Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

Vector-Borne Animal Diseases

Works Count: 34723

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Description

This cluster of papers focuses on the epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and control strategies of Bluetongue virus, a vector-borne disease primarily transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. The research also explores the impact of climate change on the distribution of Culicoides vectors and the emergence of Bluetongue virus in Europe.

Keywords

Bluetongue Virus; Culicoides Biting Midges; Arbovirus Vectors; Europe; Epidemiology; Pathogenesis; Climate Change; Vector Distribution; Vaccines; Genetic Characterization

Climate Change and Vector-Borne Diseases

2006-01-01

David J. Rogers , Sarah Randolph

Georgis' Parasitology for Veterinarians

2021-01-01

Dwight D. Bowman

Infectious Diseases of Livestock with Special Reference to Southern Africa

1996-05-01

Glenda Coetzer

Biology of disease vectors

2005-01-01

William C. Marquardt

The African Buffalo: A Study of Resource Limitation of Populations

1978-07-01

Martin W. Schein , A. R. E. Sinclair

Colyer's Variations and Diseases of the Teeth of Animals

1990-11-29

Anne Miles , A. E. W. Miles , J. F. Colyer

Book summary page views Book summary page views help Close Book summary page views help Book summary views reflect the number of visits to the book and chapter landing pages. … Book summary page views Book summary page views help Close Book summary page views help Book summary views reflect the number of visits to the book and chapter landing pages. Total views: 0 * Loading metrics...

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Expression, self-assembly, and antigenicity of the Norwalk virus capsid protein

1992-11-01

Xiaofang Jiang , M Wang , David Y. Graham +1 more

Norwalk virus capsid protein was produced by expression of the second and third open reading frames of the Norwalk virus genome, using a cell-free translation system and baculovirus recombinants. Analysis … Norwalk virus capsid protein was produced by expression of the second and third open reading frames of the Norwalk virus genome, using a cell-free translation system and baculovirus recombinants. Analysis of the expressed products showed that the second open reading frame encodes a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 58,000 (58K protein) and that this protein self-assembles to form empty viruslike particles similar to native capsids in size and appearance. The antigenicity of these particles was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of paired serum samples from volunteers who developed illness following Norwalk virus challenge. These particles also induced high levels of Norwalk virus-specific serum antibody in laboratory animals following parenteral inoculation. A minor 34K protein was also found in infected insect cells. Amino acid sequence analysis of the N terminus of the 34K protein indicated that the 34K protein was a cleavage product of the 58K protein. The availability of large amounts of recombinant Norwalk virus particles will allow the development of rapid, sensitive, and reliable tests for the diagnosis of Norwalk virus infection as well as the implementation of structural studies.

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Structure of the Bluetongue Virus Capsid

1972-10-01

D. W. Verwoerd , H. J. , Ethel‐Michele de Villiers +1 more

Seven polypeptides were found to be present in the capsid of the bluetongue virus (BTV), four of which are major and three are minor components. This number and size distribution … Seven polypeptides were found to be present in the capsid of the bluetongue virus (BTV), four of which are major and three are minor components. This number and size distribution is the same as that found in reovirus, which has a similar segmented, double-stranded ribonucleic acid genome. In both viruses an excellent correlation is found between the molecular weights of certain genome segments and those of the polypeptides, suggesting a direct coding relationship between them. Careful comparison, however, indicates that the correlation patterns of the two viruses are different, suggesting that different genome segments may be utilized to code for certain capsid proteins. This phenomenon may be related to the fact that these viruses can be distinguished morphologically, reovirus having a larger diameter and possessing a double-layered capsid against the smaller single capsid of the BTV. Utilizing the degrading effect of CsCl gradients, it was demonstrated, however, that two of the BTV polypeptides are present as a diffuse protein layer surrounding the capsid. This outer layer probably has some of the functions of the reovirus outer capsid, one being the “masking” of a viral transcriptase which could be demonstrated after its removal.

