Social Sciences Gender Studies

Gender Studies in Language

Description

This cluster of papers explores the gender representation and stereotypes present in educational materials, particularly children's literature and language textbooks. It delves into the impact of language on social perception, linguistic reforms for gender inclusivity, and the analysis of gender bias in educational resources. Additionally, it addresses the intersection of queer theory with language education and the influence of grammatical gender on gender representation.

Keywords

Gender Stereotyping; Children's Literature; Language Education; Textbook Analysis; Gender Bias; Linguistic Reform; Social Perception; Queer Theory; Grammatical Gender; Inclusive Language

In WATCHING THE ENGLISH anthropologist Kate Fox takes a revealing look at the quirks, habits and foibles of the English people. She puts the English national character under her anthropological … In WATCHING THE ENGLISH anthropologist Kate Fox takes a revealing look at the quirks, habits and foibles of the English people. She puts the English national character under her anthropological microscope, and finds a strange and fascinating culture, governed by complex sets of unspoken rules and byzantine codes of behaviour. The rules of weather-speak. The ironic-gnome rule. The reflex apology rule. The paranoid-pantomime rule. Class indicators and class anxiety tests. The money-talk taboo and many more ...Through a mixture of anthropological analysis and her own unorthodox experiments (using herself as a reluctant guinea-pig), Kate Fox discovers what these unwritten behaviour codes tell us about Englishness.
In the course of the last 15 years, sociolinguistics (or the sociology of language) has established itself as an academic subject in many countries. The discipline promises to be of … In the course of the last 15 years, sociolinguistics (or the sociology of language) has established itself as an academic subject in many countries. The discipline promises to be of benefit in solving practical problems in such areas as language planning and standardization, language teaching and therapy, and language policy. Both research projects and publications and university teaching programmes in sociolinguistics now span such a wide field that it is hardly possible even for the experts to review the whole scope of the subject. A number of specialist periodicals and introductions and surveys of the subject exist, but to date there has been no comprehensive and internationally representative account of the subject. The handbook provides this account.
This overview of critical applied linguistics looks at the topic from three perspectives: first, doing applied linguistics critically: a brief overview of interrelated critical work in applied linguistics, including critical … This overview of critical applied linguistics looks at the topic from three perspectives: first, doing applied linguistics critically: a brief overview of interrelated critical work in applied linguistics, including critical discourse analysis, critical literacy, critical pedagogy, critical multiculturalism, critical approaches to translation, and so on; second, the critical in applied linguistics: an examination of different understandings of what it means to be critical and various responses to the emergence of critical applied linguistics; and third, applied linguistics and the critical: a discussion of the linguistic, somatic and performative turns in the social sciences and their implications for critical applied linguistics, and applied linguistics more broadly, concluding with the argument that a transgressive, critical applied linguistics has become far more than a political add-on to mainstream applied linguistics.
MARTIN, CAROL LYNN, and HALVERSON, CHARLES F., JR. A Schematic Processing Model of Sex Typing and Stereotyping in Children. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1981, 52, 1119-1134. The thesis of the present paper … MARTIN, CAROL LYNN, and HALVERSON, CHARLES F., JR. A Schematic Processing Model of Sex Typing and Stereotyping in Children. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1981, 52, 1119-1134. The thesis of the present paper is that sex stereotyping is a normal cognitive process and is best examined in terms of information-processing constructs. A model is proposed in which stereotypes are assumed to function as schemas that serve to organize and structure information. The particular schemas involved in stereotyping are described, and the functions and biases associated with these schemas are elaborated. Both the development and maintenance of stereotypes are explained using the schematic processing model. The schematic model is found to be useful for explaining many of the results from sex-typing and stereotyping studies, as well as indicating areas needing further investigation. To describe the relation between sex schemas and other types of schemas, a typology is proposed which divides schemas according to whether they are potentially self-defining and according to their salience or availability. Using the typology, stereotyping and sex stereotyping are said to occur because the schemas involved are self-defining and salient. The role of salience in mediating the use of schemas is discussed.
