Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology

Magnetic and Electromagnetic Effects

Works Count: 44808

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Description

This cluster of papers explores the influence of magnetic fields on various biological systems, including the effects on water treatment, seed germination, plant growth, calcium carbonate precipitation, biochemical changes, irrigation water, electromagnetic stimulation, photosynthetic pigments, and soil moisture.

Keywords

Magnetic Fields; Water Treatment; Seed Germination; Plant Growth; Calcium Carbonate Precipitation; Biochemical Changes; Irrigation Water; Electromagnetic Stimulation; Photosynthetic Pigments; Soil Moisture

Chronobiology: biological timekeeping

2004-01-01

Jay Dunlap , Jennifer Loros , Patricia J. DeCoursey

1. Overview of Biological Timing from Unicells to Humans 2. The Behavioral Ecology and Evolution of Biological Timing Systems 3. Fundamental Properties of Circadian Rhythms 4. Circannual Rhythms and Photoperiodism … 1. Overview of Biological Timing from Unicells to Humans 2. The Behavioral Ecology and Evolution of Biological Timing Systems 3. Fundamental Properties of Circadian Rhythms 4. Circannual Rhythms and Photoperiodism 5. Functional Organization of Circadian Systems in Multicellular Animals 6. Cell Physiology of Circadian Timing Systems In Metazoan Animals 7. Molecular Biology of Circadian Pacemaker Systems 8. Adapting to Life on a Rotating World at the Gene Expression Level 9. Human Circadian Organization 10. The Relevance of Circadian Rhythms for Human Welfare 11. Looking Forward Glossary Species List

Transport Processes and Unit Operations

1994-05-01

Christie J. Geankoplis

Experimental researches in electricity

1837-12-31

Michael Faraday

This paper is divided into four parts: the first being on the Induction of Electric Currents; the second, on the Evolution of Electricity from Magnetism; the third, on a new … This paper is divided into four parts: the first being on the Induction of Electric Currents; the second, on the Evolution of Electricity from Magnetism; the third, on a new Electrical Condition of Matter; and the fourth, on Arago’s Magnetic Phænomena. The author defines electrical induction to be the power which electrical currents possess of inducing any particular state upon matter in their immediate neighbourhood. A great length of copper wire, 1-20th of an inch in diameter, was wound round a cylinder of wood so as to compose two helices, the coils of which were intermixed, but prevented from touching each other by interposed threads of twine and calico. One helix was connected with a voltaic battery, and the other with a galvanometer. No effect was perceived on the latter, with a battery of 10 plates; a slight effect only with one of 100 plates; and a distinct deflection of the needle of the galvanometer occurred when the contact was made with a battery of 120 plates. While the contact was preserved, the needle returned to its natural position, and was unaffected by the electric current passing through the wire connected with the battery; but on breaking the connexion, the needle of the galvanometer was again deflected, but in a direction contrary to that of its former deflection. Hence it is inferred that the electric current sent by the battery through one wire, induced a similar current through the other wire, but only at the moment the contact was made; and a current in the contrary direction when the passage of the electricity was suddenly interrupted. These transitory currents, resembling waves, were found to be capable of magnetizing needles placed within the helix. Collateral currents, either in the same or in opposite directions, exert no permanent inductive power on each other.

The structure and properties of water

1970-11-01

D. Eisenberg , Walter Kauzmann

Magnetic field generation in electrically conducting fluids

1979-01-01

D. J. Stevenson

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Magnetic field generation in electrically conducting fluids

1978-01-01

H. K. Moffatt

The use of saline waters for crop production

1992-01-01

J. D. Rhoades , A. Kandiah , A.M. Mashali

Biological effects of high hydrostatic pressure on food microorganisms

1989-03-29

Dallas G. Hoover , CAROLYN METRICK , Anne M. Papineau +2 more

The effects of magnetic fields on water molecular hydrogen bonds

2009-09-03

Ran Cai , Hongwei Yang , Jinsong He +1 more

GENERAL NATURE OF THE PROCESS OF SALT ACCUMULATION BY ROOTS WITH DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

1936-07-01

D. R. Hoagland , T. C. Broyer

The discussion in this paper is based on the assumption that the reader is familiar with earlier work on Yalonia, Nitella, and Chara cells (3, 5, 15-17, 23-25, 42), and … The discussion in this paper is based on the assumption that the reader is familiar with earlier work on Yalonia, Nitella, and Chara cells (3, 5, 15-17, 23-25, 42), and with the series of recent reports by Steward (32-36) and his co-workers (2, 37-40) on accumulation of salts by storage tissues. These latter researches yielded clear evidence that salt accumulation (movement of cations and anions into the vacuole against concentration gradients) by storage tissues is dependent upon the metabolic activities of living cells, reflected in aerobic respiration. It was concluded that capacity for maintained salt accumulation by these tissues is associated with a state of intense cell metabolism characteristic of cell growth and cell division. The problem now to be discussed is that of salt accumulation by roots with particular reference to metabolic processes. This problem has special significance for students of soil and plant interrelations, and at the same time has broad ramifications in the field of general physiology. One of the most fundamental of cell functions is involved.

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Encyclopedia of Applied Physics

1994-12-01

George L. Trigg , Steven J. Rothman , R. Benedek +1 more

The 23-volume Encyclopedia of Applied Physics seeks to demonstrate the synergy between physics and technological applications. Information is presented according to the following subject areas: general aspects; mathematical and information … The 23-volume Encyclopedia of Applied Physics seeks to demonstrate the synergy between physics and technological applications. Information is presented according to the following subject areas: general aspects; mathematical and information techniques; measurement sciences, general devices and/or methods; nuclear and elementary particle physics; atomic and molecular physics; electricity and magnetism; optics (classical and quantum); acoustics; thermodynamics and properties of gases; fluids and plasma physics; condensed matter - structure and mechanical properties; thermal, acoustic, and quantum properties; electronic properties; magnetic properties; dielectrical and optical properties; surfaces and interfaces; materials science; physical chemistry; energy research and environmental physics; biophysics and medical physics; geophysics, meteorology, space physics and aeronautics.

Hydraulic lift: water efflux from upper roots improves effectiveness of water uptake by deep roots

1989-04-01

M. M. Caldwell , James H. Richards

Food Production and the Energy Crisis

1973-11-02

David Pimentel , Lynsey Hurd , A. C. Bellotti +4 more

The principal raw material of modern U.S. agriculture is fossil fuel, whereas the labor input is relatively small (about 9 hours per crop acre). As agriculture is dependent upon fossil … The principal raw material of modern U.S. agriculture is fossil fuel, whereas the labor input is relatively small (about 9 hours per crop acre). As agriculture is dependent upon fossil energy, crop production costs will also soar when fuel costs increase two- to fivefold. A return of 2.8 kcal of corn per 1 kcal of fuel input may then be uneconomical. Green revolution agriculture also uses high energy crop production technology, especially with respect to fertilizers and pesticides. While one may not doubt the sincerity of the U.S. effort to share its agricultural technology so that the rest of the world can live and eat as it does, one must be realistic about the resources available to accomplish this mission. In the United States we are currently using an equivalent of 80 gallons of gasoline to produce an acre of corn. With fuel shortages and high prices to come, we wonder if many developing nations will be able to afford the technology of U.S. agriculture. Problems have already occurred with green revolution crops, particularly problems related to pests (57). More critical problems are expected when there is a world energy crisis. A careful assessment should be made of the benefits, costs, and risks of high energy-demand green revolution agriculture in order to be certain that this program will not aggravate the already serious world food situation (58). To reduce energy inputs, green revolution and U.S. agriculture might employ such alternatives as rotations and green manures to reduce the high energy demand of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. U.S. agriculture might also reduce energy expenditures by substituting some manpower currently displaced by mechanization. While no one knows for certain what changes will have to be made, we can be sure that when conventional energy resources become scarce and expensive, the impact on agriculture as an industry and a way of life will be significant. This analysis is but a preliminary investigation of a significant agricultural problem that deserves careful attention and greater study before the energy situation becomes more critical.

