Engineering › Aerospace Engineering

Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies

Works Count: 74868

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Description

This cluster of papers focuses on the cryogenic storage and management of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and other cryogenic fluids. It covers topics such as minimizing boil-off losses, thermal stratification phenomenon, self-pressurization, multilayer insulation systems, capillary flow, and thermodynamic modeling for efficient fluid management.

Keywords

Cryogenic Storage; Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG); Boil-Off Losses; Thermal Stratification; Propellant Tank; Multilayer Insulation; Self-Pressurization; Fluid Management; Capillary Flow; Thermodynamic Modeling

Cryogenic Particle Detection

2005-01-01

C. Enss

Description and Performance of a Near-Room Temperature Magnetic Refrigerator

1998-01-01

C. B. Zimm , A. G. Jastrab , A. Sternberg +4 more

The hydrogen economy: Its history

2013-01-05

John O.'M. Bockris

Boiling, Condensation, and Gas-Liquid Flow

1990-08-02

P.B. Whalley

Abstract Heat transfer phenomena involving boiling and condensation are an important aspect of engineering in the power and process industries. This book, aimed at final year undergraduates and graduate students … Abstract Heat transfer phenomena involving boiling and condensation are an important aspect of engineering in the power and process industries. This book, aimed at final year undergraduates and graduate students in mechanical or chemical engineering, deals with these phenomena in detail. The first part of the book describes gas-liquid two-phase flow, as a necessary preliminary to the later discussion of heat transfer and changes of phase. A detailed section on calculation methods shows how theory can be put to practical use, and there are also descriptions of some of the equipment and plant used in the process and power industries.

The Vapor Pressure and Heat of Vaporization of N15

1941-08-01

I. Kirshenbaum

First Page First Page

The process of diffusion through a rubber membrane

1920-06-01

H. A. Daynes

The production of balloon and airship fabrics in large quantities during the war has raised many problems in connection with leakage of hydrogen through membranes. It is desirable to have … The production of balloon and airship fabrics in large quantities during the war has raised many problems in connection with leakage of hydrogen through membranes. It is desirable to have more information about the process by which gas passes through such rubber membranes. In considering a rubber film, two alternatives have been suggested. One is that the chief obstacle to the passage of a gas is that provided by the material itself, and that the gas can pass the surfaces of the film quite readily. The other is that the chief obstacle is at the surface, the actual thickness of rubber having very little effect on the permeability.

Correlation for dynamic contact angle

1979-03-01

Tsung-Shann Jiang , O.H Soo-Gun , John C. Slattery

Sulfur hexafluoride and the electric power industry

1997-09-01

L. G. Christophorou , James K. Olthoff , R. J. Van Brunt

The use of gas-insulated electrical equipment has a demonstrated value for society. The problems relating to SF/sub 6/ are not without solution and can lead to new opportunities. To this … The use of gas-insulated electrical equipment has a demonstrated value for society. The problems relating to SF/sub 6/ are not without solution and can lead to new opportunities. To this end, besides the current efforts to curtail the releases of SF/sub 6/ into the environment, a comprehensive and focused program is needed to develop alternative gaseous insulators and alternative high-voltage technologies.

Energy exchange between inert gas atoms and a solid surface

1932-09-01

J. M. Jackson , Nevill Mott

1. Introduction . — If gas atoms, having energy corresponding to a temperature T 2 , are incident on a solid surface at a temperature T 1 , then the … 1. Introduction . — If gas atoms, having energy corresponding to a temperature T 2 , are incident on a solid surface at a temperature T 1 , then the reflected atoms will have a mean energy corresponding to some new temperature T 2 ', which is a function of T 1 and T 2 . For simplicity it is convenient to define Knudsen’s thermal accommodation coefficient as α = lim T 1 → T 2 → T T' 2 - T 2 / T 1 - T 2 . The accommodation coefficient depends on the nature of the gas atom, the nature of the solid surface, and the temperature T. Accommodation coefficients have been measured by various workers, and the present paper is an attempt to give a theoretical explanation of the results of Roberts, who has measured the accommodation coefficient for helium on tungsten at various temperatures, taking particular precautions to obtain a clean surface.

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Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures

1992-10-01

F. Pobell , James Brooks

This textbook contains a wealth of information essential for successful experiments at low temperatures. The first chapters describe the low-temperature properties of liquid and solid matter, including liquid helium. The … This textbook contains a wealth of information essential for successful experiments at low temperatures. The first chapters describe the low-temperature properties of liquid and solid matter, including liquid helium. The major part of the book is devoted to refrigeration techniques and the physics on which they rely, the definition of temperature, thermometry, and a variety of design and construction techniques. The lively style and practical basis of this text make it easy to read and particularly useful to anyone beginning research in low-temperature physics. Low-temperature scientisits will find it of great value due to its extensive compilation of materials data and relevant new results from thermometry and materials properties as well as many additional references. This edition also includes problems.

