Engineering › Mechanics of Materials

Material Properties and Processing

Works Count: 53676

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This cluster of papers focuses on the mechanics and properties of paper materials, including fiber network deformation, elastic-plastic behavior, moisture diffusion, inkjet coating, vibration analysis, and packaging technology. It explores the structural design and performance testing of corrugated board packages, as well as the influence of various factors on the mechanical behavior of paper-based materials.

Keywords

Paper Mechanics; Fiber Networks; Elastic-Plastic Deformation; Corrugated Board; Moisture Diffusion; Inkjet Coating; Vibration Analysis; Porous Structures; Packaging Technology; Material Modeling

Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites

1993-12-14

Robert F. Landel , Lawrence E. Nielsen

Mechanical Tests and Polymer Transitions * Elastic Moduli * Creep and Stress Relaxation * Dynamical Mechanical Properties * Stress-Strain Behaviour and Strength * Other mechanical Properties * Particulate-Filled Polymers * … Mechanical Tests and Polymer Transitions * Elastic Moduli * Creep and Stress Relaxation * Dynamical Mechanical Properties * Stress-Strain Behaviour and Strength * Other mechanical Properties * Particulate-Filled Polymers * Fiber- Filled Composites and Other Composites.

The Wiley encyclopedia of packaging technology

1997-11-01

Marilyn Bakker , David R. Eckroth

The Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology addresses a technical audience of engineers, technologists, and scientists who need an introduction to unfamiliar aspects of the packaging process. The encyclopedia will be a … The Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology addresses a technical audience of engineers, technologists, and scientists who need an introduction to unfamiliar aspects of the packaging process. The encyclopedia will be a valuable reference for packaging engineers, but also for polymer chemists developing packaging materials and food technologists developing new products. This single-volume work contains alphabetically-arranged articles written by experts in academia or in industry. Each major article contains cross-references to related subjects within the encyclopedia, as well as a bibliography of supplemental references sources, reviewed by other experts in the field to insure completeness and objectivity.

An introduction to the mechanical properties of solid polymers

2004-12-01

I. M. Ward , D. W. Hadley

Preface. 1 Structure of Polymers. 2 The Deformation of an Elastic Solid. 3 Rubber-like Elasticity. 4 Principles of Linear Viscoelasticity. 5 The Measurement of Viscoelastic Behaviour. 6 Experimental Studies of … Preface. 1 Structure of Polymers. 2 The Deformation of an Elastic Solid. 3 Rubber-like Elasticity. 4 Principles of Linear Viscoelasticity. 5 The Measurement of Viscoelastic Behaviour. 6 Experimental Studies of Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour as a Function of Frequency and Temperature: Time-Temperature Equivalence. 7 Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour. 8 Polymer Composites: Macroscale and Microscale. 9 Relaxation Transitions: Experimental Behaviour and Molecular Interpretation. 10 Creep, Stress Relaxation and Non-linear Viscoelasticity. 11 Yielding and Instability in Polymers. 12 Breaking Phenomena. Appendix 1. Appendix 2. Answers to Problems. Index.

Polymer Blends Handbook

2003-01-01

L. A. Utracki

Pulp and paper : chemistry and chemical technology

1960-01-01

James P. Casey

Pigment Coating. Printing. Reprography. Laminating. Corrugating. Paper Reinforcement by Polymer Addition. Paper Laminates. Aqueous and Solvent Coating. Extrusion Coating. Hot-Melt Coating. Appendix. Subject Index. Pigment Coating. Printing. Reprography. Laminating. Corrugating. Paper Reinforcement by Polymer Addition. Paper Laminates. Aqueous and Solvent Coating. Extrusion Coating. Hot-Melt Coating. Appendix. Subject Index.

Fundamental principles of polymeric materials

2012-12-01

S. L. Rosen

Partial table of contents: POLYMER FUNDAMENTALS Types of Polymers Bonding in Polymers Stereoisomerism Characterization of Molecular Weight Polymer Solubility and Solutions Transitions in Polymers POLYMER SYNTHESIS Step-Growth (Condensation) Polymerization Free-Radical … Partial table of contents: POLYMER FUNDAMENTALS Types of Polymers Bonding in Polymers Stereoisomerism Characterization of Molecular Weight Polymer Solubility and Solutions Transitions in Polymers POLYMER SYNTHESIS Step-Growth (Condensation) Polymerization Free-Radical Addition (Chain-Growth) Polymerization Nonradical Addition Polymerization Copolymerization POLYMER PROPERTIES Rubber Elasticity Purely Viscous Flow Viscometry and Tube Flow Linear Viscoelasticity POLYMER TECHNOLOGY Processing Plastics Rubber Synthetic Fibers Surface Finishes Adhesives Index.

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Light Scattering by Fractal Aggregates: A Review

2001-01-01

C. M. Sorensen

This paper presents a review of scattering and absorption of light by fractal aggregates. The aggregates are typically diffusion limited cluster aggregates (DLCA) with fractal dimensions of D This paper presents a review of scattering and absorption of light by fractal aggregates. The aggregates are typically diffusion limited cluster aggregates (DLCA) with fractal dimensions of D

Film formation of latex

1997-12-25

Joseph L. Keddie

An overview of polymer latex film formation and properties

2000-07-01

Paul A. Steward , J. Hearn , M. C. Wilkinson

The physics of paper

2006-02-15

Mikko J. Alava , Kaarlo Niskanen

Paper is a material known to everybody. It has a network structure consisting of wood fibres that can be mimicked by cooking a portion of spaghetti and pouring it on … Paper is a material known to everybody. It has a network structure consisting of wood fibres that can be mimicked by cooking a portion of spaghetti and pouring it on a plate, to form a planar assembly of fibres that lie roughly horizontal. Real paper also contains other constituents added for technical purposes.