L'interaction Entre les Atomes Magnétogènes dans un Cristal Paramagnétique

1934-01-01

H.A Kramers

Water purification using magnetic assistance: A review

2010-05-05

Ritu D. Ambashta , Mika Sillanpää

Induced Fibration of Suspensions

1949-12-01

Willis M. Winslow

This paper describes some of the phenomena found to have their origin in electrically induced fibration of small particles in fluid liquid suspension. Particular attention is given to induced shear … This paper describes some of the phenomena found to have their origin in electrically induced fibration of small particles in fluid liquid suspension. Particular attention is given to induced shear resistances found in layers of the fluid (0.01 to 0.15 cm) when bounded by potentialized electrode surfaces. Ingredients and manner of compounding concentrated fluids capable of reversible shear resistance up to several hundred grams per cm2 are described. Dynamic induced shear resistance or the corresponding induced bulk viscosity are shown to be a parabolic function of field strength wherein parameters dependent on surface conditions of the particles are involved. Various properties of these fluids are discussed with regard to the mechanism of induced fibration, its application in slip clutches and other hydraulic devices, and some of the factors for best results. Consideration is given to the analogous magnetically induced fibration of ferromagnetic particles in fluid suspension. It is found that the observed values of induced shear resistance approximate those predictable from the well-known formulas for tractive force in both the electric and magnetic cases. Mention is also made of fluid suspensions of ferrite powders which respond to both electric and magnetic fields.

Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium

1998-05-27

Lyman Spitzer

Interstellar Matter-- An Overview. Elastic Collisions and Kinetic Equilibrium. Radiative Processes. Excitation. Ionization and Dissociation. Kinetic Temperature. Optical Properties of Grains. Polarization and Grain Alignment. Physical Properties of Grains. Dynamical … Interstellar Matter-- An Overview. Elastic Collisions and Kinetic Equilibrium. Radiative Processes. Excitation. Ionization and Dissociation. Kinetic Temperature. Optical Properties of Grains. Polarization and Grain Alignment. Physical Properties of Grains. Dynamical Principles. Overall Equilibrium. Explosive Motions. Gravitational Motion. Symbols. Index.

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Effects of high electric fields on microorganismsI. Killing of bacteria and yeasts

1967-12-27

A. J. H. SALE , William Hamilton

Biogenic magnetite as a basis for magnetic field detection in animals

1981-01-01

Joseph L. Kirschvink , James L. Gould

Spontaneous and Induced Magnetisation in Ferromagnetic Bodies

1930-08-01

J. Frenkel , J. DOEFMAN

Trehalose: a review of properties, history of use and human tolerance, and results of multiple safety studies

2002-07-01

A. Richards , Steven Krakowka , LEE B. DEXTER +5 more

THE REMANENT MAGNETISM OF ARTIFICIALLY DEPOSITED SEDIMENTS

1955-12-01

R. F. King

Experiments are described in which samples of unconsolidated glacial deposits from Sweden were redispersed and allowed to settle in a tank. The direction and intensity of the resultant magnetic field … Experiments are described in which samples of unconsolidated glacial deposits from Sweden were redispersed and allowed to settle in a tank. The direction and intensity of the resultant magnetic field were varied and currents were created in the tank in an attempt to discover what factors, other than the magnetic field, control the alignment of the permanently magnetized particles which give the sediment its remanent magnetic moment.

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FERMENTATIVE AND PHOTOCHEMICAL PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN IN ALGAE

1942-11-20

Hans Gaffron , Jack Rubin

1.. After 2 hours of fermentation in nitrogen the metabolism of those algae which were found capable of photoreduction with hydrogen changes in such a way that molecular hydrogen is … 1.. After 2 hours of fermentation in nitrogen the metabolism of those algae which were found capable of photoreduction with hydrogen changes in such a way that molecular hydrogen is released from the cell in addition to carbon dioxide. 2. The amount of hydrogen formed anaerobically in the dark depends on the amount of some unknown reserve substance in the cell. More hydrogen is formed in presence of added glucose, but no proportionality has been found between the amount of substrate added and that of hydrogen formed. This is probably due to the fact that two types of fermentation reactions exist, with little or no connection between them. Whereas mainly unknown organic acids are formed during the autofermentation, the addition of glucose causes a considerable increase in the production of lactic acid. 3. Algae which have been fermenting for several hours in the dark produce upon illumination free hydrogen at several times the rate observed in the dark, provided carbon dioxide is absent. 4. Certain concentrations of dinitrophenol strongly inhibit the evolution of hydrogen in the dark. Fermentation then continues mainly as a reaction leading to lactic acid. In such poisoned algae the photochemical liberation of hydrogen still continues. 5. If the algae are poisoned with dinitrophenol the presence of carbon dioxide will not interfere with the photochemical evolution of hydrogen. 6. The amount of hydrogen released in this new photochemical reaction depends on the presence of an unknown hydrogen donor in the cell; it can be increased by the addition of glucose but not in proportion to the amount added. 7. The results obtained allow for a more correct explanation of the anaerobic induction period previously described for Scenedesmus and similar algae. The possibility of a photochemical evolution of hydrogen had not been taken into account in the earlier experiments. 8. The origin of the hydrogen released under the influence of light is discussed.

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Mechanics of Freezing in Living Cells and Tissues