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Rotation-Vibration Spectra of Deuterated Water Vapor

1956-06-01

W. S. Benedict , N. M. Gailar , Earle K. Plyler

Spectra of heavy water have been obtained under high resolution between 1.25—4.1μ (2400—8000 cm—1). Approximately 4500 lines have been measured, and the majority of them analyzed into ten bands of … Spectra of heavy water have been obtained under high resolution between 1.25—4.1μ (2400—8000 cm—1). Approximately 4500 lines have been measured, and the majority of them analyzed into ten bands of D2O and nine bands of HDO. The analysis is described in some detail, spectra of all bands are shown and a partial table of lines and a complete table of energy levels are presented. The vibration-rotation constants are derived and compared with those of H2O.

A Flexible Fibrescope, using Static Scanning

1954-01-01

Harold H. Hopkins , N. S. Kapany

Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases

1956-01-01

Joseph Hilsenrath , C.W. Beckett , W. S. Benedict +7 more

Thermochemical Data on Gas Phase Compounds of Sulfur, Fluorine, Oxygen, and Hydrogen Related to Pyrolysis and Oxidation of Sulfur Hexafluoride

1987-01-01

John T. Herron

Thermochemical data on selected gas phase compounds containing sulfur, fluorine, oxygen, and hydrogen are evaluated. These are of particular relevance to plasma chemistry and SF6 dielectric breakdown. Values of the … Thermochemical data on selected gas phase compounds containing sulfur, fluorine, oxygen, and hydrogen are evaluated. These are of particular relevance to plasma chemistry and SF6 dielectric breakdown. Values of the enthalpies of formation and the entropy are provided at 298 K. Where no experimental data are available, methods for estimation have been developed for deriving the enthalpy of formation. Data are tabulated for 36 substances.

Numerische Berechnung der 2S-Terme von Ortho- und Par-Helium

1930-11-01

Egil A. Hylleraas , Bjarne Undheim

A review of air separation technologies and their integration with energy conversion processes

2001-05-01

Arthur R. Smith , J. Klosek

LNG: An eco-friendly cryogenic fuel for sustainable development

2011-07-24

Satish Kumar , Hyouk-Tae Kwon , Kwang-Ho Choi +4 more

On the propagation of sound waves in cylindrical tubes

1975-03-01

H. Tijdeman

Lunar sourcebook. A user's guide to the moon

1992-06-01

D. W. Ming

On the oscillatory instability of a differentially heated fluid loop

1967-07-18

Pierre Welander

A theoretical discussion is given of the motion of a fluid contained in a tube forming a closed loop that is heated from below and cooled from above. The fluid … A theoretical discussion is given of the motion of a fluid contained in a tube forming a closed loop that is heated from below and cooled from above. The fluid is assumed to have uniform temperature over each cross-section, and the heat transfer is assumed proportional to the difference between the local temperatures of the fluid and the tube. The latter temperature is prescribed. The system has one steady solution with warm fluid rising in one branch and cold fluid sinking in the other. This solution may, however, become unstable in an oscillatory manner. A weak instability takes the form of pulsations, the motion being always of one sign, while a strong instability takes the form of oscillations with zero mean motion. These oscillations are irregular and do not repeat themselves even over very long times. These unstable motions are associated with thermal anomalies in the fluid that are advected materially around the loop. The anomalies amplify through the correlated variations in flow rate. A warm pocket of fluid creates maximum flow rate going through the upper part and minimum flow rate going through the lower part of the loop. Accordingly it passes quicker through the heat sink than through the heat source, and the latter becomes more effective. Similarly, the heat sink acts more effectively on a cold pocket of fluid. The curve of neutral stability is worked out as a function of the two parameters of the problem, a non-dimensional gravity and a non-dimensional friction coefficient. The instability has also been studied by direct numerical time integration of the model equations. It is suggested that the mechanism of instability found for this model operates also in more complicated systems, and can explain the pulsative type of motions observed recently in certain convection experiments.