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Processing tissue and cells for transmission electron microscopy in diagnostic pathology and research

2007-10-01

Lesley Graham , Jan M. Orenstein

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An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika territory, in 1952–1953 II. General description and epidemiology

1955-01-01

W. H. R. Lumsden

Journal Article An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika territory, in 1952–1953 II. General description and epidemiology Get access W.H.R. Lumsden W.H.R. Lumsden Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda … Journal Article An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika territory, in 1952–1953 II. General description and epidemiology Get access W.H.R. Lumsden W.H.R. Lumsden Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 49, Issue 1, January 1955, Pages 33–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(55)90081-X Published: 01 January 1955

Review Article1: Eradication Programs for the Arthropod Parasites of Livestock2

1977-06-20

O. H. Graham , James L. Hourrigan

Two species of cattle fever ticks, Boophilus annulatus and B. microplus, were eradicated from the southern United States in a cooperative state-federal program that began in 1907 and was successfully … Two species of cattle fever ticks, Boophilus annulatus and B. microplus, were eradicated from the southern United States in a cooperative state-federal program that began in 1907 and was successfully completed in 1960. These vectors were eliminated from an area of approximately 700,000 sq. miles (1,813,000 km2), primarily by dipping cattle and other livestock in an arsenical solution on a schedule shorter than the time required for completion of the parasitic phase of the life cycle of the female ticks, that is, once every 14–18 days. Bovine babesiosis disappeared from the U.S. after the tick vectors were eradicated, and the resultant savings to the livestock industry are estimated to exceed U.S. 1 billion per year. Similar eradication programs in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Soutli America, and Australia have not been successful. During 1960–1972, three species of African ticks were eliminated from the United States before they could become firmly established, but an infestation of Amblyomma variegatum was discovered in Puerto Rico in 1974 and has not yet been eradicated. Psoroptic scabies of sheep was eradicated from a few European countries, Australia and New Zealand before 1900, Canada in 1927, and the United States in 1970. For other acarine parasites the goal for the most part has been control, not eradication. Screwworms were eradicated from Florida and adjoining southeastern states in 1959 by the release of large numbers of sexually sterilized male flies. A similar program that was launched in the Southwest in 1962 is not complete but now that Mexico has joined the effort, eradication from both countries appears nearer realization. Cattle grubs, Hypoderma spp., have so far defied all attempts at eradication, even though very high levels of control, >99%, have been achieved in several countries. Efforts to eradicate other species, e.g., horn flies and stable flies, are confined to research on techniques.

Bluetongue virus detection by two real-time RT-qPCRs targeting two different genomic segments

2006-12-29

Jean‐François Toussaint , Corinne Sailleau , Emmanuel Bréard +2 more

Immunization of man against sporozite-induced falciparum malaria

1973-09-01

David F. Clyde , Harry Most , Vincent C. McCarthy +1 more

Climate change and the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe

2005-02-01

Bethan V. Purse , Philip S. Mellor , David J. Rogers +3 more

Flies and Disease

1965-07-01

Bernard Greenberg

THE TREATMENT OF MALIGNAT TUMORS BY REPEATED INOCULATIONS OF ERYSIPELAS

1893-05-01

WILLIAM B. COLEY

Enzootic hepatitis or rift valley fever. An undescribed virus disease of sheep cattle and man from east africa

1931-01-01

R. Daubney , J. R. Hudson , P. C. C. Garnhám

The epidemiology of theileriosis in Africa

1993-07-01

G. Gettinby

International collaborative research: significance of tick-borne hemoparasitic diseases to world animal health

1995-03-01

Gerrit Uilenberg

Bluetongue Virus in the Mediterranean Basin 1998–2001

2002-07-01

P. S. Mellor , E. J. Wittmann

The Skin of the Domestic Pig**From the University of Oregon Medical School, Portland, Oregon, and the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon.