1956-09-21

Harold T. Meryman

Free Induction Decays of Rotating Solids

1959-04-01

I. J. Lowe

Protective Coating of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

2003-03-22

Do Kyung Kim , Maria Mikhaylova , Yu Zhang +1 more

Magnetic nanoparticles are becoming increasingly important for several biomedical applications. For example, superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles with suitable bio-compatible coatings are useful in magnetic resonance imaging, tissue engineering, and drug delivery, … Magnetic nanoparticles are becoming increasingly important for several biomedical applications. For example, superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles with suitable bio-compatible coatings are useful in magnetic resonance imaging, tissue engineering, and drug delivery, etc. In this study we report the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles and the further coating of these particles by several types of protective layers. Thermodynamic modeling of the chemical system has been adopted as a rational approach to establish routes to better synthesis conditions for pure phase magnetite. Quantitative analysis of different reaction equilibria involved in the precipitation of magnetite from aqueous solutions has been used to determine optimum synthesis conditions. Superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles (SPION) with diameters of 6 and 12 nm have been prepared by controlled chemical coprecipitation of magnetite phase from aqueous solutions containing suitable salts of Fe2+ and Fe3+ under inert atmosphere. Pure magnetite phase SPION could be observed from X-ray diffraction. Magnetic colloid suspensions containing particles with three different types of coatings (sodium oleate (NaOl), starch, and methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG)) have been prepared by using different stabilization methods. SPION coatings were studied by determining the change of the surface charge by electrokinetic sonic amplitude (ESA) measurements, as a function of varying NaOl in the solution, where the amount of NaOl needed to form a stable suspension was determined. For stable suspension, the optimum concentration of sodium oleate (NaOl) chemisorbed at 2.5 g of SPION surface is 5.2 × 10-7 M NaOl which shows maximum ESA value of 0.034 mPa·M/V. SPION coating by starch results in the formation of agglomerate. The agglomeration size of starch-coated SPION can be decreased by introducing H2O2 as an oxidizing agent; the resulting particle size is 42 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). For the modification of SPION surfaces with MPEG, the surface was first silanized by 3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane (APTMS) as a coupling agent with a thickness of two or three molecular layers. AFM image shows that each cluster includes several magnetite single particles with the cluster size around 120 nm. SPION, both coated and uncoated, have been characterized by several techniques. AFM was used to image the MPEG-coated SPION. FTIR study indicated that the different coating agents cover the SPION surface. Magnetic characterization was carried out using SQUID and Mössbauer spectroscopy.

Magnetization by Rotation

1915-10-01

S. J. Barnett

Size dependence of specific power absorption of Fe3O4 particles in AC magnetic field

2003-06-21

Ming Ma , Ya Wu , Jie Zhou +3 more

An Aluminum Block Digester for Plant and Soil Analysis

1975-07-01

R. N. Gallaher , C. O. Weldon , J. G. Futral

Abstract Almost every institution, whether it be a university, a government agency, or a medical or industrial facility, that conducts research on and is concerned with the elemental analysis of … Abstract Almost every institution, whether it be a university, a government agency, or a medical or industrial facility, that conducts research on and is concerned with the elemental analysis of biological material has a need for equipment to ash or acid‐digest samples. Often funds are not available with which to purchase commercial equipment and the researcher is required to be innovative and to design and engineer his own. Because of the lack of research funds and a need for soil and plant analysis equipment, this study was made to design and construct a large capacity, electrically‐heated and thermostatically‐controlled aluminum block digester for plant and soil samples. A drawing was prepared giving dimensions needed for shop‐work to be performed. A block of aluminum 10.2 cm (4 inches) thick was used. The block has a capacity of 126, 2.54‐cm (1 inch) diameter test tubes. The overall block dimensions are 10.2 cm (4 inches) thick, 35.6 cm (14 inches) wide, and 55.1 cm (21 11/16 inches) long. Electric heater strips are bolted to the block inside 1.9‐cm (¾ inch) milled slots. The temperature control sensor is a thermocouple inserted into the block and wired to the thermostat controller. The block heats almost linearly from room temperature to 240C at a rate of almost 4C/minute. The heating rate from room temperature to 375C is over 2C/minute and requires 2.5 hours heating time.

The Effect of Constant Temperatures and Osmotic Potentials on the Germination of Sugar Beet

1986-01-01

R. J. Gummerson

The germination-time curves for a series of experiments at constant temperatures and osmotic potentials were analysed to produce a relationship between germination, time, temperature and osmotic potential. The analysis involved … The germination-time curves for a series of experiments at constant temperatures and osmotic potentials were analysed to produce a relationship between germination, time, temperature and osmotic potential. The analysis involved the concept of hydrothermal time which is a combination of potential above a base potential, temperature above a base temperature and time. For most of the population of sugar-beet seeds examined, the hydrothermal time required for germination was constant. The base temperatures of the seeds were similar but the base potentials varied between seeds. Analysis of the times to germination of fractions of the seed population, grouped according to the order in which they germinated, showed that the base potentials were almost normally distributed An equation using this distribution can be used to predict the time course of germination over a wide range of temperatures and potentials. The equation uses five parameters to describe a seed population: the proportion of live seeds, the hydrothermal time required for germination, the base temperature and the mean and standard deviation of base potential.

Forces on a sphere accelerating in a viscous fluid

1964-02-01

Fuat Odar , Wallis S. Hamilton

A detailed equation is proposed for the force exerted on a sphere that accelerates rectilinearly in an otherwise still fluid. In addition to the buoyant force, the fluid exerts forces … A detailed equation is proposed for the force exerted on a sphere that accelerates rectilinearly in an otherwise still fluid. In addition to the buoyant force, the fluid exerts forces that depend on (a) the velocity of the sphere, (b) the acceleration of the sphere and (c) the history of the motion. The equation reduces to the known theoretical solution for low velocity and large acceleration.The proposed equation was tested and found most satisfactory for a particular case in which the velocity was not small, viz. the case of simple harmonic motion along a straight line. The acceleration (added mass) and history coefficients in the equation were evaluated experimentally. They were found to depend on the ratio of the convective acceleration to the local acceleration as measured by the parameter V2/aD, in which V, a and D are the velocity, acceleration and diameter of the sphere, respectively. The Reynolds numbers varied from 0 to 62 during the tests.

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Trehalose and sucrose protect both membranes and proteins in intact bacteria during drying

1995-10-01

Samuel Leslie , Eitan Israeli , Bruce Lighthart +2 more

The microorganisms Escherichia coli DH5 alpha and Bacillus thuringiensis HD-1 show an increased tolerance to freeze-drying when dried in the presence of the disaccharides trehalose and sucrose. When the bacteria … The microorganisms Escherichia coli DH5 alpha and Bacillus thuringiensis HD-1 show an increased tolerance to freeze-drying when dried in the presence of the disaccharides trehalose and sucrose. When the bacteria were dried with 100 mM trehalose, 70% of the E. coli and 57% of the B. thuringiensis organisms survived, compared with 56 and 44%, respectively, when they were dried with sucrose. Only 8% of the E. coli and 14% of the B. thuringiensis organisms survived drying without the sugars. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the role of membrane phase transitions in the survival of the organisms during drying and rehydration. Both E. coli and B. thuringiensis showed an increase of 30 to 40 degrees C in the temperature of their phospholipid phase transition when dried without the sugars, while phase transition temperatures of those dried with the sugars remained near those of the hydrated cells. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy microscope made it possible to investigate the effects of drying on the protein structure in the intact cells. The amide II peak shifts from 1,543 cm-1 in the hydrated cells to about 1,533 cm-1 in the cells dried without sugar. There is no shift in the amide II peak when the cells are dried with trehalose or sucrose. We attribute the increased survival to the sugars' ability to lower the membrane phase transition temperature and to protect protein structure in the dry state.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Cryobiology: The Freezing of Biological Systems

1970-05-22

P. Mazur

Environmental relevance of heavy metal-substituted chlorophylls using the example of water plants

1996-01-01

Hendrik Küpper , Frithjof C. Küpper , Martin Spiller

Following experiments which studied the substitution of the central ion of isolated chlorophylls by heavy metal ions in vitro, in vivo experiments with submersed water plants were carried out. It … Following experiments which studied the substitution of the central ion of isolated chlorophylls by heavy metal ions in vitro, in vivo experiments with submersed water plants were carried out. It was discovered that the substitution of the central atom of chlorophyll, magnesium, by heavy metals (mercury, copper, cadmium, nickel, zinc, lead) in vivo is an important damage mechanism in stressed plants. This substitution prevents photosynthetic light-harvesting in the affected chlorophyll molecules, resulting in a breakdown of photosynthesis. The reaction varies with light intensity. In low light irradiance all the central atoms of the chlorophylls are accessible to heavy metals, with heavy metal chlorophylls being formed, some of which are much more stable towards irradiance than Mg-chlorophyll. Consequently, plants remain green even when they are dead. In high light, however, almost all chlorophyll decays, showing that under such conditions most of the chlorophylls are inaccessible to heavy metal ions.

