Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics

Linguistics and language evolution

Works Count: 197025

Wikipedia

Description

This cluster of papers encompasses a wide range of topics related to the linguistic, etymological, and cultural aspects of the Indo-European language family. It includes studies on historical phonology, ancient languages, lexicography, language evolution, and comparative philology, providing insights into the rich linguistic and cultural heritage of the Indo-European peoples.

Keywords

Indo-European; Linguistics; Etymology; Historical Phonology; Cultural History; Language Evolution; Proto-Indo-European; Lexicography; Ancient Languages; Comparative Philology

Kinship and Marriage among the Nuer

1952-06-01

P. H. Gulliver , E. E. Evans‐Pritchard

Kinship and the local community marriage prohibitions and incest marriage the family kinship. Kinship and the local community marriage prohibitions and incest marriage the family kinship.

The Blackwell Companion to Phonology

2012-01-13

Martin Guha

Etymological Dictionary of Greek

2010-10-26

Stuart James

Indo-European Poetry and Myth

2007-05-01

M. L. West

Abstract The Indo-Europeans — speakers of the prehistoric parent language from which most European and some Asiatic languages are descended — most probably lived on the Eurasian steppes some five … Abstract The Indo-Europeans — speakers of the prehistoric parent language from which most European and some Asiatic languages are descended — most probably lived on the Eurasian steppes some five or six thousand years ago. This book investigates their traditional mythologies, religions, and poetries, and points to elements of common heritage. In The East Face of Helicon (1997), the author of this present work showed the extent to which Homeric and other early Greek poetry was influenced by Near Eastern traditions, mainly non-Indo-European. This book presents a foil to that work by identifying elements of more ancient, Indo-European heritage in the Greek material. Topics covered include the status of poets and poetry in Indo-European societies; metre, style, and diction; gods and other supernatural beings, from Father Sky and Mother Earth to the Sun-god and his beautiful daughter, the Thunder-god and other elemental deities, and earthly orders such as Nymphs and Elves; the forms of hymns, prayers, and incantations; conceptions about the world, its origin, mankind, death, and fate; the ideology of fame and of immortalization through poetry; the typology of the king and the hero; the hero as warrior; and the conventions of battle narrative.

The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics

1994-06-01

Robert D. Levine , Detmar Meurers

View PDF Chat

Vowels and consonants : an introduction to the sounds of languages

2001-01-01

Peter Ladefoged

Compensatory Lengthening in Moraic Phonology

1989-01-01

Bruce Hayes

Representation phonologique du niveau prosodique, contenant une seule unite correspondant a la notion traditionnelle de more dans un cadre metrique Representation phonologique du niveau prosodique, contenant une seule unite correspondant a la notion traditionnelle de more dans un cadre metrique

Virtues of the Haversine

1984-12-01

Roger W. Sinnott

Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins

1988-12-01

Jay H. Jasanoff , Colin Renfrew

A Sanskrit-English dictionary

1891-12-31

Carl Cappeller

Oxford Latin Dictionary

1984-01-01

John C. Traupman , P. G. W. Glare

The unrivalled comprehensive guide. This major achievement in lexicography is not founded on any previous dictionary, but on a fresh and thorough reading of all the available literary, epigraphic, and … The unrivalled comprehensive guide. This major achievement in lexicography is not founded on any previous dictionary, but on a fresh and thorough reading of all the available literary, epigraphic, and other original sources. `...its publication is a literary event that will last...' Philip Howard in The Times .

Old English Syntax

1985-01-24

Bruce Mitchell

Abstract The aim of this work is to chart the whole realm of the syntax of Old English. It adopts the formal descriptive approach and the traditional Latin-based grammar because, … Abstract The aim of this work is to chart the whole realm of the syntax of Old English. It adopts the formal descriptive approach and the traditional Latin-based grammar because, as the book states, these remain the most serviceable for the study of Old English syntax. As far as is possible, Old English usage is described and differences between Old and Modern English noted, with special reference to those phenomena which are the seeds of characteristic Modern English idioms. Volume I sets out the general principles of concord in Old English and examines the parts of speech, the elements of the simple sentence and the types of simple and multiple sentences, and the complex sentence (including sections on punctuation, subordination and hypotaxis, correlation and anticipation, and the order and arrangement of clauses). Old English syntax has been much less intensively studied than the syntax of the classical languages. There are many difficulties in the way of making definitive statements They include the absence of native informants and of a knowledge of intonation patterns, limitations in the size and range of the corpus, the difficulty in assigning definite dates and locations to texts, problems of punctuation, and the possibility of later scribal changes. Hence this book does not lay down ‘rules’ but rather offers suggestions, demonstrates – where appropriate – the possibility of different interpretations, summarizes the present state of knowledge about the phenomena discussed, and indicates possible lines of future research.

A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics

1992-01-01

Roy C. Major , David Crystal

This second edition is throughly revised and corrected to take account of the many changes in the subject over the last 6 years, and has been enlarged by over 20per … This second edition is throughly revised and corrected to take account of the many changes in the subject over the last 6 years, and has been enlarged by over 20per cent.

How Chiefs Come to Power: The Political Economy in Prehistory

1999-01-01

Robert D. Drennan , Timothy Earle

1. Introduction: the nature of political power 2. The long-term developments of three chiefdoms: Denmark, Hawaii, and the Andes 3. Sources of economic power 4. Military power: the strategic use … 1. Introduction: the nature of political power 2. The long-term developments of three chiefdoms: Denmark, Hawaii, and the Andes 3. Sources of economic power 4. Military power: the strategic use of naked force 5. Ideology as a source of power 6. Chiefly power strategies and the emergence of complex political institutions Bibliography Index.

Pidgin and Creole Linguistics

1979-12-01

Anthony J. Naro , Albert Valdman

Historical and Comparative Linguistics

1989-01-01

Raimo Anttila

In any course of historical and comparative linguistics there will be students of different language backgrounds, different levels of linguistic training, and different theoretical orientation. This textbook attempts to mitigate … In any course of historical and comparative linguistics there will be students of different language backgrounds, different levels of linguistic training, and different theoretical orientation. This textbook attempts to mitigate the problems raised by this heterogeneity in a number of ways. Since it is impossible to treat the language or language family of special interest to every student, the focus of this book is on English in particular and Indo-European languages in general, with Finnish and its closely related languages for contrast. The tenets of different schools of linguistics, and the controversies among them, are treated eclectically and objectively; the examination of language itself plays the leading role in our efforts to ascertain the comparative value of competing theories. This revised edition (1989) of a standard work for comparative linguists offers an added introduction dealing mainly with a semiotic basis of change, a final chapter on aspects of explanation, particularly in historical and human disciplines, and added sections on comparative syntax and on the semiotic status of the comparative method.

