fusion of planes of representation (merging of an object and its sign); 5. both phenomena possess a pragmatic dimension shaping social attitudes and inspire their earers to action.
Social media platforms have become significant tools for religious communication and propaganda, and in this context, the role of female influencers has been increasingly prominent. This study examines the content … Social media platforms have become significant tools for religious communication and propaganda, and in this context, the role of female influencers has been increasingly prominent. This study examines the content creation practices of prominent female religious influencers on Instagram, focusing on their strategies, themes, and audience engagement. By analyzing selected case studies, the research explores how these influencers intertwine economic, religious, and psychological themes in their content. Particular attention is given to the use of personal experiences, the integration of patriarchal traditions, and religious-philosophical elements as part of their narratives. The study also investigates the monetization strategies employed by these bloggers, including book publications, online courses, social media branding, and event organization such as marathons. The findings highlight how these influencers cater to the spiritual and material needs of their audiences while building personal brands and public images through social media platforms. Furthermore, the study contextualizes these practices within broader trends in Kazakh society. The article reveals new trends in the Kazakh media landscape by highlighting the unique approaches of female bloggers in creating and promoting content on social media compared to traditional religious institutions and their representatives. Keywords: Religious Influencer, Islam, Social Media, Instagram, Blogging
Socialization is the process by which a person acquires social experience by entering into social relation-ships with other people and social groups in society. Naturally, there have been various approaches … Socialization is the process by which a person acquires social experience by entering into social relation-ships with other people and social groups in society. Naturally, there have been various approaches to this process throughout history. The article discusses theories related to the socialization process and analyzes the approaches of these theories.
This article discusses public relations (PR) and advertising in the work of the rabbi in Israel. The rabbi’s influence is felt within the religious population such as through the Sabbath … This article discusses public relations (PR) and advertising in the work of the rabbi in Israel. The rabbi’s influence is felt within the religious population such as through the Sabbath sermon from the synagogue pulpit to congregants, but the media is an additional channel to spreading the rabbi’s religious message. The traditional, and secular Israeli Jewish population—as distinct from religiously observant (25 per cent of the Israeli Jewish population)—have no regular daily or weekly interaction with the synagogue, which raises the question of the rabbis using extra-synagogual channels to reach them, notably mass media channels. In order to throw light on rabbis’ attitudes to public relations, the author carried out a survey of Israeli rabbis. Overall, differences were found between rabbis’ attitudes to PR and actual practice. The actual appearance of rabbis in the media is less. In attitudinal terms, Haredi or ultra-Orthodox rabbis scored highly in rating the importance of PR, compared to rabbis from other streams, even though Haredi rabbis live in cultural ghettos and Jewish life for them is focused on the synagogue and Torah learning. Reaching beyond the pulpit was also important for the more intensive sub-stream of modern orthodoxy, “Hardal”. By corollary, it was surprising that PR among the non-Orthodox rabbis—notwithstanding that their arena of religious outreach was secular Israel—was rated lower.
The Church faces new challenges and opportunities in fostering communion and evangelization in the digital age. Avery Dulles’ Models of the Church provides a foundational framework for understanding ecclesiology, yet … The Church faces new challenges and opportunities in fostering communion and evangelization in the digital age. Avery Dulles’ Models of the Church provides a foundational framework for understanding ecclesiology, yet its applicability to digital contexts remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap by critically analyzing Dulles’ ecclesiological models—Institution, Mystical Communion, Sacrament, Herald, and Servant—through digital engagement. The objective is to re-envision these models to develop a model called “Interactive Community of Disciples,” a dynamic ecclesiological paradigm suited for digital platforms. This study critically analyzes Dulles’ models, drawing from theological and ecclesiological references available in library and internet sources. The analysis considers contemporary discussions on digital theology, online ecclesial communities, and CyberSource frameworks. The study also interrogates how digital spaces reshape the Church’s mission, authority, and communal identity, examining their limitations and transformative potential. Expected results indicate that while Dulles’ models remain relevant, they require adaptation to fully capture digital ecclesiology’s interactive, participatory, and decentralized nature. The research anticipates that a re-envisioned model will emphasize relationality, shared leadership, and online sacramentality, fostering a Church that is not only present in digital spaces but also actively engaged in meaningful faith-based interactions. This study seeks to contribute to contemporary ecclesiological discourse by proposing a theologically grounded yet contextually responsive model of the Church in the digital era.