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Of flying frogs and levitrons

1997-07-01

Michael Berry , A. K. Geim

Diamagnetic objects are repelled by magnetic fields. If the fields are strong enough, this repulsion can balance gravity, and objects levitated in this way can be held in stable equilibrium, … Diamagnetic objects are repelled by magnetic fields. If the fields are strong enough, this repulsion can balance gravity, and objects levitated in this way can be held in stable equilibrium, apparently violating Earnshaw's theorem. In fact Earnshaw's theorem does not apply to induced magnetism, and it is possible for the total energy (gravitational + magnetic) to possess a minimum. General stability conditions are derived, and it is shown that stable zones always exist on the axis of a field with rotational symmetry, and include the inflection point of the magnitude of the field. For the field inside a solenoid, the zone is calculated in detail; if the solenoid is long, the zone is centred on the top end, and its vertical extent is about half the radius of the solenoid. The theory explains recent experiments by Geim et al, in which a variety of objects (one of which was a living frog) was levitated in a field of about 16 T. Similar ideas explain the stability of a spinning magnet above a magnetized base plate. Stable levitation of paramagnets is impossible.

Pressure effects on in vivo microbial processes

2002-03-01

Douglas H. Bartlett

LEA proteins prevent protein aggregation due to water stress

2005-05-10

Kshamata Goyal , Laura J. Walton , Alan Tunnacliffe

LEA (late embryogenesis abundant) proteins in both plants and animals are associated with tolerance to water stress resulting from desiccation and cold shock. However, although various functions of LEA proteins … LEA (late embryogenesis abundant) proteins in both plants and animals are associated with tolerance to water stress resulting from desiccation and cold shock. However, although various functions of LEA proteins have been proposed, their precise role has not been defined. Recent bioinformatics studies suggest that LEA proteins might behave as molecular chaperones, and the current study was undertaken to test this hypothesis. Recombinant forms of AavLEA1, a group 3 LEA protein from the anhydrobiotic nematode Aphelenchus avenae, and Em, a group 1 LEA protein from wheat, have been subjected to functional analysis. Heat-stress experiments with citrate synthase, which is susceptible to aggregation at high temperatures, suggest that LEA proteins do not behave as classical molecular chaperones, but they do exhibit a protective, synergistic effect in the presence of the so-called chemical chaperone, trehalose. In contrast, both LEA proteins can independently protect citrate synthase from aggregation due to desiccation and freezing, in keeping with a role in water-stress tolerance; similar results were obtained with lactate dehydrogenase. This is the first evidence of anti-aggregation activity of LEA proteins due to water stress. Again, a synergistic effect of LEA and trehalose was observed, which is significant given that non-reducing disaccharides are known to accumulate during dehydration in plants and nematodes. A model is proposed whereby LEA proteins might act as a novel form of molecular chaperone, or ‘molecular shield’, to help prevent the formation of damaging protein aggregates during water stress.

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Kinetics of Adsorption on Carbon from Solution

1963-04-01

Walter J. Weber , John C. Morris

Laboratory investigations show that rates of adsorption of persistent organic compounds on granular carbon are quite low. Intraparticle diffusion of solute appears to control the rate of uptake, thus the … Laboratory investigations show that rates of adsorption of persistent organic compounds on granular carbon are quite low. Intraparticle diffusion of solute appears to control the rate of uptake, thus the rate is partially a function of the pore size distribution of the adsorbent, of the molecular size and configuration of the solute, and of the relative electrokinetic properties of adsorbate and adsorbent. Systemic factors such as temperature and pH will influence the rates of adsorption; rates increase with increasing temperature and decrease with increasing pH. The effect of initial concentration of solute is of considerable significance, the rate of uptake being a linear function of the square-root of concentration within the range of experimentation. Relative reaction rates also vary reciprocally with the square of the diameter of individual carbon particle for a given weight of carbon. Based on the findings of the research, fluidized-bed operation is suggested as an efficient means of using adsorption for treatment of waters and waste waters.