Sociolinguistics explores the relationship between society and language. Suzanne Romaine has written a lively and readable introduction to the field, covering both traditional and more recent issues such as language … Sociolinguistics explores the relationship between society and language. Suzanne Romaine has written a lively and readable introduction to the field, covering both traditional and more recent issues such as language and gender, language in education, pidgins and creoles, and language change, drawing on examples from cultures all over the world. The text is suitable for first-year students studying on introductory courses, both general introductions to linguistics and to sociolinguistics, and for the general reader interested in language issues.
1. Personal pronouns: definitions and descriptions 2. Pronouns, anaphora and discourse 3. You and me, them and us: the politics of pronouns 4. Between you and I: problems of case … 1. Personal pronouns: definitions and descriptions 2. Pronouns, anaphora and discourse 3. You and me, them and us: the politics of pronouns 4. Between you and I: problems of case 5. No one's sexist, are they? The problem of 'generic he' 6. English as she is spoken: pronouns and personification 7. Possessives and reflexives: current trends Conclusion Notes References Index.
An examination of prize-winning picture books reveals that women are greatly underrepresented in the titles, central roles, and illustrations. Where women do appear their characterization reinforces traditional sex-role stereotypes: boys … An examination of prize-winning picture books reveals that women are greatly underrepresented in the titles, central roles, and illustrations. Where women do appear their characterization reinforces traditional sex-role stereotypes: boys are active while girls are passive; boys lead and rescue others while girlsfollow and serve others. Adult men and women are equally sex stereotyped: men engage in a wide variety of occupations while women are presented only as wives and mothers. The effects of these rigid sex-role portraits on the self image and aspirations of the developing child are discussed.
This brief commentary sketches some of the historical context and motivations of the writings on language and political economy in the 1980s–90s, comparing and highlighting the distinctly different... This brief commentary sketches some of the historical context and motivations of the writings on language and political economy in the 1980s–90s, comparing and highlighting the distinctly different...
In the cafeteria and schoolyard, by the lockers and watiing for class, the identies of middle-school youth are reflected in their constant exchange of gossip, insults, and teasing. Donna Eder, … In the cafeteria and schoolyard, by the lockers and watiing for class, the identies of middle-school youth are reflected in their constant exchange of gossip, insults, and teasing. Donna Eder, Catherine Evans, and Stephen Parker spent three years in a midwestern middle school listening to what these eleven- to fourteen-year-olds had to say to each other. Their book provides an insightful look into the language and culture of today's adolescents. Winner of the North Central Sociological Association's 1996 Scholarly Achievement Award
Der Beitrag beschreibt einen Ansatz systematischer, regelgeleiteter qualitativer Analyse von Text, der methodische Starken der quantitativen Inhaltsanalyse teilweise ubernimmt und zu einem qualitativ orientierten Instrumentarium ausweitet. Dazu werden historische Entwicklungslinien … Der Beitrag beschreibt einen Ansatz systematischer, regelgeleiteter qualitativer Analyse von Text, der methodische Starken der quantitativen Inhaltsanalyse teilweise ubernimmt und zu einem qualitativ orientierten Instrumentarium ausweitet. Dazu werden historische Entwicklungslinien der Inhaltsanalyse aufgezeigt und die Grundlagen der Technik (Analyseeinheiten, Schrittmodelle, Arbeiten mit Kategoriensystemen, Gutekriterien) expliziert. Schlieslich werden an Techniken Qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse die induktive Kategorienentwicklung und die deduktive Kategorienanwendung naher dargestellt. Es wird gezeigt, wo Computerprogramme diese qualitativen Analyseschritte unterstutzen konnen, es werden Ansatzpunkte quantitativer Auswertungsschritte festgemacht und abschliesend die Moglichkeiten und Grenzen des Ansatzes diskutiert. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0002204
ABSTRACT Women use linguistic forms associated with the prestige standard more frequently than men. One reason for this is that working-class speech has favourable connotations for male speakers. Favourable attitudes … ABSTRACT Women use linguistic forms associated with the prestige standard more frequently than men. One reason for this is that working-class speech has favourable connotations for male speakers. Favourable attitudes to non-standard speech are not normally expressed, however, and emerge only in inaccurate self-evaluation test responses. Patterns of sex differentiation deviating from the norm indicate that a linguistic change is taking place: standard forms are introduced by middle-class women, non-standard forms by working-class men. (Sociolinguistic variation; linguistic change; women's and men's speech; contextual styles; social class; British English.)