An Improved Cryogen for Plunge Freezing

2008-09-16

William F. Tivol , Ariane Briegel , Grant J. Jensen

Journal Article An Improved Cryogen for Plunge Freezing Get access William F Tivol, William F Tivol California Institute of Technology, Broad Center, MC 114-96, 1201 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA … Journal Article An Improved Cryogen for Plunge Freezing Get access William F Tivol, William F Tivol California Institute of Technology, Broad Center, MC 114-96, 1201 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Ariane Briegel, Ariane Briegel California Institute of Technology, Broad Center, MC 114-96, 1201 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Grant J Jensen Grant J Jensen California Institute of Technology, Broad Center, MC 114-96, 1201 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Microscopy and Microanalysis, Volume 14, Issue 5, 1 October 2008, Pages 375–379, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927608080781 Published: 16 September 2008 Article history Received: 20 December 2007 Accepted: 04 June 2008 Published: 16 September 2008

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Experimental Techniques in Low-Temperature Physics

1960-03-01

Guy K White , L. Marton

This book is written chiefly to help those physicists, physical chemists, metallurgists and engineers who need to carry out investigations at low temperatures. It deals with the production and measurement … This book is written chiefly to help those physicists, physical chemists, metallurgists and engineers who need to carry out investigations at low temperatures. It deals with the production and measurement of low temperatures, the handlng of liquified gases on the laboratory scale, the principles and some details of the design of experimental cryostats, including the problems of heat transfer and temperature control. Physical data on heat capacities, expansion coefficients, and the electrical and thermal conductivities of materials used in making low-temperature equipment are given.

A statistical re-analysis of resistance and propulsion data

1984-01-01

Jan Holtrop

Une methode de prevision de la puissance basee sur une analyse par regression d'un modele aleatoire et sur des donnees d'un essai vraie grandeur a ete presentee. Les analyses par … Une methode de prevision de la puissance basee sur une analyse par regression d'un modele aleatoire et sur des donnees d'un essai vraie grandeur a ete presentee. Les analyses par regression sont maintenant basees sur les resultats d'essais sur 334 modeles. Outre ces analyses des proprietes de resistance et de propulsion une methode a ete concue dans laquelle on a tenu compte de l'influence de la cavitation de l'helice. Ces formules ont ete derivees dans une etude effectuee dans un programme de recherche cooperatif MARIN

Mechanics and thermodynamics of propulsion

1965-11-01

R. P. Kroon

Path Instability of a Rising Bubble

2001-12-19

Guillaume Mougin , Jacques Magnaudet

We model the problem of path instability of a rising bubble by considering the bubble as a spheroidal body of fixed shape, and we solve numerically the coupled fluid-body problem. … We model the problem of path instability of a rising bubble by considering the bubble as a spheroidal body of fixed shape, and we solve numerically the coupled fluid-body problem. Numerical results show that this model exhibits path instability for large enough values of the control parameters. The corresponding characteristics of the zigzag and spiral paths are in good agreement with experimental observations. Analysis of the vorticity field behind the bubble reveals that a wake instability leading to a double threaded wake is the primary cause of the path instability.

Light scattering by small particles

1957-09-01

S. Snowdon

Distribution of blood flow in isolated lung; relation to vascular and alveolar pressures

1964-07-01

John B. West , C. T. Dollery , A Naimark

The left lung from a dog was removed, ventilated with negative pressure, and perfused with venous blood. Pulmonary arterial, venous, and alveolar pressures could be varied over a large range. … The left lung from a dog was removed, ventilated with negative pressure, and perfused with venous blood. Pulmonary arterial, venous, and alveolar pressures could be varied over a large range. The distribution of blood flow in the lung was measured with Xe 133 . Under these conditions, there was no blood flow above the level at which alveolar equaled arterial pressure (measured at the arterial cannula). Below this level there was a linear increase in blood flow down the lung when the venous pressure was kept low. Raising the venous pressure made the distribution of flow more uniform below the level at which venous and alveolar pressures were equal although flow still increased down this zone. The flow distribution could be completely accounted for by the mechanical effects of the pressure inside and outside the blood vessels which each behaved like a Starling resistance. It was possible to simulate the flow distributions found in man in various physiological and diseased states. pulmonary; hydrostatic effect; Starling resistance Submitted on November 15, 1963

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Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow

2018-12-13

D. Srinivasacharya , K.S. Reddy

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Practical water production from desert air

2018-06-01

Farhad Fathieh , Markus J. Kalmutzki , Eugene A. Kapustin +3 more

Next-generation MOF device and material for water production from desert air. Next-generation MOF device and material for water production from desert air.