The estimation of filtering rate from the clearance of suspensions

1969-04-01

J. Coughlan

Vibrational Modes Identify Soft Spots in a Sheared Disordered Packing

2011-08-31

M. Lisa Manning , Andrea J. Liu

We analyze low-frequency vibrational modes in a two-dimensional, zero-temperature, quasistatically sheared model glass to identify a population of structural "soft spots" where particle rearrangements are initiated. The population of spots … We analyze low-frequency vibrational modes in a two-dimensional, zero-temperature, quasistatically sheared model glass to identify a population of structural "soft spots" where particle rearrangements are initiated. The population of spots evolves slowly compared to the interval between particle rearrangements, and the soft spots are structurally different from the rest of the system. Our results suggest that disordered solids flow via localized rearrangements that tend to occur at soft spots, which are analogous to dislocations in crystalline solids.

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Ueber die Beziehung zwischen Kornabstufung und Zwischenraum in Produkten aus losen Körnern (mit einigen Experimenten)

1930-03-01

A. H. M. Andreasen

The elasticity and strength of paper and other fibrous materials

1952-03-01

Henry Cox

An analysis is made of the effect of orientation of the fibres on the stiffness and strength of paper and other fibrous materials. It is shown that these effects may … An analysis is made of the effect of orientation of the fibres on the stiffness and strength of paper and other fibrous materials. It is shown that these effects may be represented completely by the first few coefficients of the distribution function for the fibres in respect of orientation, the first three Fourier coefficients for a planar matrix and the first fifteen spherical harmonics for a solid medium. For the planar case it is shown that all possible types of elastic behaviour may be represented by composition of four sets of parallel fibres in appropriate ratios. The means of transfer of load from fibre to fibre are considered and it is concluded that the effect of short fibres may be represented merely by use of a reduced value for their modulus of elasticity. The results of the analysis are applied to certain samples of resin bonded fibrous filled materials and moderately good agreement with experimental results is found.

The melt viscosity-molecular weight relationship for linear polymers

1987-09-01

Ralph H. Colby , Lewis J. Fetters , William W. Graessley

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe melt viscosity-molecular weight relationship for linear polymersRalph H. Colby, Lewis J. Fetters, and William W. GraessleyCite this: Macromolecules 1987, 20, 9, 2226–2237Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1987Publication … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe melt viscosity-molecular weight relationship for linear polymersRalph H. Colby, Lewis J. Fetters, and William W. GraessleyCite this: Macromolecules 1987, 20, 9, 2226–2237Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00175a030https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00175a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views7240Altmetric-Citations333LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

A Manual of Paper Chromatography and Paper Electrophoresis

1955-01-01

R. J. Block , EMMETT L. DURRUM , GUNTER ZWEIG +3 more

Improving the Density of Jammed Disordered Packings Using Ellipsoids

2004-02-12

Aleksandar Donev , Ibrahim Cisse , David Sachs +5 more

Packing problems, such as how densely objects can fill a volume, are among the most ancient and persistent problems in mathematics and science. For equal spheres, it has only recently … Packing problems, such as how densely objects can fill a volume, are among the most ancient and persistent problems in mathematics and science. For equal spheres, it has only recently been proved that the face-centered cubic lattice has the highest possible packing fraction phi=pi/18 approximately 0.74. It is also well known that certain random (amorphous) jammed packings have phi approximately 0.64. Here, we show experimentally and with a new simulation algorithm that ellipsoids can randomly pack more densely-up to phi= 0.68 to 0.71 for spheroids with an aspect ratio close to that of M&M's Candies-and even approach phi approximately 0.74 for ellipsoids with other aspect ratios. We suggest that the higher density is directly related to the higher number of degrees of freedom per particle and thus the larger number of particle contacts required to mechanically stabilize the packing. We measured the number of contacts per particle Z approximately 10 for our spheroids, as compared to Z approximately 6 for spheres. Our results have implications for a broad range of scientific disciplines, including the properties of granular media and ceramics, glass formation, and discrete geometry.

The kinetics of package life. III. The isotherm

1946-12-01

C. R. Oswin

Abstract Published equations for the sorption isotherms of hygroscopic materials cannot be used in solving the Package Life equation, but it has been found empirically that Pearson's typo XII Frequency … Abstract Published equations for the sorption isotherms of hygroscopic materials cannot be used in solving the Package Life equation, but it has been found empirically that Pearson's typo XII Frequency curve can be fitted to the isotherms of many non‐crystalline commodities. Approximate solutions of the equation for the shelf‐life of water‐sensitive packages are derived. Separate equations are derived for absorption and desorption: the agreement of each with results observed in exposure trials is demonstrated.

Nanocomposite materials from latex and cellulose whiskers

1995-05-01

V. Favier , G.R. Canova , J.Y. Cavaillé +3 more

Abstract Composite materials were processed by casting a mixture of aqueous suspensions of latex and microfibrils. These microfibrils, or whiskers, are extracted from a sea animal and are monocrystals of … Abstract Composite materials were processed by casting a mixture of aqueous suspensions of latex and microfibrils. These microfibrils, or whiskers, are extracted from a sea animal and are monocrystals of cellulose, with an aspect ratio around 100 and an average diameter of 20 nm. It has been found that the mechanical properties (shear modulus) are increased by more than two orders of magnitude in the rubbery state of the polymeric matrix, when the whisker content was 6% (w/w). This very large effect is discussed on the basis of different types of mechanical models and it is concluded that these whiskers form a rigid network, probably linked by hydrogen bonds. The formation of this network is assumed to be governed by a percolation mechanism.