ABSTRACT Our use of language embodies attitudes as well as referential meanings. ‘Woman's language’ has as foundation the attitude that women are marginal to the serious concerns of life, which … ABSTRACT Our use of language embodies attitudes as well as referential meanings. ‘Woman's language’ has as foundation the attitude that women are marginal to the serious concerns of life, which are pre-empted by men. The marginality and powerlessness of women is reflected in both the ways women are expected to speak, and the ways in which women are spoken of. In appropriate women's speech, strong expression of feeling is avoided, expression of uncertainty is favored, and means of expression in regard to subject-matter deemed ‘trivial’ to the ‘real’ world are elaborated. Speech about women implies an object, whose sexual nature requires euphemism, and whose social roles are derivative and dependent in relation to men. The personal identity of women thus is linguistically submerged; the language works against treatment of women, as serious persons with individual views. These aspects of English are explored with regard to lexicon (color terms, particles, evaluative adjectives), and syntax (tag-questions, and related aspects of intonation in answers to requests, and of requests and orders), as concerns speech by women. Speech about women is analyzed with regard to lady : woman, master : mistress, widow : widower , and Mr : Mrs., Miss , with notice of differential use of role terms not explicitly marked for sex (e.g. professional ) as well. Some suggestions and conclusions are offered for those working in the women's liberation movement and other kinds of social reform; second language teaching; and theoretical linguistics. Relevant generalizations in linguistics require study of social mores as well as of purely linguistic data.
The field of language and sexuality has gained importance within socioculturally oriented linguistic scholarship. Much current work in this area emphasizes identity as one key aspect of sexuality. However, recent … The field of language and sexuality has gained importance within socioculturally oriented linguistic scholarship. Much current work in this area emphasizes identity as one key aspect of sexuality. However, recent critiques of identity-based research advocate instead a desire-centered view of sexuality. Such an approach artificially restricts the scope of the field by overlooking the close relationship between identity and desire. This connection emerges clearly in queer linguistics, an approach to language and sexuality that incorporates insights from feminist, queer, and sociolinguistic theories to analyze sexuality as a broad sociocultural phenomenon. These intellectual approaches have shown that research on identity, sexual or otherwise, is most productive when the concept is understood as the outcome of intersubjectively negotiated practices and ideologies. To this end, an analytic framework for the semiotic study of social intersubjectivity is presented.We are deeply indebted to Rusty Barrett, Jennifer Coates, Rudi Gaudio, Donna Goldstein, Jane Hill, Sally McConnell-Ginet, Bonnie McElhinny, Robin Queen, and Sara Trechter for their incisive comments on an earlier version of this article. In-depth conversations with Stacey Duke, Deena Hill, Anna Livia, and Jon McCammond helped us work through many thorny issues. For helpful feedback on oral presentations of some of this material, we are also grateful to audiences at the International Gender and Language Association Conference in Lancaster, the Lavender Languages and Linguistics Conference, the Department of Linguistics at Stanford University, and the Department of Anthropology at the University of Chicago; special thanks to James Fernandez for detailed suggestions. Any remaining weaknesses are our own responsibility.
Introduction. The article is devoted to the problems related to the gender reform of the German language. Started on the wave of feminist movement of the 70s of the XX … Introduction. The article is devoted to the problems related to the gender reform of the German language. Started on the wave of feminist movement of the 70s of the XX century, the transition to gender-neutral language in recent decades has become one of the most discussed topics in both socio-political and scientific circles in Germany, dividing politicians, lawyers, linguists and ordinary citizens into supporters and opponents of gender-neutral language. Methodology and sources. The article examines legal documents regulating the use of a gender-neutral language, highlights the opinions of participants in the discussion about gender correctness, based on the “myth of the invisible woman”, analyzes gender-oriented transformations used in German, and identifies problems related to gender-oriented language correction. Results and discussion. The starting point of linguistic distortions in the field of gender politics was the confusion of the concepts of grammatical gender (Genus), biological sex (Geschlecht) and gender (Gender/ soziales Geschlecht). The refusal of gender reform proponents to use the forms of generic masculine gender (generisches Maskulinum), which includes a wide range of meanings, and the introduction of gender-oriented transformations into the language provoked problems in the field of linguistic word usage, associated with both distortion of meaning and violation of grammatical norms of the German language. Conclusion. Gender reform has had a significant impact on various spheres of public life in Germany. The gender reform of the German language, dictated by the political agenda, has generated many linguistic and extra linguistic problems. The proposed artificial language changes aimed at achieving gender neutrality actually complicate communication and lead to a violation of the linguistic norms of the German language.