The Founder Principle in Creole Genesis

1996-01-01

Salikoko S. Mufwene

SUMMARY In this paper, the author discusses one of the aspects of creole genesis from a population genetics perspective, analogizing 'language' with 'population' (rather than 'organism', the tradition in linguistics) … SUMMARY In this paper, the author discusses one of the aspects of creole genesis from a population genetics perspective, analogizing 'language' with 'population' (rather than 'organism', the tradition in linguistics) and 'linguistic feature' with 'gene'. With language contact analogized to population contact, individual speakers are given a greater role than traditionally accorded them in the literature and variation within language is made more natural. Like genes, linguistic features are shown as competing with each other for selection into creoles' systems, in the different, though similar, ecologies of individual language contacts. It is argued here that the founder populations, including speakers of both lexifiers and substrate languages, played greater roles than hitherto considered in determining which specific features received selective advantage over their competitors during the formation of creoles. The Founder Principle explains why some European languages in their nonstandard forms became the principal lexifiers when others could have and why some specific features prevailed in the new systems. The competition-of-features perspective allows deterministic influences of both the lexifiers and substrate languages, thanks to convergence and other markedness principles, with the bioprogram qua Universal Grammar serving as the body of principles regulating the development of the new vernaculars. RÉSUMÉ Dans cet article l'auteur discute un des aspects de la genèse des creoles du point de vue de la génétique des populations. Il y compare la notion de 'langue' à celle de 'population' (plutôt qu'à celle d"organisme', la tradition en linguistique) et celle de 'trait linguistique' à celle de 'gène'. Cette comparaison du contact de langues à celui de populations accorde aux locuteurs un rôle plus grand qu'il n'est de coutume dans la littérature; la variation dans la langue se montre ainsi plus naturelle. Comme les gènes, les traits linguistiques se présentent en compétition mutuelle pour être sélectionnés dans les systèmes des creoles, dans des écologies différentes, bien que semblables, des contacts langagiers individuels. Selon mon hypothèse, la population fondatrice, y compris les locuteurs autant des langues lexificatrices que des langues substrates, ont joué des rôles plus importants qu'on leur reconnaît à présent en déterminant quels traits spécifiques ont eu un avantage sélectif par rapport à leurs alternatives pendant la formation des creoles. Le Principe Fondateur explique pourquoi quelques langues européennes dans leurs formes non standard sont devenues les principales lexificatrices, plutôt que d'autres langues qui auraient pu faire autant, et pourqoi quelques traits spécifiques se sont imposés dans les nouveaux systèmes. La perspective de la compétition des traits rend possible des influences déterministes à la fois des langues lexificatrices que des langues substrates, étant donné la convergence de certains de leurs traits et grace à d'autres principes sur lesquels est basé l'opposition marqué/non marqué. La Grammaire Universelle fonctionne dans mon hypothèse comme un corps de principes régissant le développement des nouveaux vernaculaires. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Im vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert der Autor einen Aspekt der Genese von Kreolsprachen aus der Sicht einer Bevölkerungsgenetik, dabei eine Analogie zwischen 'Sprache' und 'Population' (anstelle von 'Organismus', wie es in der Linguistik Tradition ist) und zwischen 'sprachlicher Erscheinung' und 'Gen' herstellend. Wenn Sprachkontakt mit Populationskontakt in Analogie gesetzt wird, erhalten die Einzelprecher eine größere Rolle als ihnen gewöhnlich in der Forschung zuerkannt werden, und Variation innerhalb einer Sprache wird auf diese Weise ein weit natürlicherer Vorgang. Genen vergleichbar, konkurrieren linguïstische Eigenschaften untereinander um die Auswahl für das System einer Kreolsprache innerhalb der verschiedenen, wenngleich ähnlichen, 'Ökologien' individueller Sprachkontakte. Es wird hier die Behauptung aufgestellt, daß die 'Gründungspopulationen', inklusive der Sprecher von sowohl lexifizierenden als auch Substratsprachen, größere Rollen spielen als man bisher bei der Bestim-mung berücksichtigt hat, welche besondere Eigenschaften selektive Vorteile gegenüber anderen bei der Herausbildung von Kreolsprachen erhalten haben. Das 'Gründerprinzip' erklärt, weshalb einige europäische Sprachen in ihren nicht-standardisierten Formen die hauptsachlichen Lieferanten von Wortstruk-turen geworden sind, wenn andere es hatten werden können, und weshalb gewisse Eigenschaften in diesen neuem System die Oberhand gewannen. Der Gesichts-punkt eines Wettkampfs zwischen Eigenschaften ermöglicht bestimmbare Ein-flüsse auf sowohl von lexifizierenden als auch Substratsprachen, und zwar dank einer Konvergenz und anderer Merkmalprinzipien, wobei ein 'Bioprogramm' oder eine Universaliengrammatik als die Grundlage dazu dient, die Entwicklung neuer Volkssprachen zu regulieren.

Norms of Word Association

1970-01-01

Leo Postman , Geoffrey Keppel

Pidgin and Creole Languages

1989-09-01

Peter L. Patrick , Suzanne Romaine

This book defines and describes the linguistic features of these languages and considers the dynamic developments that bring them into being and lead to changes in their structure. This book defines and describes the linguistic features of these languages and considers the dynamic developments that bring them into being and lead to changes in their structure.

Mapping the Origins and Expansion of the Indo-European Language Family

2012-08-23

Remco Bouckaert , Philippe Lemey , Michael Dunn +6 more

A Family of Languages English is part of the large Indo-European language family, which includes Celtic, Germanic, Italic, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian languages. The origin of this family is hotly debated: … A Family of Languages English is part of the large Indo-European language family, which includes Celtic, Germanic, Italic, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian languages. The origin of this family is hotly debated: one hypothesis places the origin north of the Caspian Sea in the Pontic steppes, from where it was disseminated by Kurgan semi-nomadic pastoralists; a second suggests that Anatolia, in modern-day Turkey, is the source, and the language radiated with the spread of agriculture. Bouckaert et al. (p. 957 ) used phylogenetic methods and modeling to assess the geographical spread of the Indo-European language group. The findings support the suggestion that the origin of the language family was indeed Anatolia 7 to 10 thousand years ago—contemporaneous with the spread of agriculture.

View PDF Chat

The Phonology of English as an International Language

2001-01-01

Judy B. Gilbert , John M. Levis , Jennifer Jenkins

How to do things with junk: exaptation in language evolution

1990-03-01

Roger Lass

One of the less rewarding of our common interdisciplinary pursuits is lifting theoretical concepts from subjects not our own, and using them in contexts very distant from those they were … One of the less rewarding of our common interdisciplinary pursuits is lifting theoretical concepts from subjects not our own, and using them in contexts very distant from those they were intended for. Such borrowings often turn from theoretical claims into sloppy metaphors, leading to varieties of ‘vulgar X-ism’, the resuit of overenthusiastic appropriation with insufficient sense of the subtlety or precise applicability of the originals. Spencer's ‘Social Darwinism’, vulgar-Freudian or vulgar-Marxist literary analysis and sociology are nice examples. Linguistics, being less unique than linguists often think, is no exception: Praguian and neo-Praguian functionalism may be a kind of vulgar Darwinism, extending notions of ‘adaptation’ or ‘selective pressure’ to the inappropriate domain of language Systems (see Lass, 1980a). But every once in a while such transfers seem to work, like Darwin's borrowings from late eighteenth-century Scottish economie theory; if not always through direct applicability, then by focusing on new ways of interpreting old data, or providing a basis for linking disparate phenomena as instances of a new (putative) natural kind.