The application of modern physics to the earth and planetary interiors

1970-08-01

W. M. Kaula

The Physical Principles of Magnetism

1967-01-01

1. The Magnetic Field. 1. Historical. 2. The Magnetic field Vector H. 3. The Magnetization Vector M. 4. Magnetic Induction, the Vector B. 5. The Demagnetization Factor D. 6. Energy … 1. The Magnetic Field. 1. Historical. 2. The Magnetic field Vector H. 3. The Magnetization Vector M. 4. Magnetic Induction, the Vector B. 5. The Demagnetization Factor D. 6. Energy of Interaction. 7. Magnetic Effects of Currents. The Magnetic Shell. Faradaya s Law. 8. Maxwella s and Lorentza s Equations. 9. The Magnetic Circuit. 10. Dipole in a Uniform Field. 2. Diamagnetic and Paramagnetic Susceptibilities. 1. Introduction. 2. Review of Quantum Mechanical and Other Results. Diamagnetism. 3. The Langevin Formula for Diamagnetic Susceptibility. 4. Susceptibility of Atoms and Ions. 5. Susceptibility of Molecules. Paramagnetism. 6. Curiea s Law. 7. Theoretical Derivations of Curiea s Law. 8. Quantum Mechanical Treatment. 9. Susceptibility of Quasi--free Ions: the Rare Earths. 10. The Effect of the Crystalline Field. 11. The Iron Group Salts. 12. Covalent Binding and the 3d, 4d, 5d, and 5f--6d Transition Groups. 13. Saturation in Paramagnetic Substances. 14. Paramagnetic Molecules. 15. Paramagnetic Susceptibility of the Nucleus. 3. Thermal, Relaxation, and Resonance Phenomena in Paramagnetic Materials. 1. Introduction. Thermal Phenomena. 2. Summary of Thermodynamic Relationships. 3. The Magnetocaloric Effect: The Production and Measurement of Low Temperatures. Paramagnetic Relaxation. 4. The Susceptibility in an Alternating Magnetic Field. 5. Spin--Lattice Relaxation. 6. Spin--spin Relaxation. Paramagnetic Resonance. 7. Conditions for Paramagnetic Resonance. 8. Line Widths: the Effect of Damping. 9. Fine and Hyperfine Structure: the Spin--Hamiltonian. 10. The Spectra of the Transition Group Ions. The 3d group ions. Covalent binding and the 3d, Ad, 5d, and 5f--6d groups. 4/rare earth ions in salts. Transition ions in various host lattices. 11. The Spectra of Paramagnetic Molecules and Other Systems. Paramagnetic gases. Free radicals. Donors and acceptors in semiconductors. Traps, F--centers, etc. Defects from radiation damage. 12. The Three--Level Maser and Laser. 4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. 1. Introduction. 2. Line Shapes and Widths. 3. Resonance in Nonmetallic Solids. 4. The Influence of Nuclear Motion on Line Widths and Relaxations. 5. The Chemical Shift: Fine Structure. 6. Transient Effects: the Spin--Echo Method. 7. Negative Temperatures. 8. Quadrupole Effects and Resonance. 9. Nuclear Orientation. 10. Double Resonance. 11. Beam Methods. 5. The Magnetic Properties of an Electron Gas. 1. Statistical and Thermodynamic Functions for an Electron Gas. 2. The Spin Paramagnetism of the Electron Gas. 3. The Diamagnetism of the Electron Gas. 4. Comparison of Susceptibility Theory with Experiment. 5. The De Haas--Van Alphen Effect. 6. Galvanomagnetic, Thermomagnetic, and Magnetoacoustic Effects. 7. Electron Spin Resonance in Metals. 8. Cyclotron Resonance. 9. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Metals. 10. Some Magnetic Properties of Superconductors. 6. Ferromagnetism. 1. Introduction. 2. The Classical Molecular Field Theory and Comparison with Experiment. The spontaneous magnetization region. The paramagnetic region. Thermal effects. 3. The Exchange Interaction. 4. The Series Expansion Method. 5. The Bethe--Peierls--Weiss Method. 6. Spin Waves. 7. Band Model Theories of Ferromagnetism. 8. Ferromagnetic Metals and Alloys. 9. Crystalline Anisotropy. 10. Magnetoelastic Effects. 7. The Magnetization of Ferromagnetic Materials. 1. Introduction. 2. Single--Domain Particles. Critical size. Hysteresis loops. Incoherent rotations. Some experimental results. Other effects. 3. Superparamagnetic Particles. 4. Permanent Magnet Materials. 5. Domain Walls. 6. Domain Structure. 7. The Analysis of the Magnetization Curves of Bulk Material. Domain wall movements. Coercive force. Initial permeability. Picture frame specimens. The approach to saturation. Remanence. Nucleation of domains: whiskers. Barkhausen effect. Preisach--type models. External stresses. Minor hysteresis loops. 8. Thermal Effects Associated with the Hysteresis Loop. 9. Soft Magnetic Materials. 10. Time Effects. 11. Thin Films. 8. Antiferromagnetism. 1. Introduction. 2. Neutron Diffraction Studies. 3. Molecular Field Theory of Antiferromagnetism. Behavior above the Neel temperature. The Neel temperature. Susceptibility below the Neel temperature. Sublattice arrangements. The paramagnetic--antiferromagnetic transition in the presence of an applied magnetic field. Thermal effects. 4. Some Experimental Results for Antiferromagnetic Compounds. 5. The Indirect Exchange Interaction. 6. More Advanced Theories of Antiferromagnetism. The series expansion method. The Bethe--Peierls--Weiss method. Spin waves. 7. Crystalline Anisotropy: Spin Flopping. 8. Metals and Alloys. 9. Canted Spin Arrangements. 10. Domains in Antiferromagnetic Materials. 11. Interfacial Exchange Anisotropy. 9. Ferrimagnetism. 1. Introduction. 2. The Molecular Field Theory of Ferrimagnetism. Paramagnetic region. The ferrimagnetic Neel temperature. Spontaneous magnetization. Extension to include additional molecular fields. Triangular and other spin arrangements. Three sublattice systems. Ferromagnetic interaction between sublattices. 3. Spinels. 4. Garnets. 5. Other Ferrimagnetic Materials. 6. Some Quantum Mechanical Results. 7. Soft Ferrimagnetic Materials. 8. Some Topics in Geophysics. 10. Resonance in Strongly Coupled Dipole Systems. 1. Introduction. 2. Magnetomechanical Effects. 3. Ferromagnetic Resonance. 4. Energy Formulation of the Equations of Motion. 5. Resonance in Ferromagnetic Metals and Alloys. 6. Ferromagnetic Resonance of Poor Conductors. 7. Magnetostatic Modes. 8. Relaxation Processes. Relaxation via spin waves in insulators. Relaxation via spin waves in conductors. Fast relaxation via paramagnetic ions. Slow relaxation via electron redistribution. 9. Nonlinear Effects. 10. Spin--Wave Spectra of Thin Films. 11. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Gyromagnetic Media. 12. Resonance in Unsaturated Samples. 13. Ferrimagnetic Resonance. 14. Antiferromagnetic Resonance. 15. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Ordered Magnetic Materials. 16. The Mossbauer Effect. Appendix I. Systems of Units. Appendix II. Demagnetization Factors for Ellipsoids of Revolution. Appendix III. Periodic Table of the Elements. Appendix IV. Numerical Values for Some Important Physical Constants. Author Index. Subject Index.

Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium

1978-07-01

Lyman Spitzer , Michael Jura

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Water Revisited

1980-07-25

Frank H. Stillinger

Liquid water consists of a macroscopically connected, random network of hydrogen bonds, with frequent strained and broken bonds, that is continually undergoing topological reformation. Anomalous properties of water arise from … Liquid water consists of a macroscopically connected, random network of hydrogen bonds, with frequent strained and broken bonds, that is continually undergoing topological reformation. Anomalous properties of water arise from the competition between relatively bulky ways of connecting molecules into local patterns characterized by strong bonds and nearly tetrahedral angles and more compact arrangements characterized by more strain and bond breakage. However, these alternatives constitute virtually a continuum of architectural possibilities rather than a discrete pair of options. The singular behavior of supercooled water near -45 degrees C and the "hydrophobic" attraction between nonpolar entities are due to the same underlying phenomenon, namely, the clumping tendency of relatively strain-free convex cages or polyhedra.

Macroscopic Mass and Energy Balance of a Pilot Plant Anaerobic Bioreactor Operated Under Thermophilic Conditions

2006-01-01

Teodoro Espinosa‐Solares , John Bombardiere , Mark Chatfield +5 more

Improvement of methane yield from hazelnut shells by potassium ferrate and mild ultrasonic pretreatment: Kinetics study

2025-06-25

Halil Şenol | Fuel

Validation and calibration of parameters sunflower seeds-soil

2025-06-25

Xuan Zhao , Hongbin Bai , Fei Liu +1 more | Granular Matter

Effect of High Temperature on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2025-06-24

Ajay Kumar , Mousmi Syed , Santosh Panday | Asian Journal of Research in Crop Science

The laboratory analysis was carried out to assess seed quality parameters at Department of Seed Science and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.) India. The study revealed … The laboratory analysis was carried out to assess seed quality parameters at Department of Seed Science and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.) India. The study revealed that, among the sowing dates significant differences were observed. The study was conducted to examine the effect of high temperature on seed quality attributes were better in respect of 24th November sowing followed by 15th October and 20th December sowing. The variety HI-1544 produced higher seed yield than others, while GW-273 recorded less but stable performance during early as well as late sown conditions. Seed quality parameters viz., thousand seed weight (g), seed density (g cc-1), germination (%), vigour index, seedling dry weight (g), seed reserve utilization efficiency (g g-1) were better in the sowing of 24th November. However, electrical conductivity was lower in 24th November sowing. The variety GW-322 followed by HI-1544 had better quality than the rest varieties.