The electromagnetic properties of food materials: A review of the basic principles

1995-01-01

S. Ryynänen

Charge generation on dielectric surfaces

1969-11-01

D.K. Davies

Measurements have been made of the charge density produced on dielectric surfaces by contact with metals of known difference in work function in vacuo. The injected charge density is dependent … Measurements have been made of the charge density produced on dielectric surfaces by contact with metals of known difference in work function in vacuo. The injected charge density is dependent on the metal work function and, therefore, described by electron transfer for all the materials examined. Values of work function are presented for PVC, 4·85 ev; polyimide, 4·36 ev; PTFE, 4·26 ev; polycarbonate, 4·26 ev; PET, 4·25 ev; polystyrene, 4·22 ev; and nylon 66, 4·08 ev. The positions of some of these materials in the familiar `triboelectric series' are readily described by their work functions.

Chemistry and physics of baking

1987-01-01

Charles A. White , John F. Kennedy

Wood-chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions

1984-08-01

Horst Nimz

Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers.

1961-10-01

Maurice L. Huggins

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTViscoelastic Properties of Polymers.Maurice L. HugginsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 19, 4110–4111Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October … ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTViscoelastic Properties of Polymers.Maurice L. HugginsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 19, 4110–4111Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01480a050https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01480a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views528Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Surfactant science and technology

1989-06-01

Paul Becher

Audio Engineering Society Convention

1985-04-01

First Page First Page

Dielectric Spectroscopy of Polymers

1977-12-01

J.H. Calderwood

Peter Hedvig Bristol: Adam Hilger 1977 pp 430 price £1750 (cased) (25% reduction for Institute of Physics members) Peter Hedvig Bristol: Adam Hilger 1977 pp 430 price £1750 (cased) (25% reduction for Institute of Physics members)

The Physical Properties of Polymers

1963-06-01

W. Sparrow Simpson

Stripping analysis: Principles, instrumentation, and applications

1986-02-01

P. Zuman

Physical properties of polymers

1994-07-01

Random Heterogeneous Materials: Microstructure and Macroscopic Properties

2002-07-01

Salvatore Torquato , HW Haslach

7R3. Random Heterogeneous Materials: Microstructure and Macroscopic Properties. - S Torquato (Dept of Chem, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton Univ, Princeton NJ 08544). Springer-Verlag, New York. 2002. 701 pp. ISBN 0-387-95167-9. … 7R3. Random Heterogeneous Materials: Microstructure and Macroscopic Properties. - S Torquato (Dept of Chem, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton Univ, Princeton NJ 08544). Springer-Verlag, New York. 2002. 701 pp. ISBN 0-387-95167-9. $69.95.Reviewed by HW Haslach Jr (Dept of Mech Eng, Univ of Maryland, College Park MD 20742-3035).Random heterogeneous materials are those composed of randomly distributed phases or different material domains such as composites or materials with voids. The various domains forming the microstructure have macroscopic properties because they are larger than molecules. A major problem is to develop a rigorous method of characterizing the microstructure. Probability functions are used to describe the various microstructures, whether heterogeneous, homogeneous, isotropic, etc. A canonical n-point correlation function provides a unified means to describe arbitrary microstructures. The presentation is restricted to microstructures which are independent of time. Several idealized models of the microstructure are presented. In a hard sphere model, the ill-defined idea of randomly closed packed spheres is replaced by the well-defined idea of a maximally random jammed configuration. The degree of penetrability and the distribution of radii of the spheres are adjusted to represent different types of microstructure. Anisotropy is modeled with ellipsoidal or cylindrical inclusions. Some hierarchical laminates have optimal transport properties. Foams or some biological materials are better modeled by the space-filling cell structures described. Percolation is modeled using the idea of clusters, a connected group of the random elements. The Monte Carlo method is used to produce both equilibrium and non-equilibrium realizations of random media. The idea is to generate a random microstructure and then study its properties. An appendix lists a FORTRAN program to create an equilibrium configuration of uniform hard disks. The second part of the book studies the relation of the bulk effective properties to the microstructure of a random heterogeneous material. The probability characterizations of the microstructure given in the first part are used to compute the effective bulk properties in the four different areas of conduction, elasticity, trapping, and flow in porous media. The study is generally restricted to ergodic two-phase random media. In each case, a local linear constitutive model is assumed, as is local statistical homogeneity. The focus is on steady-state behavior. The resulting elasticity theory permits definition of linear viscoelasticity through the correspondence principle. Processes are represented by averaged, or homogenized, partial differential equations. The averaging requires two length scales, one for the microstructure and one for the bulk material. Generally, the response is composed of a slow component due to the global scale including the applied loads and a fast component due to the microstructure. The averaging is carried out subject to conservation relations. Variational principles are used to bound the values of the properties, which in general cannot be computed exactly. Exceptions are some periodic microstructures, the Hashin-Shtrikman isotropic dispersion of spheres, or the hierarchical laminates. Single inclusion problems are solved and used to estimate the dependence of effective properties on volume fraction and inclusion shape. Trial fields to determine bounds on the properties, using the variational principles, are developed for the four classes of example effective properties. The results of the first part of the book are used to compute the bounds in two-phase random heterogeneous materials. The book ends by examining the problem of determining one effective property from information about others. This book is part of an Applied Mathematics series, and it primarily concerns the mathematical analysis of random structures. This work can serve as a foundation for those who wish to design random heterogeneous structures with specified bulk properties. A major contribution of the book is to clearly and rigorously explain the statistical characterization of the microstructure of these materials as a foundation for an analysis of effective properties. This theory, at least to the extent developed in this book, only produces linear models for the bulk properties of solids; nonlinear behavior is not covered. The intended interdisciplinary audience is graduate students and researchers in fields such as applied mathematics, physics, chemistry, materials science, engineering, geology, and biology. The suggested prerequisites are the basics of probability, statistical mechanics, advanced calculus, and continuum mechanics. The author's stated attempt to avoid technical jargon is largely successful. An extensive reference list is provided. Random Heterogeneous Materials: Microstructure and Macroscopic Properties should become a standard reference for those beginning a study of random heterogeneous media.