Phalanges

2025-06-24
Daniel Bell | Radiopaedia.org
En este artículo se examina a la comunidad LGBT+ desde la perspectiva de las comunidades de práctica, un concepto que describe grupos sociales unidos por intereses, objetivos o prácticas comunes. … En este artículo se examina a la comunidad LGBT+ desde la perspectiva de las comunidades de práctica, un concepto que describe grupos sociales unidos por intereses, objetivos o prácticas comunes. Sostenemos que la comunidad LGBT+ puede considerarse una comunidad de práctica. En primer lugar, se analizan los conceptos “comunidad de práctica” y “repertorio lingüístico”, para luego profundizar en la naturaleza de la documentación lingüística (DL) y su relevancia en la recopilación y preservación de datos lingüísticos primarios. Posteriormente, a través de un corpus de relatos de vida de personas LGBT+, obtenidos mediante entrevistas y transcritos con el software Saymore, se exploran temas recurrentes como la identidad LGBT+, el proceso de “salir del clóset” y la discriminación que enfrenta la comunidad. Finalmente, se subraya la importancia del léxico utilizado en estas narrativas como herramienta para la construcción de identidad y reconocimiento dentro de la comunidad LGBT+, promoviendo una mayor investigación y comprensión de estas experiencias desde el análisis sociolingüístico.
This study investigates the impact of linguistic and extralinguistic factors on gender perceptions in occupational nouns among Italian as a foreign language students at the University of Banja Luka, Bosnia … This study investigates the impact of linguistic and extralinguistic factors on gender perceptions in occupational nouns among Italian as a foreign language students at the University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Utilizing focus group methodology, the research explores how gender stereotypes, societal norms, and personal experiences influence gendered associations. Findings indicate that while language form significantly shapes gender perceptions, it is the sociocultural underpinnings and personal experiences that play a more substantial role, often perpetuating gender inequalities under the guise of neutral language use. The study emphasizes the necessity of integrating critical language awareness activities into educational settings to challenge and change these perceptions, thereby addressing the broader sociocultural and ideological contexts that influence language use and gender perception. Gli effetti di fattori linguistici ed extralinguistici sulla percezione del genere in italiano come lingua straniera: uno studio pilota Il presente studio analizza l’influenza dei fattori linguistici ed extralinguistici sulla percezione di genere nei nomi di professioni, tra studenti di italiano come lingua straniera presso l’Università di Banja Luka, Bosnia ed Erzegovina. Attraverso l’impiego della metodologia del focus group, la ricerca indaga in che modo stereotipi di genere, norme sociali e vissuti personali contribuiscano alla costruzione di associazioni di genere nei termini professionali. I risultati evidenziano che, sebbene la forma linguistica abbia un impatto rilevante sulla percezione del genere, sono i fattori socioculturali e le esperienze soggettive a esercitare un’influenza più profonda, perpetuando spesso disuguaglianze di genere sotto l’apparenza di un uso linguistico neutro. Lo studio sottolinea l’urgenza di integrare nei percorsi educativi attività orientate allo sviluppo di una consapevolezza critica del linguaggio, al fine di decostruire e trasformare tali percezioni, contribuendo così a un’analisi più ampia dei contesti socioculturali e ideologici che plasmano l’uso della lingua.
Despite a body of research into gender representation in textbooks for English as a foreign language, little empirical evidence has been published on Iranian English textbooks. To fill this void, … Despite a body of research into gender representation in textbooks for English as a foreign language, little empirical evidence has been published on Iranian English textbooks. To fill this void, the present study examined gender representation and construction in a recently developed Iranian English Language course book series. In so doing, Fairclough’s model of Critical Discourse Analysis was employed to extract the underlying gender-related ideologies in this series. The results showed that despite Iran’s gender-sensitive education and policy, contemporary Iranian school textbooks in the public sector suffer from gendered role stereotyping, such as favoring males over females in unequal and equal relations, more tangible representation of male roles in topical categories, and the imposition of socially acceptable male and female activities through overrepresentation of subject positions. It was concluded that including gendered perspectives in such textbooks may generate biased ideologies in society. This study should, therefore, be of value to practitioners wishing to develop and implement gender-free textbooks and curricula.
ABSTRACT The present critical multimodal discourse study examines gendered textual and visual elements in English textbooks used for Indonesian senior high school students that play a salient role as a … ABSTRACT The present critical multimodal discourse study examines gendered textual and visual elements in English textbooks used for Indonesian senior high school students that play a salient role as a resource of learning materials and a value‐laden curriculum artifact. We also incorporate the perspectives of English teachers through semistructured interviews to broaden our insights on gender issues and notice their suggestions. The aspects of social practices were adopted for in‐depth analysis, including characters, actions, times, how the characters undertake the actions, how the characters' appearances are portrayed, attributes or equipment accompanying the action, and location. The findings indicate that gender inequality persists in the textbooks with respect to personality (women are emotionally unstable), interests (physically demanding pursuits are identically male, while females are often depicted engaging in less physically strenuous activities), and social roles (women are represented in domestic settings while most professional roles are male‐dominated). Regarding occupational roles, it is interesting to find that several discourses tend to be gender‐specific in terms of employment level (like a hierarchical structure in which women are positioned in subordinate roles relative to men). Further, the teachers' views denote several suggestions and recommendations on learning materials to address gender imbalance. This empirical evidence may serve as a suggestion for curriculum developers and textbook writers to provide language learning materials appropriate to the curriculum objectives. Extending multimodal analysis to different age groups or educational contexts and conducting longitudinal studies to examine changes in students' perceptions are suggested for future studies.