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LNG cold energy utilization: Prospects and challenges

2018-12-31

Tianbiao He , Zheng Rong Chong , Junjie Zheng +2 more

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CAPILLARY-POROUS BODIES

1966-01-01

A.V. Luikov

Matter and Methods at Low Temperatures

2007-01-01

F. Pobell

The Spitzer Space Telescope Mission

2004-09-01

M. W. Werner , Thomas L. Roellig , F. J. Low +7 more

The Spitzer Space Telescope, NASA's Great Observatory for infrared astronomy, was launched 2003 August 25 and is returning excellent scientific data from its Earth-trailing solar orbit. Spitzer combines the intrinsic … The Spitzer Space Telescope, NASA's Great Observatory for infrared astronomy, was launched 2003 August 25 and is returning excellent scientific data from its Earth-trailing solar orbit. Spitzer combines the intrinsic sensitivity achievable with a cryogenic telescope in space with the great imaging and spectroscopic power of modern detector arrays to provide the user community with huge gains in capability for exploration of the cosmos in the infrared. The observatory systems are largely performing as expected, and the projected cryogenic lifetime is in excess of 5 years. This paper summarizes the on-orbit scientific, technical, and operational performance of Spitzer. Subsequent papers in this special issue describe the Spitzer instruments in detail and highlight many of the exciting scientific results obtained during the first 6 months of the Spitzer mission.

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Advances in Cryogenic Engineering

1996-01-01

Peter Kittel

Hydrogen supply chain and challenges in large-scale LH2 storage and transportation

2021-05-28

Ram R. Ratnakar , Nikunj Gupta , Kun Zhang +4 more

Thermal analysis of materials

1994-04-01

Robert F. Speyer

Discussing the design and optimum use of thermal analysis instrumentation for materials' property measurement, this work details how the instruments work, what they measure, potential pitfalls and the fitting of … Discussing the design and optimum use of thermal analysis instrumentation for materials' property measurement, this work details how the instruments work, what they measure, potential pitfalls and the fitting of experimental results to theoretical models. It presents a tutorial on writing computer programs for data manipulation, advanced thermoanal

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3. Thermometers and Barometers for Volcanic Systems

2008-12-31

Keith Putirka

Low Temperature Physics-LT 13

1974-01-01

Advances in Cryogenic Engineering

1991-01-01

R. W. Fast

BIRDRACE Kosmos-Racer

2018-01-01

Registry-Migration.Gbif.Org

This dataset holds the observations recorded during the GEO Biodiversity Day "BIRDRACE Kosmos-Racer" in Deggendorf This dataset holds the observations recorded during the GEO Biodiversity Day "BIRDRACE Kosmos-Racer" in Deggendorf

A Theoretical Study of Interphase Mass Transfer

1953-12-31

Robert W. Schrage

A detailed study of the theory of interphase mass transfer as it relates to engineering operations. Examines the mechanism of interphase mass transfer, to determine under what conditions the assumption … A detailed study of the theory of interphase mass transfer as it relates to engineering operations. Examines the mechanism of interphase mass transfer, to determine under what conditions the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium is inadequate. Looks specifically at gas-liquid and gas-solid systems.

Advances in Cryogenic Engineering Materials

1982-01-01

R. P. Reed , A. F. Clark

Dynamic behaviour of cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage tanks

2025-06-25

Murphy M. Peksen , Dongsheng Wen | International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Analysis of Hydrological and Meteorological Conditions in the Southern Baltic Sea for the Purpose of Using LNG as Bunkering Fuel

2025-06-24

E. Chłopińska , Jakub Figas , Maciej Prygiel +2 more | Applied Sciences

The southern Baltic Sea is characterized by highly variable weather conditions, particularly in autumn and winter, when storms, strong westerly winds, and temporary sea ice formation disrupt maritime operations. This … The southern Baltic Sea is characterized by highly variable weather conditions, particularly in autumn and winter, when storms, strong westerly winds, and temporary sea ice formation disrupt maritime operations. This study presents a climatographic overview and evaluates key hydrometeorological factors that influence the safe and efficient use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as bunkering fuel in the region. The analysis draws on long-term meteorological and hydrological datasets (1971–2020), including satellite observations and in situ measurements. It identifies operational constraints, such as wind speed, wave height, visibility, and ice cover, and assesses their impact on LNG logistics and terminal functionality. Thresholds for safe operations are evaluated in accordance with IMO and ISO safety standards. An ice severity forecast for 2011–2030 was developed using the ECHAM5 global climate model under the A1B emission scenario, indicating potential seasonal risks to LNG operations. While baseline safety criteria are generally met, environmental variability in the region may still cause temporary disruptions. Findings underscore the need for resilient port infrastructure, including anti-icing systems, heated transfer equipment, and real-time environmental monitoring, to ensure operational continuity. Integrating weather forecasting into LNG logistics supports uninterrupted deliveries and contributes to EU goals for energy diversification and emissions reduction. The study concludes that strategic investments in LNG infrastructure—tailored to regional climatic conditions—can enhance energy security in the southern Baltic, provided environmental risks are systematically accounted for in operational planning.