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Toughened Plastics

1977-01-01

C. B. Bucknall

Science and Technology of Rubber

2005-01-01

Mechanical Behavior of Materials

2009-11-09

William F. Hosford

This textbook fits courses on mechanical behavior of materials in mechanical engineering and materials science and includes numerous examples and problems. It emphasizes quantitative problem solving. This text differs from … This textbook fits courses on mechanical behavior of materials in mechanical engineering and materials science and includes numerous examples and problems. It emphasizes quantitative problem solving. This text differs from others because the treatment of plasticity emphasizes the interrelationship of the flow, effective strain, and effective stress and their use in conjunction with yield criteria to solve problems. The treatment of defects is new, as is the analysis of particulate composites. Schmid's law is generalized for complex stress states. Its use with strains allows for prediction of R-values for textures. Of note is the treatment of lattice rotations related to deformation textures. The chapter on fracture mechanics includes coverage of Gurney's approach. Among the highlights in this new edition are the treatment of the effects of texture on properties and microstructure in Chapter 7, a new chapter (12) on discontinuous and inhomogeneous deformation, and the treatment of foams in Chapter 21.

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Dielectric Properties of Wood and Wood-Based Materials

1993-01-01

Grigoriy I. Torgovnikov

Polypropylene Structure, blends and composites

1995-01-01

J. Karger‐Kocsis

Handbook of pulping and papermaking

1997-02-01

Christopher J. Biermann

Introduction and the Literature: Introduction to Papermaking. Introduction to the Literature. Abstract Indices. Technical and Trade Journals. Reference Books. Textbooks. Chemistry Reference Books. Other References. Wood and Fiber Fundamentals: Wood … Introduction and the Literature: Introduction to Papermaking. Introduction to the Literature. Abstract Indices. Technical and Trade Journals. Reference Books. Textbooks. Chemistry Reference Books. Other References. Wood and Fiber Fundamentals: Wood and Bark. Wood Chips and Sawdust. Wood Chip Preparation and Handling at the Pulp Mill. Solid Wood Measurement. Wood Chip Measurement. Wood Chemistry. Wood and Fiber Physics. Properties of Selected Wood Species. Nonwood and Recycled Fiber Considerations. Pulping Fundamentals: Introduction to Pulping. Mechanical Pulping. Chemi-Mechanical Pulping. Related Pulping Methods. Semi-Chemical Pulping. General Chemical Pulping. Soda Pulping. Kraft Pulping. Sulfite Pulping. OtherPulping Methods. Market Pulp. Kraft Spent Liquor Recovery: Chemical Recovery. Pulp Washing. Liquor Evaporation. Recovery Boiler. Cooking Liquor Regeneration--The Causticizing Process. Pulp Bleaching: Bleaching Mechanical Pulps. Measurement ofLignin Content. Bleaching Chemical Pulps. Refining and Pulp Characterization: Introduction to Refining. Refining. Pulp Characterization. Pulp Properties versus Performance. Paper and its Properties: General Grades of Paper. Specific Types of Paper. Basic Paper Properties. Physical Properties of Paper. Mechanical Properties of Paper. Chemical Analysis of Paper. Basic Optical Tests of Paper. Sheet Splitting of Paper. Stock Preparation and Additives for Papermaking: Fiber Preparation and Approach. Raw Materials. Functional Additives. Control Additives. Wet End Chemistry. Paper Manufacture:The Paper Machine. The Headbox. The Fourdrinier Wet End. Twin Wire Formers. The Cylinder Machine. The Press Section. The Dryer Section. Post DryingOperations. Paper Machine Broke System. Conversion. Coating. Fiber From Recycled Paper:Reycled Fiber Preparation. Recycled Fiber Recovery. Environmental Impact: Water Pollution. Water Quality Tests. Aqueous Effluent Treatments. Air Pollution.Air Quality Tests and Control. Solid Waste Disposal. U.S. Regulations. Metric and English Units and Unit Analysis: Metric Units. English and Metric Units. Unit Analysis. Introductory Chemistry Review: The Elements. Ionic and Covalent Bonds. Hydrogen Bonding. The Mole and Mass Percentage. Equivalency, Molarity, and Normality. Acids, Bases, and the pH Scale. The Law of Mass Action. Solubility Products. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. Electrochemistry. Practical Aspects of Electrochemistry. Properties of Gases. Analytical and Coordinate Chemistry: Strong Acid--Strong Base Titrations. pH Properties of Weak Acid-Conjugate Base Pairs. pH Indicators. Titration of a Weak Acid With a Strong Base of Weak Base with a Strong Acid. Reduction-Oxidation Titrations. Colorimetric Analysis. Coordinate Chemistry. Miscellaneous Considerations. Calculations of Wood, Paper and Other Materials: Wood Moisture Content and Density. Pulpwood Measurement. Tensile Strength and Breaking Length of Materials. Paper Properties. Pulping Calculations: General Chemical Pulping Definitions. Kraft Liquor--Chemical Calculations. Kraft Liquor--Chemical Analysis. Specific Gravity and Viscosity of Kraft Liquors. Importance of Black Liquor pH. Kraft H-Factor andOther Process Control Equations. Sulfite Liquor Calculations. Sulfite Liquor Analysis. The Chemistry of Sulfur. Calcining Equations. Bleaching and Pulp Properties Calculations: Dilution Water Calculations. Chlorine Bleaching. Chlorine Dioxide. Chemical Analysis of Bleaching Liquors and Chlorine Equivalency. CSF Correction Equations. Computer Simulation of Fiber Cleaning Systems. Paper Maching Calculations. Properties of Dilute Pulp Slurries, Flocculation. Strength of Wet Fiber Mats. Fiber Physics.Polymer Chemistry: Introduction and Types of Polymers. Addition Polymers. Condensation Polymers. Molecular Weights of Polymers. Carbohydrate Chemistry: Nomenclature. Forms of Monosaccharides. Selected Reactions of Carbohydrates. Total Quality Management: Introduction to TQM and SPC. Statistical Process (Quality) Control, SPC, SQC. Statistical Process Control Tools. Implementing TQC and SPC. Miscellaneous Topics. Equations. Appendix -- Generating Random Data With a Normal Distribution.Colloid and Surface Chemistry: Colloid Chemistry. Polyelectrolytes. Surface Tension and Sizing. Surfactants. Foam. Emulsions. Light Scattering by Colloids. Appendix. Papermaking Chemistry: Polymeric Additives. Colloid Chemistry. Retention, Formation, & Drainage. Internal Sizing. Wet and Dry Strength. Monitoring Wet End Chemistry. Papermaking Chemistry Control. Other Considerations. Printing and the Graphic Arts: Letterpress. Lithography. Gravure. Screen Printing. Other Printing Methods. Halftone Printing. Color Printing. Common Aspects of Printing. Ink and Ink Application. Paper Properties and Printing. Specific Products. Computers and Printing. Bindery Operations. Appendix. Optical Properties of Paper: Behavior of Light Rays. Color. Tristimulus Systems. Blackbody Radiation and Other Light Sources. Kubelka-Munk Theory. Appendix. Wood and Fiber--Growth and Anatomy: Sample Preparation for Identification or Microscopy. Wood Variation. Silviculture and Wood Quality. Softwood Anatomy: Gross Anatomy of Softwoods. Microscopic Anatomy of Softwoods. Anatomy of Softwood Species. Non American Species. Hardwood Anatomy: Gross Anatomy of Hardwoods. Microscopic Anatomy of Hardwoods. Anatomy of Hardwood Species. Wood Fiber Anatomy and Identification: Fiber Analysis. Softwood Fiber. Hardwood Fiber. Nonwood Fiber Use in Pulp and Paper: Pulping Methods for Nonwood Fibers. Considerations for Nonwood Fiber Use. Other Fiber Types. Hydraulics: Flow of Liquids. Pump Basics. Positive Displacement Pumps. Centrifugal (Dynamic) Pumps. Valves. Hydraulic Power Systems. Troubleshooting Hydraulic Power Systems. Process Control: Sensors. Temperature Sensors. Mechanical Sensors. Controllers. Actuators. Corrugated Containers: Manufacture. Test Methods. Miscellaneous Topics: Viscosity and Surface Tension of Water from 1 to 100 deg.C. Vapor Pressure of Water From 0 to 280 deg.C. Properties of Air and Water. Water Conditioning. Boiler Feedwater Treatment. Corrosion. Safety Practices for Hazardous Chemicals. Transportation Safety. Operations Management. Process Simulation. Superabsorbency. Bearings. Electric Circuit Symbols. Appendix. Updates and Bibliography: General Pulp and Paper. Wood. Roundwood Properties. Wood Chemistry. Recycling and Secondary Fiber. Properties of Pulps. Mechanical Pulping. Chemical Pulping. Kraft Recovery. Bleaching. Fiber Physics and Preparation. Papermaking. Paper. Converting and Coating. Flexible Packaging.Environmental. Information Systems and Millwide Systems. Testing Methods. Answers to Selected Problems. Index.