1964-07-01

William Montagna , Jeung S. Yun

Landscape Ecology and Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Diseases: Tools for Spatial Analysis

1998-07-01

Uriel Kitron

Geographic information systems (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS), remote sensing, and spatial statistics are tools to analyze and integrate the spatial component in epidemiology of vector-borne disease into research, surveillance, … Geographic information systems (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS), remote sensing, and spatial statistics are tools to analyze and integrate the spatial component in epidemiology of vector-borne disease into research, surveillance, and control programs based on a landscape ecology approach. Landscape ecology, which deals with the mosaic structure of landscapes and ecosystems, considers the spatial heterogeneity of biotic and abiotic components as the underlying mechanism which determines the structure of ecosystems. The methodologies of GIS, GPS, satellite imagery, and spatial statistics, and the landscape ecology-epidemiology approach are described, and applications of these methodologies to vector-borne diseases are reviewed. Collaborative studies by the author and colleagues on malaria in Israel and tsetse flies in Kenya, and Lyme disease, LaCrosse encephalitis, and eastern equine encephalitis in the north-central United States are presented as examples for application of these tools to research and disease surveillance. Relevance of spatial tools and landscape ecology to emerging infectious diseases and to studies of global change effects on vector-borne diseases are discussed.

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Genetic Characterization of Toggenburg Orbivirus, a New Bluetongue Virus, from Goats, Switzerland

2008-12-01

Martin Hofmann‐Apitius , Sandra Renzullo , Markus Mader +3 more

Abstract A novel bluetongue virus (BTV) termed Toggenburg orbivirus (TOV) was detected in goats from Switzerland by using real-time reverse transcription–PCR. cDNA corresponding to the complete sequence of 7 of … Abstract A novel bluetongue virus (BTV) termed Toggenburg orbivirus (TOV) was detected in goats from Switzerland by using real-time reverse transcription–PCR. cDNA corresponding to the complete sequence of 7 of 10 double-stranded RNA segments of the viral genome was amplified by PCR and cloned into a plasmid vector. Five clones for each genome segment were sequenced to determine a consensus sequence. BLAST analysis and dendrogram construction showed that TOV is closely related to BTV, although some genome segments are distinct from the 24 known BTV serotypes. Maximal sequence identity to any BTV ranged from 63% (segment 2) to 79% (segments 7 and 10). Because the gene encoding outer capsid protein 2 (VP2), which determines the serotype of BTV, is placed within the BTV serogroup, we propose that TOV represents an unknown 25th serotype of BTV.

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VECTORS AND VERTICAL TRANSMISSION: AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC PERSPECTIVE

1975-11-01

Paul Fine

The Pathology and Pathogenesis of Bluetongue

2009-05-24

Ν. James MacLachlan , Clifton P. Drew , Karin E. Darpel +1 more

Bluetongue Epidemiology in the European Union

2008-04-01

Claude Saegerman , Dirk Berkvens , Philip S. Mellor

Bluetongue (BT) is a reportable disease of considerable socioeconomic concern and of major importance in the international trade of animals and animal products. Before 1998, BT was considered an exotic … Bluetongue (BT) is a reportable disease of considerable socioeconomic concern and of major importance in the international trade of animals and animal products. Before 1998, BT was considered an exotic disease in Europe. From 1998 through 2005, at least 6 BT virus strains belonging to 5 serotypes (BTV-1, BTV-2, BTV-4, BTV-9, and BTV-16) were continuously present in the Mediterranean Basin. Since August 2006, BTV-8 has caused a severe epizootic of BT in northern Europe. The widespread recrudescence and extension of BTV-8 infections in northern Europe during 2007 suggest that requirements for BTV establishment may now be fulfilled in this area. In addition, the radial extension of BTV-8 across Europe increases the risk for an encounter between this serotype and others, particularly those that occur in the Mediterranean Basin, where vector activity continues for more of the year. This condition increases the risk for reassortment of individual BTV gene segments.