The Noun Phrase

1994-12-26

Anna Szabolcsi

PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY

1992-07-31

R. Hogg

Whatever their other achievements, the Anglo-Saxons could not lay claim to being outstanding grammarians. Indeed, to judge by the paucity of grammatical writing during the Old English period, where Ælfric's … Whatever their other achievements, the Anglo-Saxons could not lay claim to being outstanding grammarians. Indeed, to judge by the paucity of grammatical writing during the Old English period, where Ælfric's Latin Grammar (ca 1000) stands out because it is the exception that proves the rule, the Anglo-Saxons would not have wished to make such a claim, their intellectual interests lying in entirely different areas.

Staying with the trouble: making kin in the Chthulucene

2017-05-31

Will McKeithen

‘It matters what thoughts think thoughts. It matters what knowledges know knowledges. It matters what relations relate relations. It matters what worlds world worlds.’ These and other mantras thrum... ‘It matters what thoughts think thoughts. It matters what knowledges know knowledges. It matters what relations relate relations. It matters what worlds world worlds.’ These and other mantras thrum...

Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins

1988-12-01

Clive Gamble , Colin Renfrew

Indirect Speech Acts

1975-12-12

John R. Searle

The Middle Voice

1993-10-05

Suzanne Kemmer

This book approaches the middle voice from the perspective of typology and language universals research. The principal aim is to provide a typologically valid characterization of the category of middle … This book approaches the middle voice from the perspective of typology and language universals research. The principal aim is to provide a typologically valid characterization of the category of middle voice in terms of which it can be incorporated in a cognitively-based theory of human language. The term “middle voice” has had a wide range of applications in the linguistic literature of this century. The main thesis in this volume is that there is a coherent, though complex, semantic category of middle voice in human language, which receives grammatical instantiation in many languages. The author claims there is a semantic property crucial to the nature of the middle, which she terms “relative elaboration of events”, that serves as a parameter along which the reflexive and the middle can be situated as semantic categories intermediate in transitivity between one-participant and two-participant events, and which differentiates reflexive and middle from one another. In this area, most analyses deal with one language and/or are limited to Indo-European languages. This work deals with a subset of middle-marking languages that was chosen so as to observe the highest possible number of different middle systems showing significant independent diachronic development.

Samoan Reference Grammar

1994-09-01

Martin Haase , Ulrike Mosel , Even Hovdhaugen

The Latin Sexual Vocabulary

1982-01-01

J. N. Adams

The Origin of Speech

1960-09-01

Charles F. Hockett

Fungarium, Oslo (O) UiO

2024-01-01

Registry-Migration.Gbif.Org

Fungi in the Natural History Museum, University of Oslo Fungi in the Natural History Museum, University of Oslo

Polnoe sobranie sochinenii

1973-01-01

Nikolaĭ Vasilʹevich Gogolʹ

Tense and Aspect in the Languages of Europe

2000-06-06

Östen Dahl

This volume puts the European tense-aspect systems in a consistent typological and diachronic perspective. The book advances our understanding of the dynamics of tense and aspect systems, how they develop … This volume puts the European tense-aspect systems in a consistent typological and diachronic perspective. The book advances our understanding of the dynamics of tense and aspect systems, how they develop over time, and how this is reflected in the rich patterns of synchronic variation and their areal distribution

THE INFLUENCE OF THE BIBLE TRANSLATIONS ON THE ESTABLISHMENT AND EVOLUTION OF THE WEST GERMANIC LANGUAGES

2025-06-24

Nataliia Holiiad | Вісник науки та освіти

Index of Greek Words

2025-06-24

| Cambridge University Press eBooks

Index to New Names and New Combinations

2025-06-23

Barney Lipscomb | Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas

Index to new names, new combinations, and typifications published in J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 19(2), 2025. Index to new names, new combinations, and typifications published in J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 19(2), 2025.

Matija Murko in dunajska germanistika

2025-06-22

Petra Kramberger , Irena Samide | Primerjalna književnost

Matija Murko je bil eden najvidnejših slavistov svojega časa, vendar je v njegovem akademskem razvoju ključno vlogo igrala tudi germanistika, ki pa je bila v dosedanjih raziskavah pogosto prezrta. Pričujoči … Matija Murko je bil eden najvidnejših slavistov svojega časa, vendar je v njegovem akademskem razvoju ključno vlogo igrala tudi germanistika, ki pa je bila v dosedanjih raziskavah pogosto prezrta. Pričujoči prispevek na podlagi arhivskega gradiva, vpisnic in korespondence osvetljuje Murkov študij in vpliv njegovih profesorjev, predvsem Richarda Heinzla in Ericha Schmidta, na njegovo akademsko pot. Na dunajski univerzi je njegov študij potekal v prepletu slavistike in germanistike, kar se je odražalo tudi v njegovem nadaljnjem raziskovalnem delu. Prispevek prikazuje, kako se je Murko oblikoval kot znanstvenik, ki se ni osredotočal le na preučevanje slovanskih književnosti, temveč se je aktivno ukvarjal tudi s širšimi kulturnimi in literarnimi stiki med nemškim in slovanskim svetom. Njegova interdisciplinarna usmerjenost, ki je bila prisotna že v času študija, mu je omogočila celovito razumevanje literarnih procesov v srednjeevropskem prostoru. Prispevek tako opozarja na pomen Murkove germanistične izobrazbe ter na potrebo po širšem razumevanju njegovega znanstvenega dela onkraj slavistike.

Literarna zgodovina Matije Murka in dalmatinsko-dubrovniška literatura

2025-06-22

Alen Širca | Primerjalna književnost

Razprava se osredotoča na Murkovo obravnavanje starejše dalmatinsko-dubrovniške literature (od 15. do 18. stoletja). Čeprav ta ni bila nikoli v ospredju Murkovega literarnozgodovinskega pisanja, se je Murko te tematike dotikal … Razprava se osredotoča na Murkovo obravnavanje starejše dalmatinsko-dubrovniške literature (od 15. do 18. stoletja). Čeprav ta ni bila nikoli v ospredju Murkovega literarnozgodovinskega pisanja, se je Murko te tematike dotikal skozi skoraj vso svojo akademsko kariero, predvsem tudi v obeh svojih velikih literarnozgodovinskih delih (Geschichte der älteren südslavischen Literaturen, 1908, in Die Bedeutung der Reformation und Gegenreformation für das geistige Leben der Südslaven, 1927). Prav zato, ker se je Murko ves čas zavedal, da ta književnost predstavlja umetniški vrhunec vseh južnoslovanskih literatur do 19. stoletja, zavzema v njegovem literarnozgodovinskem raziskovanju kljub sporadični obravnavi posebno mesto. Še več, razprava skuša pokazati, da morda celo najjasneje razkriva Murkov literarnozgodovinski pristop na splošno: gre namreč za filološko orientiran literarni pozitivizem, ki je zaradi svoje medkulturne in komparativistične težnje vselej odprt tudi za duhovnozgodovinske spodbude. Takšno intelektualno širino si je Murko pridobil že v formativnem obdobju svoje akademske poti, predvsem pri germanistih Schererjeve šole (E. Schmidt) in takratni ruski literarni zgodovini (A. N. Veselovski in A. N. Pypin).