Preliminary feasibility analysis of microwave sintering of lunar regolith simulant at glass softening temperature

2025-06-24

Marcin Kaczmarzyk | MATERIAŁY BUDOWLANE

Optimization of small submersible pressure hull based on MOGA

2025-06-24

Xiaoyu Liu , A. Calderon , Xiang-Yao Wu | Future Technology

This study presents the structural optimization of a small-scale Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) designed for shallow-water marine aquaculture applications, such as monitoring water quality and the living conditions of farmed … This study presents the structural optimization of a small-scale Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) designed for shallow-water marine aquaculture applications, such as monitoring water quality and the living conditions of farmed species. A cylindrical pressure hull model was developed using ANSYS Workbench and analyzed under a constant pressure of 0.5 MPa. Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) and Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) were employed to optimize three key design variables: shell thickness, inner radius, and length. The final optimized design resulted in a 54.78% reduction in hull mass, a 25.25% decrease in maximum deformation, and maintained stress levels well below the allowable limit of 328 MPa. The optimization process significantly enhanced the AUV's structural efficiency, safety, and agility, offering valuable insights for the design of lightweight submersible structures in practical environments.

Experimental Investigation in Drag Coefficient of Cubes

2025-06-22

Juanjuan Wang , Yue Zhang , Hongjun Miao +3 more | Applied Sciences

Focused on the needs of an accurate drag model for non-spherical particles, a free settling experiment was performed in this paper using the uniformed cube and spliced cube. The drag … Focused on the needs of an accurate drag model for non-spherical particles, a free settling experiment was performed in this paper using the uniformed cube and spliced cube. The drag coefficient of the cube with typical orientation angles at different Reynolds numbers is obtained. The results show that the drag coefficient of the cube is always higher than that of the sphere in the same Reynolds number (Re), especially in the range of Re > 2.58 × 102. The orientation angle has different effects on the drag coefficient of the cube in different Reynolds number ranges. The drag coefficient of the cube is in direct proportion to its orientation angle in the range of 10 < Re < 103. Then, a new correlation for the drag coefficient of the cube is brought forward. The drag correlation model shows a good agreement with the experimental data as well as the data reported in previous studies.

Impact of Convective Heat Transfer on Circular Tube Components in Polar Ships Within Ice-Covered Regions

2025-06-21

Houli Liu , Haiming Wen , Jing Cao +3 more | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

The upper facilities of polar marine equipment face severe freezing risks in ice-covered regions, necessitating energy-efficient electric heat tracing design. Existing models neglect coupled environmental factors (temperature–wind–humidity), leading to the … The upper facilities of polar marine equipment face severe freezing risks in ice-covered regions, necessitating energy-efficient electric heat tracing design. Existing models neglect coupled environmental factors (temperature–wind–humidity), leading to the overestimation of heating power. In this paper, experiment and CFD simulation are used to study the change of convective heat transfer coefficients of electric tracing circular tube components under the polar coupling environmental conditions of wind speed of 0~8 m/s, temperature of −40~0 °C, and air relative humidity of 10~95%, and the corresponding mathematical prediction model is established. The results show that increasing the wind speed and relative humidity will both increase the convective heat transfer coefficient of the circular tube, while the temperature is inversely proportional to the convective heat transfer coefficient of the circular tube. The convective heat transfer coefficient shows an average growth rate of only 2.8–3.8% as the temperature decreases from −10 °C to −40 °C, which is significantly lower than the effects of wind speed (average growth rate 59–50%) and humidity (average growth rate 7.5–12.7%). When the wind speed exceeds 2 m/s, the growth rate of humidity’s effect on the coefficient increases from 17.82% to 33.96%. Mathematical prediction models can provide certain references for the calculation and design of reasonable heating amounts for anti-icing and de-icing of polar equipment’s circular tube components under ice-covered regions.

Analysis of Liquid Fuel Reorientation in Cryogenic Upper Stages for Extending On-Orbit Coasting Time

2025-06-20

Min Zhang , Qiusheng Liu , Yuequn Tao +1 more | International journal of computational fluid dynamics

Study on Propellant Management Device for Small-Scale Supersonic Flight Experiment Vehicle