This sociolinguistic study examines the Facebook page of a Catholic parish in the Philippines as a figured world. The figured world framework is a way of viewing a particular locus … This sociolinguistic study examines the Facebook page of a Catholic parish in the Philippines as a figured world. The figured world framework is a way of viewing a particular locus of interaction as a product of social and cultural construction. This lens, which has been widely used to examine education contexts, is applied in this study to the novel context of online religious community interactions. By using the figured world approach to discourse analysis, this research extends the view of social media for religious purposes beyond its usual attractions of entertainment, self-documentation, and self-expression. This paper argues that Facebook, as a platform for the digital staging of Catholic parish life, is an important space for the discursive (re)construction of church purpose, participation, interaction, and identity, with potentially important implications to the Catholic Church’s missiological trajectory.
In an era defined by rapid technological advancements, technosocial issues have emerged, positioning technology as a double-edged tool that can either foster human flourishing or contribute to moral and societal … In an era defined by rapid technological advancements, technosocial issues have emerged, positioning technology as a double-edged tool that can either foster human flourishing or contribute to moral and societal decline. These challenges provide an opportunity for the Catholic Church to reassess its moral teachings and establish guidelines for technology. Pope Francis addresses these concerns in his papal encyclicals Laudato Si’ (2015) and Fratelli Tutti (2020), where he critically examines the ethical implications of technology and calls for its responsible and morally grounded application. This study analyzes Pope Francis’ framing of technology through Claes H. de Vreese’s (2005) Framing Theory, identifying the internal and external factors that influence his perspective. Additionally, it employs qualitative critical content analysis to extract key themes from the encyclicals and relational content analysis to relate them with Shannon Vallor’s (2016) twelve Technomoral Virtues. The study’s findings reveal that Pope Francis’ framing of technology acknowledges both its benefits and risks while emphasizing moral responsibility as a guiding principle. Furthermore, the findings highlight the need for ethical discernment in technological advancements, reinforcing Pope Francis’ call for responsible and morally grounded digital engagement.
One of the problems the Philippines faces is the plague of misinformation, and this paper provides the groundwork for a possible Catholic-Thomistic response. In this work, the researcher attempts to … One of the problems the Philippines faces is the plague of misinformation, and this paper provides the groundwork for a possible Catholic-Thomistic response. In this work, the researcher attempts to answer the question of why Catholics need to solve this problem and what they can do to solve it. The paper resolves this question by arguing that it is the obligation of Catholics to share the truth through charitable instruction. The work then suggests that training programs dealing with misinformation and appropriate social media usage should be given at the parochial and grassroots levels. It also advocates for the utilization of Catholic schools by teaching students how to use social media properly and how to charitably instruct others to be wise on online platforms. Furthermore, the work reminds Catholics that they urge the state to uphold the common good by enacting programs that support charitable instruction in the context of social media usage in the country, whether by revamping the educational system or by boosting the country’s fact-checking capabilities. To arrive at this, the work discusses the following: the Catholic social teachings on the Christian call to instruct the ignorant vis-à-vis St. Thomas Aquinas’ views on it and the societal common good in Catholic doctrine. From there, the researcher extrapolates a possible response to misinformation that Catholics may adopt. Practical recommendations are then given toward the end of the paper.
| Religionswissenschaft
This thematic issue brings together current research focused on lived religion and/or lived theology. Several of the articles have been developed from papers presented at the national Research Conference in … This thematic issue brings together current research focused on lived religion and/or lived theology. Several of the articles have been developed from papers presented at the national Research Conference in Theology and Religion held in Turku/Åbo in May 2024. The articles explore diverse possibilities of lived perspectives in current research, build on previous literature and critically challenge some of their assumptions. They highlight both the necessity of this perspective and the need for continued theoretical and methodological development.