Polymer Blends and Composites

1976-01-01

John A. Manson , L. H. Sperling

Commercial Polymer Blends

1998-01-01

L. A. Utracki

Wood adhesives : chemistry and technology

1983-01-01

A. Pizzi

Experimental and simulation results for inherent unsharpness estimation of cassette contribution

2025-06-24

Anthony Touron , Kassem Kalo , Romain Jonchière +2 more | e-Journal of Nondestructive Testing

In the absence of motion unsharpness, which can usually be neglected in industrial radiography, the total unsharpness is defined as the square root of the sum of the squared geometrical … In the absence of motion unsharpness, which can usually be neglected in industrial radiography, the total unsharpness is defined as the square root of the sum of the squared geometrical and inherent unsharpness. While the concept of geometrical unsharpness is well understood, and to a certain extent can be controlled by the radiographer with a careful consideration of the distance between the source, the object, and the film, inherent unsharpness is directly related to the radiation energy. Inherent unsharpness is produced by scattered secondary radiation within the cassette containing the photographic emulsion, which in turn renders silver halide grains within a certain vicinity of the primary radiation's absorption developable. This vicinity increases with the energy of the generated electrons, which in turn depends on the energy of the incident radiation. With digital radiography, it is relatively straightforward to determine inherent unsharpness. With film radiography, this is not the case. However, a detailed comparison of the values of this unsharpness between these two techniques is important for transitioning from one to the other, with implications for industrial implementation or regulatory requirements. This study presents the results obtained through simulation and experiments on measuring this unsharpness in film radiography using different methods, including the Klasens method, which involves evaluation of the profile of a particular edge image.