2025-06-19

Ryoji Imai , Takuya Wada | Aerospace

To commercialize supersonic and hypersonic passenger aircraft and reusable spaceplanes, we are developing a small-scale supersonic flight experiment vehicle as a flying testbed for technical demonstrations in high-speed flight environments. … To commercialize supersonic and hypersonic passenger aircraft and reusable spaceplanes, we are developing a small-scale supersonic flight experiment vehicle as a flying testbed for technical demonstrations in high-speed flight environments. This experiment vehicle is equipped with a fuel tank and an oxidizer tank, and the propellants inside the tanks slosh due to changes in acceleration during flight. In this situation, there is a risk of gas entrainment during liquid discharge, which could potentially cause an engine malfunction. To avoid such a situation, we considered installing a propellant management device (PMD) inside the tank to suppress the gas entrainment. In this study, a capillary type PMD with a screen channel structure, commonly used in satellites featuring no moving parts, was adopted due to its applicability to a wide acceleration range. The PMD was designed with a structure featuring cylindrical mesh screen nozzles installed at the top and bottom of a cylindrical tank. A one-dimensional flow analysis model was developed taking into account factors such as the pressure loss across the mesh screens and the flow loss within the mesh screen nozzles, which enabled the identification of conditions under which gas entrainment occurred. In this analytical model, separate formulations were developed using Hartwig’s and Ingmanson’s formulas for evaluating the flow losses through the mesh screens. Furthermore, by applying the flow analysis model, the specifications of the mesh screens as key parameters of the PMD, together with the nozzle diameter and nozzle length, were selected. Moreover, we fabricated prototype PMDs with each nozzle and conducted visualization tests using a transparent tank. The tests were conducted under static conditions, where a gravitational acceleration acted downward, and the effects of the cylindrical mesh screen length and discharge flow rate on the free surface height at which gas entrainment occurred were investigated. This experiment demonstrated the effectiveness of the propellant acquisition mechanism of the present PMD. The height of the free surface was also compared with the experimental and analytical results, and it was shown that the results obtained by using Ingmanson’s formula for pressure loss through the screen mesh were closer to the experimental results. These findings demonstrated the validity of the one-dimensional flow analysis model.

Correction to “Performance Analysis of a Renewable‐Powered Multi‐Gas Floating Storage and Regasification Facility for Ammonia Vessels With Reconversion to Hydrogen”

2025-06-19

| Energy Storage

Smart glass fiber hydrogen tank for high pressure: design and sensor-based analysis

2025-06-18

Karolina Paczkowska , Zuzanna Pacholec , Paweł Bury +1 more | International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Asymmetric Magnetohydrodynamic Propulsion for Oil–Water Core Annular Flow Through Elbow

2025-06-17

Chengming Wang , Zezhong Jia , Lei Yang +7 more | Applied Sciences

The use of oil–water rings has become an emerging, effective, and energy-saving method of transporting heavy oil. Maintaining the shape of the oil–water ring and preventing rupture during the transport … The use of oil–water rings has become an emerging, effective, and energy-saving method of transporting heavy oil. Maintaining the shape of the oil–water ring and preventing rupture during the transport of heavy oil are of great scientific significance in oil–water annular flow transportation. To ensure the oil–water ring passes smoothly through the elbow without rupture, this article proposes an asymmetrical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) propulsion method to utilize the significant difference between the conductivity of heavy oil and electrolyte solution to achieve an accelerating effect on the outer water ring. The magnetohydrodynamic device designed by this method can generate a magnetic field and provide Lorentzian magnetic force to achieve the asymmetric acceleration of the oil and water rings, to homogenize the water ring velocity on the inner and outer elbows, to push the deviated oil core back to the center of the pipeline, and to repair the rupture of the water film. The flow state of the oil–water ring in the bend pipe under the joint action of the electric field and magnetic field is simulated by a differential MHD thick oil simulation flow model, which confirms that the device can realize the repair of the oil–water ring flow at the bend pipe and ensure that the oil–water ring flow passes through the bend pipe stably. Meanwhile, the effects of coil current, electrode plate voltage, and the conductivity of electrolyte solution on the morphology and velocity of the oil–water ring in the elbow are investigated. In addition, the role of the device in maintaining the morphology under different gravitational conditions is investigated. These results provide a reference design for related devices and offer a new approach to heavy oil transportation.

Studies on a Cold-Dielectric Measurement System for Liquid-Nitrogen-Cooled High-Temperature-Superconducting Power Devices and its Variation Due to Change of Cryogen (Liquid Hydrogen)

2025-06-17

Arijeet Roy Chowdhury , Abhay Singh Gour | IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine

Numerical Simulation Study of Gas Stratification in Hydrogen-Enriched Natural Gas Pipelines