The Myth of Er and Pamphylia’s Polyglossia

2025-06-22

Nickolas Pappas | State University of New York Press eBooks

Matija Murko in predfrancoski začetki slovenske primerjalne književnosti v 19. stoletju

2025-06-22

Tone Smolej | Primerjalna književnost

Prispevek se ukvarja s komparativnimi raziskavami Matije Murka v njegovem dunajskem obdobju (1889–1902). Raziskave Povesti o sedmih modrecih, nastale tudi na pobudo Aleksandra Nikolajeviča Veselovskega, se vsaj deloma dotikajo tematologije. … Prispevek se ukvarja s komparativnimi raziskavami Matije Murka v njegovem dunajskem obdobju (1889–1902). Raziskave Povesti o sedmih modrecih, nastale tudi na pobudo Aleksandra Nikolajeviča Veselovskega, se vsaj deloma dotikajo tematologije. Murko denimo pripoved »Vidua« povezuje z »Efeško matrono« in to temo preučuje v ruskem ljudskem slovstvu ter v poljski književnosti. Del svoje raziskave pa je objavil v Kochovem Zeitschrift für vergleichende Litteraturgeschichte, tedaj edini periodični komparativistični publikaciji na svetu. Tri leta pred znamenitim pariškim komparativističnim kongresom, ki je leta 1900 za predmet raziskovanja določil medsebojne vplive evropskih književnosti, kar je vplivalo na razvoj francoske šole, je Murko objavil še monografijo Deutsche Einflüsse auf die Anfänge der böhmischen Romantik. V tej monografiji razume pojem »vpliv« predvsem v vzpostavljenih osebnih stikih med predstavniki češke in nemške književnosti, manj pa se ukvarja s podrobno primerjavo književnih del. V Murkovih dunajskih razpravah lahko zato vidimo predvsem predfrancoske začetke slovenske primerjalne književnosti.

Matija Murko’s Research on the South Slavic Epic Tradition and Czechoslovakian Slavistics

2025-06-22

Sylva Fischerová | Primerjalna književnost

This paper, devoted to Matija Murko’s research on the South Slavic epic tradition, focuses primarily on relationships and facts hitherto unknown or only partially known. These include, for example, the … This paper, devoted to Matija Murko’s research on the South Slavic epic tradition, focuses primarily on relationships and facts hitherto unknown or only partially known. These include, for example, the role of Gilbert Murray and the Berlin conference of 1908 as an important impulse for Murko’s further research, the fate of the wax cylinders from Murko’s trips in the 1930s, and the Czech typescript of his Cesty za národní epikou srbsko-charvátskou v letech 1930–1932 (published in 1951 in translation as Tragom srpsko-hrvatske narodne epike: putovanja u godinama 1930–1932). It also brings to light previously unpublished documents: the testimony of the diary of Murko’s wife from their stay in Paris in 1928; the article from Borba, “Američki učenjak o jugoslavenskim narodnim pjesmama,” which suggests that, probably toward the end of his life, Murko acknowledged that extensive research had been conducted by other explorers in the field of the South Slavic epic tradition in the Balkans as well. There is also the problematic testimony from the archives of the Czechoslovak secret police, introducing Roman Jakobson as having attended Murko’s lectures after his arrival in Prague (as a part of Soviet mission) in 1920. The inspiring and amicable milieu of interwar Prague is also presented, as well as Murko’s cooperation with major figures in Czech Slavistics. Just as important, however, is what did not happen—such as a meeting between Murko and Avdo Međedović in Bijelo Polje in 1924, or an unpublished book of Murko’s works in English translation, planned by J. M. Foley.

Matija Murko med romantično filologijo in moderno znanostjo

2025-06-22

Andraž Jež | Primerjalna književnost

Prispevek dozdajšnjim razmislekom o Murkovem mestu v sočasnih intelektualnih tokovih dodaja nekaj opažanj. Posveti se zlasti njegovemu kompleksnemu odnosu do romantike, o njem pa razpravlja v okviru, ki romantiko evropske … Prispevek dozdajšnjim razmislekom o Murkovem mestu v sočasnih intelektualnih tokovih dodaja nekaj opažanj. Posveti se zlasti njegovemu kompleksnemu odnosu do romantike, o njem pa razpravlja v okviru, ki romantiko evropske fevdalne periferije razume kot temeljno drugačno od zahodne, predvsem angleške. Najprej analizira Murkovo slavistično formacijo, ki jo osvetli z nazori Jerneja Kopitarja in Franca Miklošiča, v njej pa razbira tako izrazite romantične elemente evropske periferije kot tudi elemente, ki se v romantično tradicijo ne vklapljajo tako zlahka. Slednje naveže še na Murkov pozitivizem, h kateremu sta ga pritegnila germanistični študij in nadaljnje strokovno izpopolnjevanje. Nazadnje prispevek v analizi Murkovega izpričanega odnosa do romantike ugotavlja, da je literarni zgodovinar kljub svojemu romantičnemu navdušenju nad slovanskim povezovanjem oznako »romantičen« največkrat uporabljal pejorativno, in sicer kot ne dovolj strokovno oz. kot nerazumno. Predvsem pa v zadnjem delu prispevek dokazuje, da se je literarni zgodovinar v metodološkem smislu še bolj kot Miklošič odmaknil od romantičnonacionalistične osredotočenosti na domnevno avtohtone nacionalne singularnosti. Murkovo mladostno delo o vplivu nemške romantike na češko pionirsko opozarja na transnacionalni karakter umetniške smeri, od katere so se številni češki inteligenti, ki jih danes razumemo kot paradigmatske romantike, deklarirano distancirali, saj so jo enačili z individualističnim byronizmom. Hkrati pa implicira večjo vzajemno bližino določenih evropskih romantik nasproti drugim.

Primož Trubar v Trstu nekoč in danes

2025-06-20

Miran Košuta | Založba Univerze v Ljubljani (University of Ljubljana Press) eBooks

Primož Trubar je med letoma 1524 in 1542 trikrat za daljši čas bival in deloval v Trstu na dvoru škofa Pietra Bonoma. Kulturna dediščina teh postankov je nadvse dragocena. Tu … Primož Trubar je med letoma 1524 in 1542 trikrat za daljši čas bival in deloval v Trstu na dvoru škofa Pietra Bonoma. Kulturna dediščina teh postankov je nadvse dragocena. Tu je slovenski reformator vsrkal kritično misel Erazma in Calvina; maševal in pridigal v slovenščini; prepeval v stolnem zboru, notarsko pričal in odposlansko zastopal škofijo; osebno spoznal italijanske protestante in nove idejne klice evropskega lutrovstva; izzorel namero o prevajanju svetega pisma v materinščino; jasno doslutil, da bi se lahko tudi njegov, slovenski »jezik pisal in bral kakor jezik drugih narodov«. Prispevek razkriva opisane korenine slovenske kulturne bíti, prikazuje poznejšo, grmadno usodo Trubarjevih knjig na Tržaškem in naglaša danes žal popolno krajevno odsotnost uradnih pomnikov o očetu slovenske knjige, kulture, jezika.