abc English

2025-06-16
Andrea Echelberger | ADULT LITERACY EDUCATION THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LITERACY LANGUAGE AND NUMERACY
La littérature a de tout temps constitué un reflet des sociétés et un vecteur clé d’expression des représentations sociales, politiques et culturelles. La voie la plus représentative de cet art … La littérature a de tout temps constitué un reflet des sociétés et un vecteur clé d’expression des représentations sociales, politiques et culturelles. La voie la plus représentative de cet art est l’attribution des noms aux personnages féminins qui se distingue comme un élément puissant qui laisse voir non seulement la perception de la féminité, mais aussi les dynamiques de pouvoir sous-jacents et la violence qu’il véhicule. L’objectif de notre travail est d’explorer la dynamique nominative des personnages féminins chez Yasmina Khadra dans son roman Qu’attendent les singes, (2014), en mettant en lumière la relation entre le nom propre et l’émergence de la violence dans le discours littéraire et ses implications culturelles. La question du nom propre est au centre de tout débat qui engage le discours littéraire. Quelle est le rapport entre l’écriture et le nom propre ? Une telle question suppose une relation étroite entre le nom et l’écrivain
The following paper aims at finding out if the roles assigned by society to males and females has had an effect on the amount and type of adjectives used when … The following paper aims at finding out if the roles assigned by society to males and females has had an effect on the amount and type of adjectives used when being asked to describe a picture. In this study participated 40 people from different provinces (Alajuela, Heredia, San José) whose ages range from 25 to 30 years old. They all possessed a university bachelor’s degree and share the same workplace. The researchers made sure the amount of males and females was the same to ensure fairness and increase validity in the results. Moreover, a mixed approach was used to provide a thorough panorama of the results obtained. The results showed that both genders used the same category in equal amounts; however, they also showed a marked dissimilitude with the theory in terms of which gender uses the most amount of adjectives when providing a description.
Abstract This study analyzes first-person insights about the linguistic diversity in Greece from ten Greek nationals living in a diasporic European context with official trilingualism, Catalonia (Spain). Its aim is … Abstract This study analyzes first-person insights about the linguistic diversity in Greece from ten Greek nationals living in a diasporic European context with official trilingualism, Catalonia (Spain). Its aim is to check the influence of the ‘mirror effect’ (Cortès-Colomé, Montserrat, Mònica Barrieras & Pere Comellas. 2016. Changes in immigrant individualsʼ language attitudes through contact with Catalan: The mirror effect. Language Awareness , 25(4), 272–289), that is, to uncover the ways in which their transnational life experiences and the discourses about language encountered in Catalonia may have influenced their ideologies about the linguistic diversity and the language policies of their country of origin. The data suggest an uneven impact among informants. While most informants reflected a monoglot and standard language ideology, a minority challenged such discourses prevailing in their home context and showed evidence of an impact of the host context on their language ideologies.
| Studies in language and social interaction
Grammar in Action: Building comprehensive grammars of talk-in-interaction investigates the possibility of writing comprehensive grammars of languages based on analyses of interaction. The volume combines two traditions in language studies … Grammar in Action: Building comprehensive grammars of talk-in-interaction investigates the possibility of writing comprehensive grammars of languages based on analyses of interaction. The volume combines two traditions in language studies that have hitherto been separate: Interactional Linguistics, which analyzes instances of language use in naturally occurring interactions, and Descriptive Grammars, which describe the grammatical regularities of languages. The authors are skilled researchers in Interactional Linguistics. They analyze interactional phenomena in Danish, English, Finnish, French, German, Italian and Swedish, making concrete proposals about how grammatical phenomena might be described in a comprehensive interactional grammar. The volume also proposes solutions to problems that an interactional grammar faces, for instance, the written language bias, the role of prosody and the body in the grammar, how to approach different target audiences, and how a web-based grammar could be useful for rendering the complexities of grammar in interaction.
Judith Visser | De Gruyter eBooks