Screening and Relative Quantification of Migration from Novel Thermoplastic Starch and PBAT Blend Packaging

2025-06-21

Phanwipa Wongphan , Elena Canellas , Cristina Nerı́n +3 more | Foods

A novel biodegradable food packaging material based on cassava thermoplastic starch (TPS) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) blends containing food preservatives was successfully developed using blown-film extrusion. This active packaging … A novel biodegradable food packaging material based on cassava thermoplastic starch (TPS) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) blends containing food preservatives was successfully developed using blown-film extrusion. This active packaging is designed to enhance the appearance, taste, and color of food products, while delaying quality deterioration. However, the incorporation of food preservatives directly influences consumer perception, as well as health and safety concerns. Therefore, this research aims to assess the risks associated with both intentionally added substances (IAS) and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) present in the developed active packaging. The migration of both intentionally and non-intentionally added substances (IAS and NIAS) was evaluated using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Fifteen different volatile compounds were detected, with the primary compound identified as 1,6-dioxacyclododecane-7,12-dione, originating from the PBAT component. This compound, along with others, resulted from the polymerization of adipic acid, terephthalic acid, and butanediol, forming linear and cyclic PBAT oligomers. Migration experiments were conducted using three food simulants—95% ethanol, 10% ethanol, and 3% acetic acid—over a period of 10 days at 60 °C. No migration above the detection limits of the analytical methods was observed for 3% acetic acid and 10% ethanol. However, migration studies with 95% ethanol revealed the presence of new compounds formed through interactions between the simulant and PBAT monomers or oligomers, indicating the packaging’s sensitivity to high-polarity food simulants. Nevertheless, the levels of these migrated compounds remained below the regulatory migration limits.

Ultrasonic Analysis of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Epoxy-Ethanol Mixtures: Impact of Temperature and Concentration

2025-06-20

Niharika Das , Subhraraj Panda , Manoj Kumar Praharaj | Journal of Molecular and Engineering Materials

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GAS EXCHANGE RATES IN MICROPERFORATED MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING: EFFECT OF PERFORATION SIZE AND GAS CONCENTRATION

2025-06-19

Gergő Szabó , Zsuzsanna Horváth-Mezőfi , Lien Le Phuong Nguyen +5 more | Journal of Agriculture and Food Research

2D numerical model for gas mass transfers in modified atmosphere packaging systems

2025-06-18

Anh Khoa Nguyen , Fanny Coffigniez , Valérie Guillard +1 more | Journal of Food Engineering

Influence of Moisture and Tool Temperature on the Maximum Stretch and Process Stability in High-Speed 3D Paper Forming

2025-06-18

李佳 , Matthias Klauser , Johannes Rauschnabel +1 more | Materials

This study investigates how moisture preconditioning and thermal parameters affect the stretchability of paper in 3D forming, with the goal of extending geometric forming limits and enhancing process stability. Multidimensional … This study investigates how moisture preconditioning and thermal parameters affect the stretchability of paper in 3D forming, with the goal of extending geometric forming limits and enhancing process stability. Multidimensional tensile tests were performed on FibreForm Duo (310 g/m2) using a hemispherical punch. Key variables included water bath dwell time, punch temperature, and contact time, simulating industrial conditions in high-speed packaging. A short duration of water bath immersion (1-3 s) led to rapid moisture uptake (-20%), resulting in significantly improved formability. Compared to unconditioned samples, the maximum stretch increased by up to 3.5 percentage points. The process window identified (3.03 s dwell time; 70 °C punch temperature; 1.08 s contact time to punch) yielded a predicted stretch of 16.5%, representing a notable expansion of the material's geometric forming capacity. Regression analysis (R2 = 0.8946) confirmed the strong statistical significance of all parameters.

INVESTIGATION OF THEQUANTITY AND QUALITY OF WASTE PAPER IN THE PRODUCTION OF PACKAGING CARDBOARD

2025-06-15

Artem Valerievich Zaitsev , Vladimir К. Dubovy , Ivan Nikolaevich Koverninsky +2 more | chemistry of plant raw material

The recycling of MS-5B and MS-6B waste paper into a test liner and fluting at Karavaevo is accompanied by the accumulation of waste. It is a complex mixture of substances … The recycling of MS-5B and MS-6B waste paper into a test liner and fluting at Karavaevo is accompanied by the accumulation of waste. It is a complex mixture of substances of various types with variable mass composition. The specific content of agricultural waste per 1 ton of products is 38 kg. With a capacity of 60 tons per day of paper and cardboard, about 800 tons per year of waste paper is put into landfill. The inevitability of waste generation and the need for disposal at the landfill requires significant financial costs, therefore waste recycling is an urgent problem of waste paper recycling. The waste mixture was fractionated into plastics, fiber, wood, minerals, metals, rubber, and fabric. It has been established that the total content of plastic and fiber is more than 71% and can be fully used as a binder in thermal pressing technology. Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the elemental composition of waste paper. Thus, the stability of the chemical composition of the mineral part of the waste has been confirmed, which can ensure the expected quality of products in thermal pressing technology. As a result of the exploratory study of the thermal compression composition (a mixture of crushed waste and sand), a composition was obtained and plate products were manufactured. The experiments yielded positive results and identified a promising area for recycling waste paper – the production of highly filled composites with a polymer matrix and mineral filler.