Boris Pahor (1913–2022): veliko srce v mestu v zalivu

2025-06-20

Urška Perenič | Založba Univerze v Ljubljani (University of Ljubljana Press) eBooks

Prispevek zariše življenjsko pot slovenskega tržaškega pisatelja in pričevalca Borisa Pahorja (1913–2022), ki je tudi zgodovina njegove narodne skupnosti in jo je poustvaril v svojem pripovedništvu. Tega je skupaj z … Prispevek zariše življenjsko pot slovenskega tržaškega pisatelja in pričevalca Borisa Pahorja (1913–2022), ki je tudi zgodovina njegove narodne skupnosti in jo je poustvaril v svojem pripovedništvu. Tega je skupaj z voluminozno, skozi vso drugo polovico 20. stoletja raztezajočo se korespondenco svetovnih razsežnosti, ki predstavlja velik del njegove zapuščine, mogoče razumeti kot pisateljevo »novo telo« – ki pisatelja tudi po njegovi zemeljski smrti še naprej drži pri življenju. Prav tako k slednjemu prispeva nenehno prebiranje in preučevanje njegovega opusa, ki predstavlja enega od najpomembnejših segmentov slovenske književnosti tako pred mejo kot za njo.

Krajevna imena na Tržaškem

2025-06-20

Matej Šekli , Nina Pahor , Marko Snoj | Založba Univerze v Ljubljani (University of Ljubljana Press) eBooks

V prispevku so v treh razdelkih obravnavana izbrana krajevna imena na Tržaškem, tj. v mestu Trst/Trieste/Triest in njegovi okolici. V prvem razdelku so analizirane medjezikovne različice krajevnega imena Tergeste, Triest, … V prispevku so v treh razdelkih obravnavana izbrana krajevna imena na Tržaškem, tj. v mestu Trst/Trieste/Triest in njegovi okolici. V prvem razdelku so analizirane medjezikovne različice krajevnega imena Tergeste, Triest, Trst, in sicer njihovo jezikovno spreminjanje v času in prehajanje iz jezika v jezik. V drugem razdelku so predstavljena slovenska poimenovanja mestnih predelov Trsta, ki so v veliki večini neslovanskega izvora. V tretjem razdelku je prikazana etimološka razlaga treh krajevnih imen v okolici Trsta – Nabrežina/Aurisina, Devin/Duino, Prosek/Prosecco –, izmed katerih sta v skladu z ugotovitvami zgodovinskega in znotraj tega primerjalnega jezikoslovja vsaj dve najverjetneje slovanskega, torej slovenskega izvora.

Zgodovina in literarna klasika tržaških »predmejcev«

2025-06-20

Igor Grdina | Založba Univerze v Ljubljani (University of Ljubljana Press) eBooks

Prispevek tematizira vlogo Trsta v slovenski zgodovini 20. stoletja. Posebno pozornost namenja literaturi. Fašistični režim je zatrl slovenske ustanove, ki so se pred letom 1914 hitro razvijale; šele izid druge … Prispevek tematizira vlogo Trsta v slovenski zgodovini 20. stoletja. Posebno pozornost namenja literaturi. Fašistični režim je zatrl slovenske ustanove, ki so se pred letom 1914 hitro razvijale; šele izid druge svetovne vojne je omogočil, da so vnovič zaživele v času angloameriške vojaške uprave, pri tem pa so drobile moči v političnih obračunih, povezanih s politiko v južnoslovanskem prostoru. V coni A Svobodnega tržaškega ozemlja je bilo mogoče tekmovanje različnih nazorskih in estetskih usmeritev, ki je bilo v Jugoslaviji zatrto. Na to je opozoril literarni spopad med Antonom Novačanom in Vladimirjem Bartolom, pozneje pa tudi nastopi Borisa Pahorja in Alojza Rebule v zaščito ustvarjalnosti in nazorov Edvarda Kocbeka. Oba tržaška klasika sta s svojo različnostjo utrdila pluralni prostor slovenske literature.

Scots and Gaels

2025-06-19

| Oxbow Books

Skrita ljubezenska predstava murnov: dvorjenje s petjem in plesom

2025-06-19

Nataša Stritih , Alenka Žunič Kosi | Alternator

Nullius in Verba!

2025-06-18

Mario Alejandro Rosato | CRC Press eBooks

Linguistic Universals

2025-06-18

William Croft | MIT Press eBooks

Pohjois-Karjalan Iiksenjoen nimen alkuperä

2025-06-18

Larisa Leisiö | Virittäjä

Kaksi karjalaismurretta suistamolaistaustaisten tunnistettavina

2025-06-18

Marjatta Palander | Virittäjä

Kansanlingvistisessä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan kuuntelutestin avulla, miten historiallista Raja-Karjalaa edustavan Suistamon siirtolaiset ja heidän jälkeläisensä tunnistavat 1960-luvulla tallennettuja Suistamon ja Tverin eteläkarjalaismurteita, joilla oli yhteinen muinaiskarjalainen tausta 1600-luvulle asti. Tuolloin Ruotsi … Kansanlingvistisessä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan kuuntelutestin avulla, miten historiallista Raja-Karjalaa edustavan Suistamon siirtolaiset ja heidän jälkeläisensä tunnistavat 1960-luvulla tallennettuja Suistamon ja Tverin eteläkarjalaismurteita, joilla oli yhteinen muinaiskarjalainen tausta 1600-luvulle asti. Tuolloin Ruotsi valloitti Käkisalmen läänin ja alueen ortodoksiväestöä muutti Venäjälle Tverin seuduille. Tverinkarjala on vuosisatojen aikana saanut venäläisvaikutteita erityisesti fonetiikkaan mutta myös sanastoon ja kielioppiin. Raja-Karjalan murteiden länsiosissa on puolestaan ollut suomen vaikutusta. Testiryhmä edusti suurimmaksi osaksi eläkeikäisiä: siirtolaisia ja heidän lapsiaan. Suistamolaistaustaiset tunnistivat ja ymmärsivät Suistamon murrenäytteen hyvin, vain muutamat sienennimet olivat tuntemattomia. Sen sijaan tverinkarjalan näyte koettiin vieraaksi, ja sen sisältö jäi suurimmalta osalta testiryhmää avautumatta. Arviot murteen alueellisesta sijoittumisesta hajosivat laajalle, muun muassa Raja-Karjalaan ja Vienaan. Murteessa tunnistettiin venäjän vaikutus, joskin tarkemmin kommentoitiin vain sanastoa ja yksittäisiä äänne- ja muoto-opillisia piirteitä, kuten sibilantteja. Parhaiten näytteiden sanastoa tunsivat ne, jotka vielä kertoivat puhuvansa karjalaa. Tutkimus paljasti, että kuuntelutestin osallistujilla oli melko vähän tietoa karjalan murteista: esimerkiksi kansalaisopistojen kursseilla on keskitytty lähinnä vain etelä- ja livvinkarjalaan. Karjalan tuntemukseen vaikuttaa myös se, että kielellä ei ole riittävästi näkyvyyttä eikä aktiivisia kielenpuhujia, jotta siitä muodostuisi yhteisiä käsityksiä. Two Karelian dialects recognised by people of Suistamo background This folk-linguistic study uses a listening test to examine how immigrants from Suistamo, which represents the historical Border Karelia dialect, and their descendants recognise the South Karelian dialects of Suistamo and Tver recorded in the 1960s, which had a common ancient Karelian background until the 17th century. At that time, Sweden conquered the Käkisalmi province, and part of the region’s Orthodox population moved to Russia, specifically to the Tver region. Over the centuries, Tver Karelian assumed Russian influences, particularly on a phonetic level, but also in terms of vocabulary and grammar. In turn, the western parts of the Border Karelian dialects have been influenced by Finnish. The test group mostly represented people of retirement age: immigrants and their children. People from Suistamo recognised and understood the Suistamo dialect sample well, only a few specific mushroom names were unknown to them. On the other hand, the Tver Karelian sample was perceived as foreign, and its content remained unexplained by most of the test group. Estimates of the regional location of the dialect varied widely, including Border Karelia and Viena. Participants readily recognised the influence of Russian in the dialect, though only the vocabulary and individual phonetic and morphological features, such as sibilants, were commented upon in greater detail. The vocabulary of the samples was best known by those who still spoke Karelian. The study revealed that the participants in the listening test had relatively little knowledge of Karelian dialects: for example, courses at community colleges have focused mainly on South and Olonec Karelian. Knowledge of Karelian is also affected by the fact that the language does not have enough visibility or active speakers to form common understandings of words and concepts.