Social media has become a primary platform for the spread of Neo-Prophetic theologies, particularly within Ghana’s Pentecostal movement. Through a qualitative research approach, this study examines how contemporary Ghanaian prophetic … Social media has become a primary platform for the spread of Neo-Prophetic theologies, particularly within Ghana’s Pentecostal movement. Through a qualitative research approach, this study examines how contemporary Ghanaian prophetic ministries affect religious behaviours and become integrated into society. The online Neo-Prophetic content frequently features prosperity gospel, spiritual warfare narratives, and extraordinarily sensational prophecies. Data was collected through group and individual interviews, participant observation, and analysis of content on Facebook, WhatsApp, YouTube, and Instagram across a variety of participants from Christian traditions. The results show a significant impact on the worldviews, behaviours, and decision-making of believers. While some prophetic leaders exploit their followers economically and psychologically, many adherents reported finding spiritual fulfilment within these ministries. The potential fallout from the digital revolution within prophetic recognition creates both potentially enriching and potentially harmful pathways in personal spirituality. Government agencies and civil society organisations, among others, have devised countermeasures in the form of public education campaigns and legislative action to help assess religious content on social media. The study recommends integrating media literacy and critical thinking in Ghanaian schools’ curricula, strengthening the regulatory framework and enforcement, and fostering interfaith dialogue and community engagement would go a long way to minimise the impact of these Neo-Prophetic theologies. The study contributes to a scholarly understanding of the intersection of religion and technology, media studies in religious contexts, the Pentecostal and charismatic movements in Ghana, and contemporary Ghanaian Christianity. Keywords: Neo-Prophetic Theologies, Social Media, Neo-Prophetic Movement, Digital Religion
This study explores social media’s potential as a tool for religious peacebuilding, focusing on its capacity to foster harmony through faith-based values in a digitally connected world. With 5.24 billion … This study explores social media’s potential as a tool for religious peacebuilding, focusing on its capacity to foster harmony through faith-based values in a digitally connected world. With 5.24 billion users globally and 90.8 million in the Philippines, where religion shapes cultural identity, social media offers unprecedented opportunities to connect faith communities, amplify sacred narratives, mobilize action, and educate for peace. Drawing on global and Philippine examples, we examine how platforms like Facebook, X, and TikTok channel religious teachings to promote reconciliation, while addressing challenges like polarization, misinformation, hostility, and slacktivism. Historical narratives, including Hong Kong’s Yellow Umbrella Movement and the Philippines’ #FaithForTruth campaign, illustrate faith’s role in digital peacebuilding. Eight strategies, grounded in religious ethics, propose harnessing social media’s strengths: global reach, real-time engagement, education, and community-building to counter division. By embedding values like forgiveness and truth, religion transforms social media into a sacred space for peace, offering a model for conflict-affected regions like Mindanao.
This study analyzes the "Rich and Religious" image of Ustad Solmed as either a controversy or an inspiration through netizen comments on Instagram. This research reveals the dynamics of social … This study analyzes the "Rich and Religious" image of Ustad Solmed as either a controversy or an inspiration through netizen comments on Instagram. This research reveals the dynamics of social media as a space for the production of imagery and social symbols that influence public perception. Using a qualitative approach and sentiment analysis, the study shows that netizens, as a normative majority, highlight the importance of balancing worldly affairs and the hereafter. Ustad Solmed's image is viewed negatively by netizens due to a worldly lifestyle deemed inconsistent with his status as a preacher. In the concept of social reception, acceptance or rejection of the balance between wealth and religiosity affects public perception of material and religious success. If society accepts this balance, a new symbol will emerge in religious practice, influencing religion-based economic life.
The dominance of Western-centric norms in cybersecurity ethics presents a significant gap in addressing the moral and cultural realities of diverse societies, particularly those in the Muslim world. This paper … The dominance of Western-centric norms in cybersecurity ethics presents a significant gap in addressing the moral and cultural realities of diverse societies, particularly those in the Muslim world. This paper proposes a decolonial and culturally inclusive framework by integrating Islamic ethical philosophy into the discourse on cybersecurity. Drawing on key Islamic concepts such as amanah (trust), ‘adl (justice), and niyyah (intention), the study explores how these values can inform ethical decision-making in digital environments. Through a philosophical-theological approach, it critiques the assumption of value neutrality in technology and highlights the moral agency and accountability embedded in Islamic metaphysics. The findings underscore the necessity of ethical pluralism and call for a global digital ethics that is both morally substantive and culturally responsive. Ultimately, the study contributes to the development of a more holistic and spiritually informed cybersecurity paradigm that resonates with the ethical traditions of Muslim-majority contexts.
| University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc. eBooks
The present study aimed to examine the impact of digitalization on religious practices and community dynamics through a systematic review of the literature published after the beginning of the COVID-19 … The present study aimed to examine the impact of digitalization on religious practices and community dynamics through a systematic review of the literature published after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2024). This general aim was two-fold: first, we aimed to examine the digital shift in religious practices. Second, we aimed to understand the role of technology in religious communities. One hundred fifteen publications were identified in four databases, and 40 were included in the final analysis. Results indicated that digital religion integrates technology into faith, transforming education through online platforms, gamification, and multimedia. Also, the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the digitalization of religion, redefining religious communities and practices. While these innovations enhance engagement and accessibility, the current challenges include discrimination, privacy concerns, and religious authenticity. The evolving digital religious landscape requires responsible oversight, interdisciplinary collaboration, and further research to understand its long-term implications on faith, authority, and spiritual engagement in an increasingly technology-driven world.