2025-06-17

Tianlei Li , Jie Xiao , Honglin Zhang +4 more | Energies

Hydrogen blending in natural gas pipelines facilitates renewable energy integration and cost-effective hydrogen transport. Due to hydrogen’s lower density and higher leakage potential compared to natural gas, understanding hydrogen concentration … Hydrogen blending in natural gas pipelines facilitates renewable energy integration and cost-effective hydrogen transport. Due to hydrogen’s lower density and higher leakage potential compared to natural gas, understanding hydrogen concentration distribution is critical. This study employs ANSYS Fluent 2022 R1 with a realizable k-ε model to analyze flow dynamics of hydrogen–methane mixtures in horizontal and undulating pipelines. The effects of hydrogen blending ratios, pressure (3–8 MPa), and pipeline geometry were systematically investigated. Results indicate that in horizontal pipelines, hydrogen concentrations stabilize near initial values across pressure variations, with minimal deviation (maximum increase: 1.6%). In undulating pipelines, increased span length of elevated sections reduces maximum hydrogen concentration while maintaining proximity (maximum increase: 0.65%) to initial levels under constant pressure. Monitoring points exhibit concentration fluctuations with changing pipeline parameters, though no persistent stratification occurs. However, increasing the undulating height elevation difference leads to an increase in the maximum hydrogen concentration at the top of the pipeline, rising from 3.74% to 9.98%. The findings provide theoretical insights for safety assessments of hydrogen–natural gas co-transport and practical guidance for pipeline design optimization.

CRYOGENIC HYDROGEN (LIQUID) PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES: ORTHO-PARA CONVERSION METHOD

2025-06-16

Н. А. Денисова , Nikolay A. Rudnev | Oil and Gas Business

Due to the environmental concerns and the global trend towards energy and resource efficiency, liquid hydrogen has become an increasingly important fuel. Therefore, its production and storage have become a … Due to the environmental concerns and the global trend towards energy and resource efficiency, liquid hydrogen has become an increasingly important fuel. Therefore, its production and storage have become a priority area of study.As a matter of priority, we need to explore technologies for producing parahydrogen from the ortho form, as storing it in this form is not practical due to its rapid evaporation. To achieve this, we need to fulfill the following tasks: studying cryogenic hydrogen and the ortho and para forms of hydrogen, reviewing existing cryogenic production methods, exploring methods for producing para-hydrogen, and implementing them in real-world production.Cryogenic (liquid) hydrogen is created by cooling it to a critical temperature through complex technological processes. These include pre-cooling, primary ortho-para conversion, cryogenic cooling, and additional ortho-para conversion. Additionally, special catalysts are used to facilitate the ortho-para conversion process. The concepts of cryogenic liquefaction, such as the Brayton reverse process and the Claude hydrogen liquefaction cycle, along with various other technologies, are being considered. The active implementation of these technologies will undoubtedly lead to increased energy efficiency and lower production costs for the production of environmentally friendly fuel - liquid cryogenic parahydrogen.

Experimental study on the transient thermodynamic behavior of gas-liquid flow in a cryogenic zero boil-off storage tank

2025-06-16

Xiafan Xu , Zhongli Zhang , Zhaozhao Gao +2 more | Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications

Abstract Zero boil-off (ZBO) storage technology that integrates passive insulation with active refrigeration, serves as the fundamental technical basis for the long-term and stable storage of cryogenic liquids. To explore … Abstract Zero boil-off (ZBO) storage technology that integrates passive insulation with active refrigeration, serves as the fundamental technical basis for the long-term and stable storage of cryogenic liquids. To explore the transient thermodynamic behavior of the gas-liquid flow within the storage tank and research the optimal coupling forms between the refrigerator and the tank during ZBO storage process, a ZBO experimental setup was constructed. Initially, the mechanisms of thermal stratification and the tank pressurization during the self-pressurization phase were investigated. Subsequently, a comparative analysis was carried out regarding the power consumption of the refrigerator and the internal transient thermodynamic behavior under various coupling forms between the refrigerator and the tank. The results indicated that the refrigerator power consumption under cooling liquid form was decreased by 29.4% in comparison to that under the recondensing gas form. Moreover, the cooling liquid form significantly enhanced the convection of the fluids, effectively alleviating the thermal stratification phenomenon. Furthermore, the effects of storage pressure and initial filling rate on the refrigerator power consumption and the internal thermodynamic behavior were analyzed. The setup provides valuable insights for the development of a measuring device that couples multiple parameters of temperature and pressure.