Vienankarjalaisista vuorovaikutteisista loitsuista

2025-06-18

Timi Volotinen | Elore

Runolaulajan innovaatiot Uuden Kalevalan lähteenä

2025-06-18

Venla Sykäri | Elore

Elias Lönnrotin 1849 julkaistu Kalevala-eepos on monisyinen teos, ja sen vaikutteita ja prosessuaalista rakentumista on tutkittu laajasti. Lönnrotin ja muiden 1800-luvun alkupuolella runoja tallentaneiden henkilöiden kenttätyön tuloksena syntynyt lähdemateriaali on … Elias Lönnrotin 1849 julkaistu Kalevala-eepos on monisyinen teos, ja sen vaikutteita ja prosessuaalista rakentumista on tutkittu laajasti. Lönnrotin ja muiden 1800-luvun alkupuolella runoja tallentaneiden henkilöiden kenttätyön tuloksena syntynyt lähdemateriaali on pääosin tallella ja helposti saatavilla, kuten myöhempi aineistokin. Tämä on mahdollistanut runolaulukulttuurin ja runokielisen ilmaisun tutkimuksen monesta eri näkökulmasta. Runojen tuottamisen eli suullisen komposition näkökulma on kuitenkin niukasti edustettuna, eikä eeppisen runon komposition analyysiä ole juurikaan yhdistetty Lönnrotin tekstualisaatiotapojen tarkasteluun. Miten pohjoisen karjalais-suomalaisen runoalueen laulajien tapa tuottaa eeppisiä runoja vaikutti Kalevalaan – miten Lönnrot hyödynsi runolaulajien esimerkkiä omassa työssään? Artikkelin tavoitteena on edistää ymmärrystä eeppisen runolaulun ja suullisen komposition olemuksesta ja näyttää, että Elias Lönnrot hyödynsi runolaulajien variaatiota ja innovatiivisuutta monin tavoin omassa kirjallisessa työssään. Käyn artikkelissa aluksi lyhyesti läpi Lönnrotin ja hänen aikalaistensa käsityksiä pohjoisen karjalais-suomalaisen runoalueen epiikasta. Tarkastelen sitten runolauluaihelmien tavanomaista variaatiota ja Lönnrotin tapoja työstää sitä Vanhassa Kalevalassa ja Uudessa Kalevalassa. Tutkin lopuksi Lönnrotin kasvavaa omaa kerrontaa suhteessa lähderunoissa havaittaviin tavanomaisesta poikkeaviin ratkaisuihin. Kohdennan analyysin Lönnrotin 1835 tapaaman uhtualaisen runolaulajan, Varahvontta Jamasen, esittämään Lemminkäisen virteen. Laulajan muuten tavanomainen kertomusskeema sisälsi muun muassa poikkeuksellisia jaksoja toisista runotyypeistä sekä samaan päähenkilöön liitettyjen erillisten kertomusosien innovatiivisen yhdistelmän. Lönnrot hyödynsi Kalevalassa kaikki nämä persoonalliset muutokset. Kalevalan ja sen lähdeaineiston suhteen analyysi on osoittanut, että Lönnrotin tarkkanäköisyys ja pientenkin yksityiskohtien ja yhteyksien huomioiminen oli hänen työlleen hyvin ominaista.

BELLICORUM INSTRUMENTORUM LIBER (1420–30)

2025-06-18

| Yale University Press eBooks

Víceslovné lexikální entity v korpusu i lexikonu

2025-06-18

Marie Kopřivová , Hana Skoumalová , Hana Goláňová +7 more | Časopis pro moderní filologii

Nestandardní adjektivní přirovnání v korpusových datech

2025-06-18

Jaroslav Emmer | Časopis pro moderní filologii

Iz Islovarja

2025-06-18

Katarina Puc | Uporabna informatika

Islovar je spletni terminološki slovar informatike, ki ga že več kot 20 let ureja jezikovna sekcija Slovenskega društva INFORMATIKA. Slovar je javno dostopen za vpoglede in vnašanje novih izrazov na … Islovar je spletni terminološki slovar informatike, ki ga že več kot 20 let ureja jezikovna sekcija Slovenskega društva INFORMATIKA. Slovar je javno dostopen za vpoglede in vnašanje novih izrazov na naslovu http://www.islovar.org.

Pristopi k denormalizaciji besedil: pregled področja

2025-06-17

Melanija Vezočnik , Marko Bajec | Uporabna informatika

Sodobni sistemi za samodejno razpoznavo govora učinkovito pretvorijo govorjeni jezik v pisno obliko, vendar pogosto ustvarijo zgolj surov prepis brez ustrezno oblikovanih števil, datumov in časovnih izrazov, kar zmanjšuje njegovo … Sodobni sistemi za samodejno razpoznavo govora učinkovito pretvorijo govorjeni jezik v pisno obliko, vendar pogosto ustvarijo zgolj surov prepis brez ustrezno oblikovanih števil, datumov in časovnih izrazov, kar zmanjšuje njegovo berljivost in uporabnost. Denormalizacija je postopek, ki odpravlja te pomanjkljivosti tako, da preoblikuje prepis v standardizirano pisno obliko. Članek podaja sistematičen pregled in analizo glavnih pristopov k denormalizaciji, ki jih je mogoče razvrstiti v tri skupine: pristopi, ki temeljijo na pravilih, nevronski pristopi ter hibridni pristopi. Pristopi, ki temeljijo na pravilih, tipično izhajajo iz končnih avtomatov, nevronski pristopi uporabljajo nevronske mreže, hibridni pristopi pa združujejo elemente obeh pristopov. Pristopi, ki temeljijo na pravilih, dosežejo visoko natančnost, a ne upoštevajo konteksta besedila. Nasprotno nevronski pristopi upoštevajo kontekst besedila, vendar pa zahtevajo obsežne količine podatkov za učenje. Hibridni pristopi predstavljajo kompromisno rešitev, ki združuje prednosti obeh pristopov. Delo prispeva k razumevanju izzivov ter izboljšanju učinkovitosti denormalizacijskih sistemov.