SUPLEMENTAÇÃO LUMINOSA NA CULTURA DA SOJA EM SISTEMA DE IRRIGAÇÃO

2025-06-24

Cintia Daniel , Reginaldo Ferreira Santos , Luciene Kazue Tokura +6 more | Nativa

Light supplementation in soybean cultivation can optimize photosynthesis, promoting vigorous growth and increasing yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of light supplementation on the agronomic, … Light supplementation in soybean cultivation can optimize photosynthesis, promoting vigorous growth and increasing yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of light supplementation on the agronomic, physiological, and biochemical parameters of the plant. The experiment was conducted in Cascavel-PR, using three soybean cultivars: BMX Zeus IPRO (C1), BMX Trovão I2X (C2), and BMX Lança IPRO (C3) under controlled light and irrigation conditions. Light supplementation was applied during the V3-V4 to R5-R6 stages of soybean growth, with full-spectrum LED lamps installed in the irrigation pivot. The cultivars did not show significant differences in protein and crude fiber, but variables such as moisture, volatiles, dry matter, ether extract, and mineral residue differed. Zeus IPRO had higher dry matter and mineral residue, Lança IPRO had higher moisture and volatiles, and Trovão I2X had higher ether extract. Cultivar C1 had better performance in germination, initial development, productivity, and weight of 1000 grains, despite having fewer plants per hectare. On the other hand, cultivar C3 had more plants but lower weight of 1000 grains and productivity. Both cultivars surpassed the average productivity of Paraná, indicating that light supplementation combined with irrigation can increase soybean yield.

Effects of Electromagnetic Field on Seed Germination, β‐Amylase Activity, Total Protein Content, Water Uptake, and Growth of Wheat Seedlings (Triticum aestivum)

2025-06-23

Enerelt Urnukhsaikhan , Bum‐Erdene Bold , Luvsanbat Khurelbaatar +2 more | Bioelectromagnetics

This study investigated the effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) treatment on wheat seeds' germination, β-amylase activity, total protein content, water uptake and seedling growth under laboratory conditions. Wheat seeds were … This study investigated the effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) treatment on wheat seeds' germination, β-amylase activity, total protein content, water uptake and seedling growth under laboratory conditions. Wheat seeds were exposed to a 10 Hz EMF of 7.5 mT for 5 h over 3 days, with untreated seeds as controls. Results showed significant increases in overall biomass (8.68-fold), above-ground biomass (AGB) (49.47%), and below-ground biomass (BGB) (39.18%) after 48 h of imbibition. EMF treatment enhanced total protein content by fourfold and amylase activity by 4.5-fold compared to controls after 24 h of imbibition. The experimental group also exhibited accelerated germination by 36 h compared to controls. Notably, β-amylase activity in leaf tissue increased fivefold, which is crucial for seed germination. The study concludes that EMF application in early development activates biochemical reactions, accelerating germination and potentially improving crop tolerance to abiotic stresses and promoting seedling emergence in/. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00-00, 2025. © 2025 © 2025 Bioelectromagnetics Society.

Brackish water and low specific water flow during smolt production affect growth and susceptibility to Moritella viscosa after seawater transfer

2025-06-23

Anja Striberny , Hege Lysne , Helga Mikkelsen +6 more | Journal of Fish Biology

Norwegian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolt production strategies are multifaceted. One strategy involves rearing in brackish water during the smoltification process, often in combination with relatively low specific water … Norwegian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolt production strategies are multifaceted. One strategy involves rearing in brackish water during the smoltification process, often in combination with relatively low specific water flow (SWF). Even though such practices are common, there is still a lack of scientific documentation of how this affects fish welfare and performance. In the present study, we examined the performance and susceptibility to winter ulcer in Atlantic salmon smolts (52 g) reared in flow-through systems, either in fresh water (FW, 0 ppt) or brackish water (BW, 13-14 ppt) at three different SWFs ranging from 0.27 to 0.12 L kg-1 min-1 for 6 weeks during smoltification (Phase 1). As SWF decreased, carbon dioxide (CO2) levels increased and pH decreased in the rearing water. The fish were individually tagged and introduced to the different treatment regimens 120 degree-days after start of light induced smoltification. Subsequently, all treatment groups were transferred to seawater and subjected to an infection trial with Moritella viscosa or mock-infected (Phase 2). During the experimental period all groups developed typical smolt characteristics, including loss of parr marks and silvering, development of hypoosmoregulatory capacity and a decrease in condition factor. The different SWFs affected growth in both FW and BW groups. In Phase 1, growth was lower in the groups with the lowest SWF (p < 0.0001) and within these, the growth of fish in BW was significantly lower than of fish in FW. However, at moderate SWF levels, fish in BW grew better than fish in FW. No differences were found between the two groups with the highest SWF. In Phase 2, growth increased in all groups compared to Phase 1. Fish in the FW that had previously been subjected to the lowest SWF had significantly higher growth than those subjected to higher SWF; this was not the case in the BW groups. Blood chemistry analyses revealed increased partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in the groups with lower SWF, irrespective of salinity (p < 0.0001). Both blood pCO2 and bicarbonate (HCO3 -) levels were positively correlated with increasing CO2 concentrations measured in the rearing water. Lower survival rates in the disease challenge test in the BW groups than in the FW groups indicate that premature exposure to higher salinities during smoltification may increase the susceptibility to M. viscosa. These results highlight that the use of a salinity around 14 ppt during smoltification does not alter growth when used in combination with a sufficient SWF, but make the fish less robust against a common bacterial pathogen.

Optimization of Ohmic Heating Conditions for Enhancement of Quality Characteristics of Sonicated Jamun Juice

2025-06-23

P. V. Krishna Rao , M. Madhava , P. Sreedevi +1 more | Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)

Jamun juice is a delicious fruit beverage enriched with antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenolics, carotenoids, and vitamins. Traditional thermal processing methods widely used for preservation, often lead to flavor loss … Jamun juice is a delicious fruit beverage enriched with antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenolics, carotenoids, and vitamins. Traditional thermal processing methods widely used for preservation, often lead to flavor loss and degradation of nutritional value,particularly in heat-sensitive jamun juice. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of ohmic heating conditions on the quality attributes of sonicated jamun juice. The ohmic heating process was applied to the sonicated jamun juice samples under various voltage gradients (20-40 V cm-1), treatment temperatures (40°C -75°C), and treatment duration (2-4 min). Response surface methodology, utilizing the Box-Behnken design, was employed to optimize response parameters, including pH, total soluble solids (TSS), anthocyanin content, and total phenolic content. The results indicated that the quadratic and interaction effects of temperature and time were significant and positively influenced the pH. Conversely, the linear terms showed insignificance. Increasing the voltage gradient resulted in an elevated TSS. The rate of TSS increase was gradual at lower voltage gradients (20-30 V cm-1) and accelerated at higher voltage gradients (30-40 V cm-1). The degradation of anthocyanins remained slow until the voltage gradient reached 30 V cm-1, after which further increase in voltage gradient substantially reduced anthocyanin content in the juice. The linear effects of voltage gradient, temperature, and treatment duration demonstrated a positive correlation with the total phenolic content. Both temperature and voltage gradient contributed to an increase in the total phenolic content. The optimalprocessing conditions for ohmic heating of sonicated jamun juice were determined at a voltage gradient of 30 V cm-1, temperature of 75°C, and treatment duration of 4 min. These findings contribute to enhancing the quality attributes of jamun juice throughoptimized ohmic heating conditions, thereby benefitting the juice processing industry.