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THE PATHOGENESIS OF PREMATURE CRANIAL SYNOSTOSIS IN MAN

1959-01-01

Melvin L. Moss

INACTIVATION OF LYMPHADENOPATHY-ASSOCIATED VIRUS BY HEAT, GAMMA RAYS, AND ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT

1985-01-01

Bruno Spire , Françoise Barré‐Sinoussi , Dominique Dormont +2 more

Large Animal Internal Medicine

1990-09-01

AIlen J. Roussel

Regulation of MHC Class I Transport by the Molecular Chaperone, Calnexin (p88, IP90)

1994-01-21

Michael R. Jackson , Myrna F. Cohen-Doyle , Per A. Peterson +1 more

Assembled class I histocompatibility molecules, consisting of heavy chain, β 2 -microglobulin, and peptide ligand, are transported rapidly to the cell surface. In contrast, the intracellular transport of free heavy … Assembled class I histocompatibility molecules, consisting of heavy chain, β 2 -microglobulin, and peptide ligand, are transported rapidly to the cell surface. In contrast, the intracellular transport of free heavy chains or peptide-deficient heavy chain-β 2 -microglobulin heterodimers is impaired. A 90-kilodalton membrane-bound chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), termed calnexin, associates quantitatively with newly synthesized class I heavy chains, but the functions of calnexin in this interaction are unknown. Class I subunits were expressed alone or in combination with calnexin in Drosophila melanogaster cells. Calnexin retarded the intracellular transport of both peptide-deficient heavy chain-β 2 -microglobulin heterodimers and free heavy chains. Calnexin also impeded the rapid intracellular degradation of free heavy chains. The ability of calnexin to protect and retain class I assembly intermediates is likely to contribute to the efficient intracellular formation of class I-peptide complexes.

The atomic structure of the bluetongue virus core

1998-10-01

Jonathan M. Grimes , J. N. Burroughs , Patrice Gouet +5 more

African horse sickness

2004-07-01

Philip S. Mellor , C. Hamblin

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Bluetongue in Europe: past, present and future

2009-08-17

Anthony J. Wilson , Philip S. Mellor

The recent arrival in Northern and Western (NW) Europe of bluetongue virus (BTV), which causes the ruminant disease 'bluetongue', has raised the profile of this vector-borne ruminant disease and sparked … The recent arrival in Northern and Western (NW) Europe of bluetongue virus (BTV), which causes the ruminant disease 'bluetongue', has raised the profile of this vector-borne ruminant disease and sparked discussions on the reasons for its sudden emergence so far north. This expansion has not happened in isolation and the disease has been expanding into Southern and Eastern Europe for the last decade. This shifting disease distribution is being facilitated by a number of different introduction mechanisms including the movement of infected livestock, the passive movement of infected Culicoides on the wind and, in NW Europe, an unknown route of introduction. The expansion of BTV in Europe has forced a re-evaluation of the importance of Palaearctic Culicoides species in transmission, as well as the importance of secondary transmission routes, such as transplacental transmission, in facilitating the persistence of the virus. The current European outbreak of BTV-8 is believed to have caused greater economic damage than any previous single-serotype outbreak. Although attempts are being made to improve the capacity of European countries to cope with future BTV incursions, the options available are limited by a lack of basic entomological data and limited virological surveillance.

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<i>Culicoides</i>Biting Midges: Their Role as Arbovirus Vectors

2000-01-01

P. S. Mellor , J. Boorman , Matthew Baylis

▪ Abstract Culicoides biting midges are among the most abundant of haematophagous insects, and occur throughout most of the inhabited world. Across this broad range they transmit a great number … ▪ Abstract Culicoides biting midges are among the most abundant of haematophagous insects, and occur throughout most of the inhabited world. Across this broad range they transmit a great number of assorted pathogens of human, and domestic and wild animals, but it is as vectors of arboviruses, and particularly arboviruses of domestic livestock, that they achieve their prime importance. To date, more than 50 such viruses have been isolated from Culicoides spp. and some of these cause diseases of such international significance that they have been allocated Office International des Épizooties (OIE) List A status. Culicoides are world players in the epidemiology of many important arboviral diseases. In this context this paper deals with those aspects of midge biology facilitating disease transmission, describes the factors controlling insect-virus interactions at the individual insect and population level, and illustrates the far-reaching effects that certain components of climate have upon the midges and, hence, transmission potential.