L’appréciation des conditions du concubinage pour l’application de la circonstance aggravante tirée de cette qualité

2025-06-16

Arthur Porret | BACAGe.

En application de l’article 132‑80 du Code pénal, la circonstance aggravante tirée de la qualité de concubin ou d’ex‑concubin peut être retenue même en l’absence de cohabitation des individus. En … En application de l’article 132‑80 du Code pénal, la circonstance aggravante tirée de la qualité de concubin ou d’ex‑concubin peut être retenue même en l’absence de cohabitation des individus. En revanche, le fait que la relation qu’entretenaient les parties ne soit pas strictement « monogame » s’oppose, parfois, à ce qu’elle soit qualifiée de concubinage pour l’application de cette même circonstance aggravante.

O toponimu Bapče/Bapča i podrijetlu turopoljskih toponima na -če

2025-06-16

Josip Perković | Studia lexicographica

U ovome se radu istražuje etimologija toponima Bapče/Bapča koji je istodobno ime sela i nekadašnjega potoka. Osim toga, analiziraju se i drugi ojkonimi s dočetkom -če na širem području Turopolja. … U ovome se radu istražuje etimologija toponima Bapče/Bapča koji je istodobno ime sela i nekadašnjega potoka. Osim toga, analiziraju se i drugi ojkonimi s dočetkom -če na širem području Turopolja. Prvo se predstavlja sažet uvod u temu, uključujući geografski položaj i trenutačni sociolingvistički kontekst ovoga tradicionalno kajkavskoga govornog područja. Zatim se na temelju povijesnih izvora i terenskim istraživanjem zaključuje da se današnje selo Bapča izvorno nazivalo Prudnica te da je, iz još neutvrđenih razloga, početkom XIX. stoljeća preuzelo ime danas nestaloga obližnjeg sela koje je u povijesnim ispravama zabilježeno kao Babcha. Nadalje, utvrđujemo da je dočetak -če u Bapče izvoran kao i kod drugih turopoljskih ojkonima poput Kuče, Hrašće i Čiče. Taj se nastavak razvio od praslavenskoga nastavka za nominativ množine *-ję iz ja-osnova, zamijenivši izvorni nastavak *-jane analogijom prema lokativu množine koji je kod ja-osnova i kod imenica na *-jane bio *-jaxъ. Takvo poopćavanje pronalazimo u brojnim ojkonimima na slovenskome području. Razvoj imena odvijao se na sljedeći način: (*baba &gt;) *babъka &gt; *babъčane &gt; *babъčę &gt; Bapče. U članku se razmatra nekoliko mogućih značenja apelativa bapka kao izvora toponima, pri čemu naposljetku zagovaramo značenje ‘jama, rupa, udubina’ koje je u hrvatskim dijalektima gotovo u potpunosti izgubljeno, ali se i dalje čuva u srpskim i bugarskim dijalektima. Zatim tvrdimo da lik Bapča, kao što se pojavljuje u imenu potoka, predstavlja sekundarni razvoj od izvornoga Bapče. Usporednicu toj tvrdnji ponovno pronalazimo u slovenskom, gdje ime potoka Volarja zbog tvorbenih razloga mora biti izvedeno od imena mjesta Volarje. Na koncu razlažemo da postoji više razloga kolebanja u imenu Bapče/Bapča, a slično se kolebanje u gramatičkome rodu i broju mogu uočiti i kod drugih mikrotoponima u različitim turopoljskim mjestima.

Dem Dacianischen Simplicissimus auf der Spur

2025-06-16

Felix Burkhardt | Schwäbische Heimat

Faroese

2025-06-16

Hjalmar P. Petersen | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics

Faroese (FA) is the smallest of the Nordic languages, and it is classified as endangered in the <italic>World Atlas of Languages</italic>. This is a wrong classification, as children acquire the … Faroese (FA) is the smallest of the Nordic languages, and it is classified as endangered in the <italic>World Atlas of Languages</italic>. This is a wrong classification, as children acquire the language as their first language and it has status as the main languages used on the islands. It is spoken by 45,667 speakers (as of January 2024). The language is commonly classified with Icelandic as an Insular Scandinavian language, but due to intense contact with the mainland Scandinavian language Danish, it may perhaps be considered a Mid-Scandinavian language. Some structures in FA are the result of contact with Norwegian in the Middle Ages when there was intense trade between the two countries. The written standard is young, as writing Faroese fell out of use after the Reformation, when Danish became the H variant on the islands, Faroese the L variant. This situation has since changed in favor of Faroese. The language developed in a small society with a dense network between speakers who have been able to acquire and maintain a complex grammar. There are not many older sources, but tracing language change from 1770 to the early 21st century from written sources is possible. There are four main dialect areas: Northwest Faroese, Central Faroese, Northern Faroese, and Southern Faroese. Faroese has a complex phonology and many complex inflections, which have come about as the result of diphthongization, segmentation, Verschaerfung, palatalization, and a loss of the spirants after which glides were inserted into hiatus. The genitive has been lost in the history of Faroese, which means that it has three cases: the nominative, the accusative, and the dative. The old genitive is in compounds as a linking element. The vocabulary contains old Gaelic loans due to contact with the British Isles, older English loans, which have entered the language with sailors, as have some French loans and, from the Reformation onward, a lot of Danish loanwords.

The Salvaged Ode, or Khvostov the Dragon-Slayer

2025-06-15

| Northwestern University Press eBooks

1.5 Der Brief im griechischen Kulturraum vor Isokrates

2025-06-15

| Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks

Blind man’s buff: (geo- and ethno-) linguistic notes

2025-06-15

Lavinia Nasta | Dacoromania

Our study approaches the issue of children’s games, using the answers to question 4337 in Atlasul lingvistic român [The Romanian Linguistic Atlas] questionnaire, from a geo- and ethnolinguistic perspective which … Our study approaches the issue of children’s games, using the answers to question 4337 in Atlasul lingvistic român [The Romanian Linguistic Atlas] questionnaire, from a geo- and ethnolinguistic perspective which offered unique results that supported us in recreating the game’s architext. Further, the distribution of terms in the Romanian territory, the etymological references, the lexical explanations and the grammatical notes helped us explain the speakers’ preference for a certain terminological variant and also to make a connection between linguistic and extralinguistic reality. In the end, we concluded that the games represent the echoes of ancient rituals, which, to be best understood, deserve to be studied from complementary perspectives.