The integration of social media into religious practices exhibits a complex dichotomy. On one side, social media is primarily driven by the principles of virality, popular appeal, and commercial interests. … The integration of social media into religious practices exhibits a complex dichotomy. On one side, social media is primarily driven by the principles of virality, popular appeal, and commercial interests. Conversely, religious traditions emphasize silence, peace, and tranquillity. Initially, social media served as a communication medium and enhanced religious knowledge within communities. However, its use has evolved towards cultivating personal and collective identities. The passion to increase religious knowledge and gain religious experience is disrupted by the desire for artificial physical appearances shared in social media groups. This research aims to describe and analyze the use of social media among recitation women in Tangerang, Banten. This research utilized observation, interviews, and intertextuality as data collection and analysis techniques. This study indicates that the engagement of recitation women with social media necessitates religious and social media literacy. A lack of proficiency in these areas could adversely affect the quality of social media interactions, as social media platforms are inherently non-neutral and are influenced by particular ideologies and interests. Consequently, recitation women must adopt a discerning and critical approach to assess the incoming and disseminated content on social media.
This study aims to examine the effect of religious values on developing adolescents' self-control skills in social media use. The increase in the social media accounts of individuals of all … This study aims to examine the effect of religious values on developing adolescents' self-control skills in social media use. The increase in the social media accounts of individuals of all ages, the increase in the time allocated to posts and followers increases the interest in this subject as it includes changes at the individual and social level. Especially the harmonisation efforts between the physical and mental changes of individuals in adolescence and their transformations in their social lives make it important to study these processes. Self-control, which is one of the factors determining social media use, has a complex value that can be affected by different factors. In this respect, the aim of this study is to examine the role of religious values in the development of adolescents‘ (secondary school students’) self-control skills in social media use and how these values provide an effect. In order to achieve this aim, the study was conducted with sequential exploratory (first quantitative and then qualitative) mixed method designs, quantitative data were collected to reveal the relationship between variables and qualitative (phenomenological) study was conducted to support the results obtained. The population of the research consists of secondary school students in the Anatolian side of Istanbul province. In the quantitative study, 422 students were reached. In line with the data obtained from the quantitative study, an in-depth study was carried out with 16 students with the highest and lowest averages in the context of correlation. Using the interview technique, the role of religious values in the development of students' social media posts, the influence of family and friends, and the development of self-control skills were investigated. Religious awareness scale, self-control-self-management scale and social media use scale were used as data collection tools in the study. Adolescence is one of the most critical stages of psychosocial and cognitive development. The intensity of social media interactions in this period greatly affects young people's self-discipline, time management, content choices and decision-making skills on social media. In this context, analysing these factors increases the importance of this study. The results of this study show that various factors play a role in the social media use of individuals in early adolescence. While some of the participants emphasised the effect of religious values on self-control, others stated that their individual beliefs guide their behaviour. It was observed that individuals who did not prioritise religious values were more reactive towards their family and friends. On the other hand, the participants who stated that their religious and moral values shaped their behaviour used religious arguments in this context.
From an outside perspective, it is not clear whether the Catholic Church is an active digital entity, or at least, it is not perceived as such. This paper analyses this … From an outside perspective, it is not clear whether the Catholic Church is an active digital entity, or at least, it is not perceived as such. This paper analyses this issue. The methodology involved the monitoring of ecclesiastical Internet activity, SWOT analysis and in-depth interviews (seven) with clergy and technological suppliers of the Church in both Spain and Latin America. Results: Catholic Church digitalisation is spontaneous, as a reflection of society at large, and is heterogeneous due to its decentralised management. There is more inner acceptance of digital mediatisation for proclamation or support in faith (i.e., apps for praying) and less acceptance for the digitalised practice of rites (digital mediation in the celebration of sacraments is an open debate); however, the presence of ICTs in sacred places is increasing (i.e., liturgical books on screen). The evangelisation of the digital continent is an objective of the Church, whereby clergy influencers are the most striking but less solid case. There is almost full digital implementation at the functional level (i.e., digitised accounting and archives). Only charitable action with vulnerable groups remains analogue. Polarisation is also present, as ultra-Catholic groups are over-represented on the Internet. Conclusion: The Catholic Church is integrated in the Information and Digital Age but is also concerned with spiritual impoverishment, as online fragmentation does not feed real humanitarian communities.