Homogenized failure model of corrugated sandwich panels under tension

2025-06-12

Viet Dung Luong | International Journal of Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering

Corrugated core sandwich panels are widely used due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and superior energy absorption. This paper presents a finite element homogenization model to predict the mechanical failure … Corrugated core sandwich panels are widely used due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and superior energy absorption. This paper presents a finite element homogenization model to predict the mechanical failure behavior of corrugated core sandwich panels under tension. The homogenization method simplifies the complex core geometry while preserving the mechanical properties of the structure. A homogeneous 2D plate replaces the 3D model of the panel with isotropic properties. The mechanical behavior model of Chow and Wang is used to describe the response of each material layer. The homogenization process is performed through local integration over the thickness of the layers. The model is implemented in Abaqus software through the UGENS user subroutine. The results from the model are compared with full 3D simulations, demonstrating the computational efficiency, model-building time, and accuracy of the proposed method

Multiscale modeling for food drying: A Downscaling approach

2025-06-01

Zachary G. Welsh , Vindya Thathsaranee Weligama Thuppahige , Azharul Karim | Journal of Food Engineering

Comprehensive evaluation of Filament Winding process and part design: effects on winding time and Life Cycle impacts

2025-06-01

Iacopo Bianchi , Archimede Forcellese , Chiara Mignanelli +2 more | Journal of Cleaner Production

FORMULATION, APPLICATION, AND ACCEPTABILITY OF PEARL CRAYONS

2025-06-01

| IARJSET

Nonlinear anisotropic hypo-elastic continuum models for paper materials and their relation to statistical micro-mechanics

2025-06-01

Mohadeseh Fallah , Pietro Lenarda , Marco Paggi | Engineering Fracture Mechanics

Application of Ohmic and Vacuum-Assisted Ohmic Heating Technologies for Proofing Composite Millet-Based Doughs: Assessment of Techno-Functional Properties, Rheological behavior, and Modeling of Proofing Kinetics

2025-06-01

Arpan Dubey , Punyadarshini Punam Tripathy | Journal of Food Engineering

Pengaruh Variasi Media Pendingin Dan Jenis Elektroda Pada Pengelasan SMAW Terhadap Uji Kekerasan Material Baja ST 36

2025-05-31

Afif Septian Ardiansyah , Basuki Basuki , Dian Anisa Rokhmah Wati +1 more | Motion.

Pengelasan SMAW merupakan suatu metode penyambungan logam dengan cara mencairkan sebagian logam induk dan logam pengisi. Penggunaanpengelasan mencakup dalam konstruksi bangunan, system perpipaan, maupun dalam konstruksi mesin. Keuntungan penggunaan pengelasan … Pengelasan SMAW merupakan suatu metode penyambungan logam dengan cara mencairkan sebagian logam induk dan logam pengisi. Penggunaanpengelasan mencakup dalam konstruksi bangunan, system perpipaan, maupun dalam konstruksi mesin. Keuntungan penggunaan pengelasan SMAW dalam penyambungan logam disebabkan karena relatif lebih murah, lebih ringan, menghasilkan logam dengan kekuatan tinggi dan lebih bervariasi bentuk konstruksinya.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan penyajian data bersifat deskriptif kuantitatif dengan beberapa variasi antara lain media pendingin dan jenis elektroda, ada 3 variasi media pendingin yang digunakan yaitu airgaram, air coolant danoli. Sedangkan untukvariasi jeniselektrodayaitu elektroda E 6013 dan E 308 Stainless Steel. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pengujian kekerasan menggunakan alat Vickers Indenter dan Kamera Digital. Pengujian ini dilakukan padatigatitik per spesimen, spesimen yang diuji berjumlah 6 spesimen. Hasil penelitian dari pengujian kekerasan yang tertinggi diperoleh pada variasi media pendingin air garam dengan menggunakan elektroda E308 Stainless Steel dengan menghasilkan nilai 61,759 HV. Sedangkan untuk hasil pengujian kekerasan terendah diperoleh pada variasi media pendingin oli dengan menggunakan elektroda E 6013 dengan menghasilkan nilai 37,335 HV. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa terjadi pengaruh antara jenis media pendingin dan jenis elektroda terhadap nilai kekerasan vickers pada pengelasan SMAW material baja ST 36.

The Effect of Industrial Design on Corrugated Cardboard Packaging Optimization

2025-05-31

Demet Günal Ertaş , Büşra Torgay Dönmezer | Archives of Design Research

Vibration characteristics and lead stress optimization for printed circuit board with PQFP under random loads

2025-05-31

Bin Hu , Yilin Sun , Shijing Wu | Microelectronics Reliability

Mechanical Characterization of FRP using Glass Fiber & its Application for Corrugated Sheet

2025-05-31

A.P. Thorave | International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology

In this paper, an experimental study was undertaken to characterise the Von-Misses stress and translational displacement behaviour of FRP corrugated sheet. In this work, corrugated sheet of glass fiber reinforced … In this paper, an experimental study was undertaken to characterise the Von-Misses stress and translational displacement behaviour of FRP corrugated sheet. In this work, corrugated sheet of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites were fabricated. Epoxy resin was used as polymer matrix material and glass fiber was used as reinforcing material. The matrix of FRP composite is epoxy resin and the reinforcement is E-glass. Reinforcement type is surface veil and Triaxial cell fabric. The main focus of this work was to fabricate composite corrugated sheet by the cheapest and easiest way. For this, hand layup method was used to fabricate corrugated sheet glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites. The corrugated FRP sheet is manufactured with dimensions 2 mm thickness, 600 mm width and 600 mm length. Moreover, a finite element (FEA) analysis was carried to simulate the Von-Misses stress and translational displacement behaviours of corrugated sheet. The maximum values of both Von-Misses stress and translational displacement were found. They were 9 MPa and 0.2 mm. Based on maximum stress criterion and maximum deflection for static structure, the model is safe.