Technical note: Investigating saline water uptake by roots using spectral induced polarization

2025-06-20

Solomon Ehosioke , Sarah Garré , Johan Alexander Huisman +3 more | Biogeosciences

Abstract. Developments in the methods available for root investigation in recent years have enabled many studies to be carried out on roots, which represent the hidden half of the plant. … Abstract. Developments in the methods available for root investigation in recent years have enabled many studies to be carried out on roots, which represent the hidden half of the plant. Despite the increased number of studies on roots, there are still knowledge gaps in our understanding of the electromagnetic properties of plant roots, which will be useful to quantify plant properties and monitor plant physiological responses to dynamic environmental factors amidst climate change. In this study, we evaluated the suitability of spectral induced polarization (SIP) for the noninvasive assessment of root activity. We investigated the electrical properties of the primary roots of Brachypodium distachyon L. and Zea mays L. during the uptake of fresh and saline water using SIP measurements in a frequency range from 1 Hz to 45 kHz. The results show that SIP is able to detect the uptake of water and saline water in both species and that their electrical signatures were influenced by the solute concentration. The resistivity and phase response of both species increased with solute concentration until a certain threshold before it decreased. This concentration threshold was much higher in maize than in Brachypodium, which implies that tolerance to salinity varies with species and that maize is more tolerant to salinity than Brachypodium. We conclude that SIP is a useful tool for monitoring root activity and could be adapted for the early detection of salt stress in plants.

Innovative approaches to enhancing tamarind seed germination and phytochemical production through laser irradiation: implications for photodynamic therapy

2025-06-20

Manar Hassan , Galal Khamis , Heba El Zorkany +1 more | Lasers in Medical Science

Abstract Tamarindus indica , commonly known as tamarind, is a fruit tree belonging to the Leguminosae (Fabaceae) family, recognized for its traditional medicinal uses. Tamarind leaf extract is rich in … Abstract Tamarindus indica , commonly known as tamarind, is a fruit tree belonging to the Leguminosae (Fabaceae) family, recognized for its traditional medicinal uses. Tamarind leaf extract is rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds and possesses antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Despite its benefits, enhancing the germination and seedling quality of tamarind seeds remains a challenge. This study aims to explore the effects of laser irradiation processing on tamarind seeds, examining both the phytochemical changes in seedlings post-irradiation and the biological activities of tamarind leaf extracts before and after helium-neon (He-Ne) laser treatment. Tamarind seeds were irradiated using a red He-Ne laser at 630 nm for 10 min. The experimental design included control groups of non-irradiated seeds for comparative analysis. Following irradiation, various parameters were measured. Additionally, tamarind leaf extracts were prepared for antimicrobial and anticancer activity assessments. Irradiation of tamarind seeds significantly enhanced several growth parameters compared to non-irradiated controls. Specifically, there was an increase in germination percentage, dry weight of plant material, total protein content, total flavonoids, total phenols, and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity in seedlings from irradiated seeds. The laser-processed extracts exhibited significant antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, photodynamic treatment demonstrated that laser processing effectively suppressed the growth of human cancer cell line (A549) cancer cells at lower concentrations compared to untreated extracts. The study concludes that laser irradiation is an effective method for enhancing the germination and seedling quality of Tamarindus indica . Additionally, it positively influences the phytochemical properties of tamarind leaf extracts as a bio-drug, enhancing their biological activities. These findings suggest that laser irradiation not only improves seed germination and crop yield but also enhances the phytochemical profile of tamarind leaves, potentially increasing their therapeutic efficacy.

Particles in a Magnetic Field

2025-06-19

| Cambridge University Press eBooks

Balanced Phosphonated Polyethylenimine–Citrate-Functionalized Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles for Efficient Scale Inhibition in a Harsh Brine Environment

2025-06-19

Ali H. Karaly , Malcolm A. Kelland , Mohamed F. Mady | Energy & Fuels

Molecular Mechanisms of Electric Field-Induced Modulation of Responsive Surface Structures and Protein Behavior

2025-06-18

Yun Xie , Jiawei Li , Qianqian Feng +4 more | Surfaces and Interfaces

Energy harvesting from living plant: A review on past research and way forward

2025-06-18

Saifur Rahman , Ngu Eng Eng , Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf +4 more | Energy Reports

Design, Production and Comparison with Theoretical Calculations of a Uniform Electromagnetic Field Generator with Helmholtz Coils

2025-06-17

Ferdi Avcı , Emin Ağrali , Orhan Yaman +1 more | Journal of Physical Chemistry and Functional Materials

Helmholtz coils, which are widely used in the scientific world, are used to generate a uniform magnetic field (EMF). It is used in many test applications due to its ability … Helmholtz coils, which are widely used in the scientific world, are used to generate a uniform magnetic field (EMF). It is used in many test applications due to its ability to generate EMF at the desired frequency. It is easier to work with these coils at low frequencies. Since their inductance and internal resistance will be low due to the low frequency, the intended EMF can be obtained by supplying enough current to the coils. Helmholtz coils are used in many areas such as electromagnetic interference tests, biomedical experiments, physics experiments, instrument calibration. In this study, an EMF generator operating in alternative current was designed and manufactured for different EMF generation between 1 mT and 2 mT. Helmholtz coils with circular geometry were manufactured for the EMF generator. The fabricated helmholtz coils are positioned on the vertical axis. A current of 21 A will be passed through the helmholtz coil, which is the maximum value for 2 mT. 2.2 mm conductor cross-section was selected for passing 21 A current. At 21 A, it was found to operate without heating. The radius of the Helmholtz coil was preferred as 15 cm. The conductor weight used in the Helmholtz coil is 1000 g in total. The results of the theoretical calculations for the EMF generator and experimental measurements on the fabricated prototype were tabulated and graphs were obtained. They were compared graphically and the difference between their values was analyzed.