Influence of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Production Technology on Cryogenic Water Uptake

2025-06-16

Vladimir Yakushin , Vanesa Dhalivala , Laima Vēvere +1 more | Polymers

This study explores how production technology influences spray-applied rigid polyurethane (PUR) foam insulation's cryogenic performance. In cryogenic applications such as liquid gas storage, insulation must minimise heat transfer and resist … This study explores how production technology influences spray-applied rigid polyurethane (PUR) foam insulation's cryogenic performance. In cryogenic applications such as liquid gas storage, insulation must minimise heat transfer and resist moisture ingress under severe thermal gradients. Experimental aluminium vessels were insulated with PUR foam of varying thicknesses and surface conditions-rough, machined smooth, and with a urea-based protective coating-and then tested using dynamic boil-off of liquid nitrogen (LN2). Foam properties, including adhesion, mechanical strength, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, and closed-cell content, were evaluated. The results revealed that thicker insulation reduced both effective thermal conductivity and moisture uptake. Although the urea-coated vessel showed minimal water absorption, the coating increased overall thermal conductivity due to its heat conduction and condensation behaviour. Moisture was primarily absorbed near the foam surface, and no cumulative effects were observed during repeated tests. The effective thermal conductivity was determined by interpolating boil-off data, confirming that insulation performance strongly depends on thickness, surface condition, and environmental humidity. These findings provide valuable guidance for the design and application of PUR foam insulation in cryogenic environments.

5E analysis and optimization of marine parallel SOFC-engine-WHR integrated systems supplied with different low carbon fuel combinations

2025-06-16

Yue Ma , Chen Yang , Zhe Wang +1 more | Energy

Validation of CFD-based 6DoF free running simulations of the BB2 submarine and effects of high-speed and control surface rotation rate on maneuverability

2025-06-14

Chang Seop Kwon , Seongmo Yeon , Kunhang Yun +2 more | Ocean Engineering

Effective and Realistic Strategies for Large-Scale Liquid Hydrogen Production

2025-06-13

Jian Yang , Yanzhong Li | Cryo

The excessive use of fossil fuels could bring about a global environmental crisis. Transitioning from a carbon-based to a hydrogen-based economy is an important way to realize the low-carbon energy … The excessive use of fossil fuels could bring about a global environmental crisis. Transitioning from a carbon-based to a hydrogen-based economy is an important way to realize the low-carbon energy transition. The key to this economy transformation lies in the efficient utilization of hydrogen. Hydrogen liquefaction is an efficient technology for the transportation and storage of hydrogen, and the liquid hydrogen produced is also a direct feedstock for many important fields. Large-scale liquefaction of hydrogen has not been commercialized due to its high energy consumption (>10 kWh/kgLH2) and low efficiency (<30%). However, conceptual designs for hydrogen liquefaction with a low energy consumption (about 6.4 kWh/kgLH2) and high efficiency (>40%) are frequently reported in the existing literature. Therefore, in this paper, the production process of liquid hydrogen is reviewed from three aspects, which are hydrogen pre-cooling, hydrogen cryo-cooling, and ortho-para hydrogen (OPH) conversion. The focus is to summarize effective and realistic hydrogen liquefaction schemes in the existing studies to provide process guidance for the subsequent practical production of liquid hydrogen. The development of open and closed refrigeration cycles for hydrogen pre-cooling is reviewed following the lead of pre-coolant types. The implementation methods of structural optimization of different hydrogen cryo-cooling cycles are clarified and the performance improvements achieved are compared. Different modes of OPH conversion are presented and their realization in simulation and practical applications is summarized. Finally, subjective recommendations are given regarding the content of the review.

Shipping cost feasibility of LNG distribution with multiple island gas power plant destinations

2025-06-12

Muhammad Arif Budiyanto , Gigin Rizki Novrian , Achmad Riadi +3 more | Frontiers in Energy Research

The demand for sustainable energy is increasing along with the increasing population in the archipelago. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a clean, high-efficiency energy source. The aim of this paper … The demand for sustainable energy is increasing along with the increasing population in the archipelago. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a clean, high-efficiency energy source. The aim of this paper is to conduct a shipping cost feasibility of LNG distribution for gas power plants located in multi-island areas. In this study, small-scale LNG carrier vessels with a capacity of under 10,000 m 3 , which have a shallow draft, are used to distribute LNG supplies to locations with limited berth depth. The shipping route optimization method used is the capacitated vehicle routing problem combined with linear programming and a greedy algorithm with an objective function to maximize the ship’s load capacity. A shipping cost feasibility is carried out on financial assessment based on the construction of new ships and analysis of world gas prices. The results of this study obtained two route options to be supplied using two ships, 7,500 m 3 and 3,587 m 3 , respectively, with an average speed of 13 knots. Based on the optimum route, the remaining cargo is 3.3% of the ship’s total capacity. The economic analysis shows the feasibility of LNG distribution when the selling price is at least USD 5/MMBtu with a payback period of 9 years.

Thermo-economic and environmental performance analysis of Carbon capture and storage systems for different types of ships

2025-06-12

Engin Güler , Selma Ergin | International journal of greenhouse gas control