Evaluating the Impact of Grinding Methods and Frequency on Iron Chip Contamination in Ground Pepper

2025-05-29

A. O. Adejumobi , Mojeed Tunde Anifowose , A. A. Alabi | Deleted Journal

Pepper is a popular spice used all over the world, and its iron-containing nutritional value is noteworthy. The iron content of pepper can be greatly impacted by the grinding process … Pepper is a popular spice used all over the world, and its iron-containing nutritional value is noteworthy. The iron content of pepper can be greatly impacted by the grinding process since grinding equipment can contaminate it. Because iron particles are released into the food due to wear and tear on the grinding plates, studies have shown that older attrition mills, particularly, can increase the iron content. The amount of iron in pepper may change depending on how it is ground. It is still unknown how different grinding frequencies and techniques affect iron concentration. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to examine how the iron content of ground pepper is affected by different grinding techniques (such as Burr plates, granite plates, grinding stones, and grinders) and frequencies (such as single grinds, double grinds and triple grinds). To examine the relationship between these variables, regression and Xgboost models are used. R-squared, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) are used as the model comparison performance. The result revealed that the grinding frequency has a significant contribution to the iron content and also, both the grinding method and the frequency (number of grinding times) had a positive and direct association with the iron content of the cayenne pepper. The Xgboost feature importance result revealed that the number of times pepper is ground has a 68.32% contribution to the iron content and the grinding method 31.68%. This study provides valuable insights into the effects of grinding methods and frequency on the nutritional content of pepper, specifically iron concentration. The findings are relevant to food processors, nutritionists, and consumers interested in optimizing the nutritional value of spices. Recommendations for food processors and consumers on how to minimize iron contamination during the grinding process.

Wood Materials and Products

2025-05-29

Meg Calkins | Routledge eBooks

Estimation of natural frequency for nonlinear mechanical retention of printed circuit board

2025-05-26

Anurag Arjunan , Arun Babu

Vibrational performance for a structure, in majority of the cases, is estimated/ predicted using frequency domain solvers. Linearity and Time-invariance are imposed onto the structure for solving in frequency domain. … Vibrational performance for a structure, in majority of the cases, is estimated/ predicted using frequency domain solvers. Linearity and Time-invariance are imposed onto the structure for solving in frequency domain. In this research, vibrational performance of two mechanical mounting methods for a hot-swappable electronic PCB have been analyzed and experimented upon, in the range of 7 to 300 Hz. Natural frequencies were first estimated using Linear Modal Analysis and the response up to 500 Hz was obtained through Harmonic analysis. The resonance was predicted at 440.8 Hz for both the mounting methods. Experiments were conducted on both the setups to determine the natural frequencies through a sinusoidal sweep. Resonance was observed at 110 Hz and 193 Hz for Setup-I & II, respectively. These large deviations led to investigation on factors which played a major role in shifting the frequencies, arising out of both mounting methods. Limitations of linear modal analysis were highlighted. A method (computational + FFT) is devised for estimating the natural frequencies in which time domain response was coupled with Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Validation against the testing showed that the suggested method predicted the non-linear natural frequencies with a significantly improved accuracy (Nominal deviation < 2%) for both the setups.

Explainable machine learning for statistical prediction of polymer fiber properties using process parameters

2025-05-25

Kevser Kübra Kırboğa , Büşra Boz , Ferda Mindivan

The modeling and optimization of electrospinning parameters are essential for controlling the fiber diameter and material properties. This study uses machine learning to examine the effects of multiple electrospinning parameters … The modeling and optimization of electrospinning parameters are essential for controlling the fiber diameter and material properties. This study uses machine learning to examine the effects of multiple electrospinning parameters on fiber diameter. Ten regression models were evaluated, with hyperparameter optimization performed using grid search cross-validation and Bayesian optimization with multiple fold configurations. The Random Forest model demonstrated superior performance (root mean square error = 129.308, coefficient of determination = 0.542, mean absolute error = 104.014, mean absolute percentage error = 0.371). Further improvement was achieved through Bayesian optimization (root mean square error = 127.400, coefficient of determination = 0.555, mean absolute percentage error = 0.360). Extreme Gradient Boosting and Gradient Boosting also showed high accuracy, while linear models performed poorly. The Shapley Additive Explanations analysis identified rotational speed as the most influential parameter (value = 0.473), followed by flow rate (0.36), porosity (0.32) and needle diameter (0.27), all positively affecting fiber diameter. In contrast, voltage (-0.24), temperature (-0.19), towing (-0.14), and humidity (-0.13) showed negative impacts. Experimentally, Polycaprolactone (Molecular number = 80,000) nanofibers were manufactured at three rotation speeds (150, 450 and 750 revolutions per minute), resulting in fiber diameters of 100.09, 154.0, and 175.45 nanometers, respectively. These findings reveal complex interactions between the electrospinning parameters and the fiber morphology, demonstrating the potential of machine learning to optimize nanofiber production.

Low-temperature cracking assessment of high-RAP mixtures modified with waste plastics and vegetable oil using multi-test performance-based parameters

2025-05-24

Nitish R. Bastola , Jamilla Emi Sudo Lutif Teixeira

Bisakah Generasi Sandwich Memenuhi Tuntutan Birrul Walidain?

2025-05-23

Meysa Hanny Muflihun , Nurul Isnaini , Mohammad Nursalim Malay

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan gambaran birrul walidain pada generasi sandwich di Kota Bandarlampung. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif fenomenologi dengan lima partisipan yang tinggal bersama orang tua dan anak … Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan gambaran birrul walidain pada generasi sandwich di Kota Bandarlampung. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif fenomenologi dengan lima partisipan yang tinggal bersama orang tua dan anak dalam satu rumah. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara semi-terstruktur dan observasi, lalu dianalisis menggunakan Nvivo 12 Plus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa generasi sandwich melaksanakan birrul walidain melalui aspek ihsan dan husn, bersyukur, dan ilshaq. Praktiknya mencakup perhatian emosional, dukungan finansial, serta kelekatan emosional. Kebahagiaan orang tua menjadi prioritas utama yang turut menentukan kebahagiaan dan kesejahteraan emosional generasi sandwich dalam kesehariannya.

Enhanced barrier properties of bagasse paperboard for food packaging applications using shellac coating – Effect of concentration and number of layers

2025-05-23

Purva Khule , Guanqi Lu , Qiang Yang +2 more