Fourth Genre?

2025-06-01
| Michigan State University Press eBooks
Abstract: The German gender system is known for its complexity, and there is a persistent misconception that it is largely arbitrary, and hence a challenge for the typology of gender … Abstract: The German gender system is known for its complexity, and there is a persistent misconception that it is largely arbitrary, and hence a challenge for the typology of gender systems. In response, we construct a database of more than 30,000 German nouns and show that a boosting tree model achieves a predictive success of 96%. Even more surprising, the model performs at 87% when trained on just the 100 most frequent nouns. We thus demonstrate that the complex German system fits into a typologically well-known scheme, being a combination of semantic and formal assignment principles. In addition to our success with the specific problem, we show the value of statistical modeling for typologists and reflect on what exactly we can learn from these techniques.
Current codification describes the pronoun form sama as a) accusative, singular, masculine animate, b) nominative, singular, feminine, c) nominative, plural, neuter, and d) accusative, plural, neuter. However, when combined with … Current codification describes the pronoun form sama as a) accusative, singular, masculine animate, b) nominative, singular, feminine, c) nominative, plural, neuter, and d) accusative, plural, neuter. However, when combined with the pronoun form sebe (sama sebe or sebe sama), it appears in different combinations of the grammatical case, number and gender in actual language use. Therefore, this study focuses on the usage of sama sebe / sebe sama in proofread written texts and compares the findings with codified recommendations to determine whether they align with current language norms. To achieve this, three corpora analyses were conducted: examining the combination of the pronouns following verb forms with accusative complements, following verbal nouns (which require genitive forms of complements), and following genitive prepositions. For this purpose, a corpus of contemporary written Czech SYN v12 was used. The results show that sama sebe / sebe sama is (quite) often used in ways that contradict current codification. Specifically, there are instances of uncodified combinations of grammatical gender and number forms ranging from 3.9% to 17.7% after verbs with accusative complements, 87.1% instances after verbal nouns, and 53.4% instances after genitive prepositions. Hence, the current codification should be revisited and updated in accordance with these findings.
Gender representation in educational materials plays a crucial role in shaping students’ perceptions of societal roles. Previous studies have predominantly examined gender representation through written text, often overlooking the visual … Gender representation in educational materials plays a crucial role in shaping students’ perceptions of societal roles. Previous studies have predominantly examined gender representation through written text, often overlooking the visual dimension, particularly in English textbooks. This study investigates gender representation through images in a tenth-grade English textbook using a multimodal discourse analysis, specifically focusing on representational aspects. A total of 131 images were examined, but only three met the criteria for analysis—each featuring both male and female human participants. These images were analyzed based on the roles, actions, and contexts in which each gender was portrayed. The findings indicate a balanced and non-stereotypical representation. In the first image, a male and a female student appear as academic equals without hierarchical cues. The second image features two women and one man in a professional environment, where one woman assumes a leadership position. The third image depicts a mixed-gender social setting with equal participation and non-hierarchical interaction. These portrayals challenge conventional gender stereotypes and suggest a shift toward more equitable and inclusive gender representation. The results underline the importance of visual analysis in identifying and promoting gender balance in learning materials. It is recommended that educational content developers incorporate more images that reflect gender equality across various domains to support a more inclusive learning environment.