The negative singular imperative in romanian. A concise morphosyntactic approach

2025-06-15

Diana-Maria Roman | Dacoromania

In Romanian specialised literature, the imperative is described as having three traits that are relevant for this paper: (1) it is a personal mode, (2) the affirmative and negative forms … In Romanian specialised literature, the imperative is described as having three traits that are relevant for this paper: (1) it is a personal mode, (2) the affirmative and negative forms do not coincide in the singular, and (3) the negative is formed with the infinitive. Considering the known grammatical homonymy between the infinitive citi1 [read1] as a unit, in Nu poate citi1. [He cannot read1.], and the infinitive citi2 [read2] as a subunit, in Aș citi2 o carte. [I’d like to read2 a book.,], both at the level of verbal lexemes as a whole and at that of the morphemic structure, scholars also accept the thesis that the infinitive citi1 [read1] as a unit in Nu poate citi1. [He cannot read1.] and the infinitive citi2 [read2] as a unit of the negative singular imperative Nu citi2! [Don’t read2!] are formally identical, the grammatical suffix-type flective -i being the carrier of different grammatical meanings in different contexts, as follows: infinitive in citi1 [read1] and imperative in citi2 [read2]. Thus, the morphemic structure of the negative singular imperative stops at the grammatical suffix -i, excluding the possibility of there being a flectional subunit of the type -Ø syncretic desinence, as an expression of the grammatical categories of person and number. However, neither the personal type of verbal forms, nor the use of those categories comes under question, thanks to certain features they have in common with the other imperative forms in which the desinence-type of flectional subunit is realised in the positive: the identical morphological value, as verbs, does not indicate conversion and the same structural syntactic position, as predicates, is occupied. Therefore, negative singular imperative verbal lexemes resort to non-flectional forms of person and number, derived from the subject by way of non-relational non-flectional agreement, and they must procure a different relateme, of adherence, to realise their syntactic function.

2.2 Text und Übersetzung der Briefe des Isokrates

2025-06-15

| Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks

Obravnava novorojenčkov z gastroshizo

2025-06-14

Matej Pal , Maja Pajek , Polona Studen Pauletić +5 more | Slovenian Medical Journal

Gastroschisis is a congenital abnormality of the anterior abdominal wall at the umbilicus, through which the intestine protrudes without being covered by the amniotic membrane. Risk factors for its development … Gastroschisis is a congenital abnormality of the anterior abdominal wall at the umbilicus, through which the intestine protrudes without being covered by the amniotic membrane. Risk factors for its development are maternal, environmental and genetic. The incidence has been increasing in recent decades and is highest in younger pregnant women. In Slovenia, the incidence is 1.8 per 10,000 live births. During pregnancy, gastroschisis is detected by ultrasound examination and elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration in the mother’s blood. Gastroschisis is rarely associated with chromosomal or extraintestinal developmental abnormalities. It is divided into simple and complex types. Simple gastroschisis is more common and has no associated intestinal complications. Complex gastroschisis is associated with intestinal abnormalities (narrowing or obstruction) with complications (dilatation, necrosis, intestinal perforation). The development of the intestine outside the abdominal cavity results in a disorder of intestinal rotation and fixation with a risk of volvulus. Pregnant women require regular monitoring, as there is an increased risk of foetal growth restriction and intrauterine death. When there are no other indications for a caesarean section, pregnant women are advised to have a vaginal delivery after 37 weeks of pregnancy in a tertiary centre, where a full multidisciplinary team is available for the newborn. In Slovenia, such a tertiary centre is the University Medical Centre Ljubljana. After birth, it is essential to protect the exposed intestine, ensure appropriate preoperative preparation and surgical treatment as soon as possible. The gold standard of surgical treatment is primary repositioning of the intestine with immediate closure of the abdominal wall. If this is not possible, staged repositioning using a plastic bag (silo) and delayed closure of the abdominal wall is available. The mortality rate of children with gastroschisis is low, but the disease is still associated with significant morbidity. In this article, we present the treatment of pregnant women with a foetus with gastroschisis and their newborns in our country.

Rímsko-slovanské pamätné miesta v Druhom cestopise Jána Kollára

2025-06-13

Sarolta Krisztina Tóthpál | Studia Slavica

Štúdia sa zameriava na taliansko-slovanské pamätné miesta predovšetkým v Druhom cestopise Jána Kollára. Do centra pozornosti sa dostávajú najmä slovanské pamätné miesta v Ríme, kam Kollár pricestoval v roku 1844. … Štúdia sa zameriava na taliansko-slovanské pamätné miesta predovšetkým v Druhom cestopise Jána Kollára. Do centra pozornosti sa dostávajú najmä slovanské pamätné miesta v Ríme, kam Kollár pricestoval v roku 1844. Teoretické východiská štúdie tvoria výsledky výskumov kultúrnej pamäti (P. Nora, J. Assmann), kultúrnej geografie (M. Crang), kultúrnej semiotiky (B. Uspenský, J. M. Lotman) ako aj výsledky v oblasti najnovšieho bádania o Kollárovom celoživotnom diele (R. Kiss Szemán, A. István). V cestopise sa zvlášť zobrazujú rímske pamätné miesta, ktoré podľa narátorovej koncepcie zohrávajú dôležitú úlohu v dejinách slovanskej kultúry. Slovanské pamätné miesta sa prirodzene začleňujú do multikultúrneho sveta talianskej metropoly. Použitie slovanských jazykov a funkcia rôznych slovanských nápisov sa skúma v kontexte rímskej jazykovej mapy. V štúdii sa zvláštna pozornosť venuje talianskym slovám a výrazom, ktoré rozprávač zaradil do českého autorského textu. Pestrá jazyková mapa ako aj široké časové a kultúrne spektrum Kollárovho cestopisu nastoľuje možnosť jeho interpretácie ako palimpsestu. Kollár obohacuje svoj cestopis aj o osobné skúsenosti a príbehy, čím prispieva k ďalšiemu prehĺbeniu zobrazenia slovanských pamätných miest v Ríme. Cestopis sa venuje aj pamätným miestam významných výtvarných umelcov, ktoré sú interpretované prostredníctvom fenoménu ekfrázy (Kibédi Varga). Do Kollárovho cestopisu je zakomponovaná aj lyrická vložka, ktorá je venovaná slovansko-talianskym pamätným miestam a spoločným charakteristickým črtám týchto dvoch národov. Nápisy, pomníky a maľby spomenuté alebo opísané v cestopise tým pádom nadobúdajú nový národný význam a vytvárajú sústavu slovanských pamätných miest, ktorá je tesne spätá s minulosťou a zameriava sa na formovanie slovanskej národnej pamäti.

Tauti nimeltä Morbus Gallicus (ranskantauti) lääketieteellisessä kontekstissa vv. 1495–1530

2025-06-12

Timo Joutsivuo | Ennen ja nyt Historian tietosanomat

*** ***