The SURFE2R (surface electrogenic event reader): from fundamental research to commercial product

2025-06-16

Ronald J. Clarke | Biophysical Reviews

Growth and defense mechanism of Phaeocystis globosa exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields

2025-06-16

Yutong Xie , Jie Guo , Tong Su +3 more | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

The effect of different feeding intervals of substrate pretreated in a vortex layer apparatus on dark fermentative biohydrogen production

2025-06-15

А.A. Kovalev , Д.А. Ковалев , Владимир Панченко +7 more | International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Investigating the suitability of Chameleon soil moisture sensors to improve water use of upland crops under conditions of temporal salinity

2025-06-12

Brooke Kaveney , Châu Minh Khôi , Dang Duy Minh +5 more | Agricultural Water Management

Enhancing the Efficiency of Steam Turbine Cycles Through the Application of Physical Fields to the Working Fluid

2025-06-12

А. А. Тарелин , Iryna Ye. Annopolska , Yevhen F. Lukianov +2 more | Science and innovation

Introduction. Increasing the efficiency of thermal power plants (TPPs) and combined heat and power plants(CHPs) remains a key research focus worldwide. Various approaches have been explored, including the integration of … Introduction. Increasing the efficiency of thermal power plants (TPPs) and combined heat and power plants(CHPs) remains a key research focus worldwide. Various approaches have been explored, including the integration of advanced cycles such as steam-gas and gas-steam systems, increasing steam parameters to ultra-supercritical conditions, and employing alternative working fluids optimized for thermodynamic performance, such astho se used in the Organic Rankine Cycle.Problem Statement. The identification of novel methods to deliberately modify the physicochemical and thermodynamic properties of the working fluid in steam turbine power plants has the potential to enhance their efficiency without necessitating major modifi cations to system components or substantial capital investment.Purpose. This study aims to develop a method for improving the efficiency, reliability, environmental sustainability, and resource efficiency of thermal energy systems by altering the physical, chemical, and thermophysical properties of the working fluid through exposure to physical fields.Materials and Methods. The research has employed water and steam as working fluids, comprehensive literature analysis, and experimental studies on the effects of physical fields on water. These experiments have been conducted using a thermodynamic test bench developed at the IPMash NASU. Analytical methods based on classical thermodynamics and turbomachinery theory have been applied to evaluate the impact. Results. The study has established that the structural rearrangement of water clusters under the influence of physical fields leads to measurable changes in its physicochemical and thermophysical properties. A conceptual framework has been developed to optimize the technological cycle of steam turbine units at various operational stages. Specific physical fields suitable for application at each stage have been identified.Conclusions. The proposed concept offers multiple advantages, including enhanced performance of heat engineering equipment and evaporative cooling systems, an estimated 5–7% increase in steam turbine cycle efficiency, significant improvements in water treatment processes, and a 90% reduction in the use of chemical reagents, thereby improving environmental sustainability.

Ultrasound‐enhanced seed hydration: impacts on seedling vigor, gene expression and absorption kinetics in maize, bean and pepper seeds

2025-06-12

António Nogueira , H. Puga , Hernâni Gerós +1 more | Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture

Abstract Background Various methods have been explored to improve seed hydration, reduce hydration time and improve germination rates, such as seed priming methods and non‐invasive technologies like ultrasound. Several reports … Abstract Background Various methods have been explored to improve seed hydration, reduce hydration time and improve germination rates, such as seed priming methods and non‐invasive technologies like ultrasound. Several reports have highlighted ultrasound technology's positive effects on germination and seedling development by enhancing water absorption. However, a comprehensive study investigating ultrasound's impact on seed water uptake dynamics, gene expression linked to seed hydration, and its association with germination rates has not yet been conducted. RESULTS The present study tested the contribution of ultrasound technology in enhancing seed hydration of three crop species with high economic value: pepper, maize and bean, its impact on germination and in the expression of genes involved in the germination process. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy and numerical simulation were utilized to evaluate the structural changes in seed coat in response to ultrasound. The study employed a variety of models to analyse hydration kinetics and found that ultrasound treatment consistently improved water uptake in all three studied species. Specifically, seeds exposed to ultrasound showed faster and higher water absorption rates, enhanced seedling growth, and significant modulation of gene expression. The treatment led to overexpression of aquaporin‐coding genes and repression of genes involved in the abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. CONCLUSION Overall, ultrasound treatment proved to be an effective priming strategy, enhancing seed hydration kinetics, modulating the expression of genes involved in water transport and ABA biosynthesis, and promoting germination and seedling growth, particularly in bean seeds. These findings highlight the potential of ultrasound technology as a sustainable tool to improve seed performance and bring valuable knowledge to the field of seed physiology and agricultural technology. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Hypomagnetic Field and Its Effect on the Growth and Survival of Microorganisms

2025-06-12

Miroslava Sinčák , Kateřina Benediktová , Jana Adámková +1 more | Microorganisms

As humanity embarks on interplanetary exploration and envisions future colonies beyond Earth, understanding the impact of extreme environments on life becomes paramount. Among these factors, the hypomagnetic field (HMF)—a condition … As humanity embarks on interplanetary exploration and envisions future colonies beyond Earth, understanding the impact of extreme environments on life becomes paramount. Among these factors, the hypomagnetic field (HMF)—a condition where the protective geomagnetic field is absent—remains poorly understood, especially regarding its effects on (micro)organisms. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine how short-term exposure to an HMF (24 h to 7 days) affects the growth of three different microorganisms, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, and Lactobacillus plantarum, using a specialized hypomagnetic chamber and advanced spectrophotometric analysis. We demonstrate significant growth inhibition in S. cerevisiae (23%) and A. ferrooxidans (68%), with L. plantarum remaining unaffected. This inhibitory effect appears reversible, diminishing as organisms return to normal geomagnetic conditions. These findings reveal that the HMF acts as a temporary environmental stressor, underscoring the need for deeper exploration of its biological effects. Our work sets the stage for further research into how the space environment may shape microbial ecosystems critical to future human endeavors in space.

Magnetization treatment effect on some physical and biological characteristics of saline irrigation water

2025-06-05

Heba Abdelsalam , Harby Mostafa , Mohamed El-Ansary +2 more | Scientific Reports

Bio-fortification in Crops, Recent Approaches, Challenges and Future Strategies: A Review

2025-06-04

M Sayooj , JS Thakur , Durga Prasad +2 more | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Micronutrient deficiencies such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), iodine (I), carotenoids and folic acid affects individuals worldwide, posing significant challenges to human health and development. Malnutrition and hidden … Micronutrient deficiencies such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), iodine (I), carotenoids and folic acid affects individuals worldwide, posing significant challenges to human health and development. Malnutrition and hidden hunger continue to be global challenges, particularly in developing countries. Biofortification through plant breeding and genetic engineering has emerged as a cost-effective and sustainable solution to address these deficiencies. This strategy is particularly beneficial for the health of people with limited access to commercially fortified foods. With a one-time investment and the ability for farmers to propagate seeds at minimal cost, biofortification offers a promising avenue for long-term nutritional improvement. Recent advancements by integrating conventional breeding, genetic engineering and agronomic approaches have made the introduction of biofortified crop varieties by targeting various macro and micronutrients, antioxidants and other bioavailable components possible. Despite its potential, biofortified crops encounter obstacles related to development, distribution, and consumer acceptance. Overcoming these challenges is crucial for optimizing the utilization of biofortified foods and achieving widespread impact in combating malnutrition and starvation worldwide.

Synergistic germination-promoting and antimicrobial effects of ultrasonic and slightly acidic electrolyzed water treatments on peanut seeds

2025-06-01

Liping Wang , Lu Yu , Ziyun Wu | LWT

Synergistic Enhancement of Gelation and Protein Interactions in Low-Salt Shrimp Gels by Static Magnetic Field and Microcrystalline Cellulose

2025-06-01

Chunyu Li , Siyang Liu , Yingying Yang +5 more | Food Hydrocolloids

Explicit analysis of magnetotactic bacteria motion reveals the length scaling of magnetic moments

2025-06-01

Māra Šmite , Mihails Birjukovs , Pēteris Zvejnieks +3 more | Biophysical Journal