Identification of the serotype-specific and group-specific antigens of bluetongue virus.

1981-06-01

H. Huismans , Erasmus Bj

The bluetongue virus (BTV) core particle contains 2 major polypeptides, P3 and P7, and is surrounded by an outer capsid layer that is composed of the 2 major polypeptides, P2 … The bluetongue virus (BTV) core particle contains 2 major polypeptides, P3 and P7, and is surrounded by an outer capsid layer that is composed of the 2 major polypeptides, P2 and P5. Analysis of the immune precipitates from soluble 14C-labelled BTV polypeptides and hyper-immune rabbit and guinea-pig sera indicated that polypeptide P2 precipitates only with homologous BTV sera. This would indicate that P2 is the main determinant of serotype specificity. It was also found that in sheep infected with BTV the P2-precipitating antibodies in the serum correlate with the neutralizing antibody titres, whereas the appearance and subsequent decline of P7-precipitating antibodies correspond well with those of the complement fixing antibodies. This suggests that BTV group specificity, as measured by a complement fixation tests, is determined by the core protein P7. This result was supported by the observation that mouse ascitic fluid, which contains a high titre of BTV-specific complement fixing antibodies and a very low titre of neutralizing antibodies, contains almost exclusively antibodies that precipitate P7.

Manual of veterinary parasitological laboratory techniques

1978-06-01

K. T. Friedhoff

Summary of notifiable diseases--United States, 2012.

2014-09-19

Deborah A. Adams , Ruth Ann Jajosky , Umed A. Ajani +7 more

The Summary of notifiable diseases--United States, 2012 contains the official statistics, in tabular and graphic form, for the reported occurrence of nationally notifiable infectious diseases in the United States for … The Summary of notifiable diseases--United States, 2012 contains the official statistics, in tabular and graphic form, for the reported occurrence of nationally notifiable infectious diseases in the United States for 2012. Unless otherwise noted, the data are final totals for 2012 reported as of June 30, 2013. These statistics are collected and compiled from reports sent by state health departments and territories to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), which is operated by CDC in collaboration with the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE). The Summary is available at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/mmwr_nd/index.html. This site also includes Summary publications from previous years.

Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis--United States: a practical guide for physicians and other health-care and public health professionals.

2006-03-31

Alice S. Chapman , Johan Bakken , Scott M. Folk +7 more

Tickborne rickettsial diseases (TBRD) continue to cause severe illness and death in otherwise healthy adults and children, despite the availability of low cost, effective antimicrobial therapy. The greatest challenge to … Tickborne rickettsial diseases (TBRD) continue to cause severe illness and death in otherwise healthy adults and children, despite the availability of low cost, effective antimicrobial therapy. The greatest challenge to clinicians is the difficult diagnostic dilemma posed by these infections early in their clinical course, when antibiotic therapy is most effective. Early signs and symptoms of these illnesses are notoriously nonspecific or mimic benign viral illnesses, making diagnosis difficult. In October 2004, CDC's Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, in consultation with 11 clinical and academic specialists of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis, and human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, developed guidelines to address the need for a consolidated source for the diagnosis and management of TBRD. The preparers focused on the practical aspects of epidemiology, clinical assessment, treatment, and laboratory diagnosis of TBRD. This report will assist clinicians and other health-care and public health professionals to 1) recognize epidemiologic features and clinical manifestations of TBRD, 2) develop a differential diagnosis that includes and ranks TBRD, 3) understand that the recommendations for doxycycline are the treatment of choice for both adults and children, 4) understand that early empiric antibiotic therapy can prevent severe morbidity and death, and 5) report suspect or confirmed cases of TBRD to local public health authorities to assist them with control measures and public health education efforts.

Epizootiology of insect diseases

1988-01-01

F. Robert Hunter

Pathology of Domestic Animals

1964-11-01

Wilford S. Bailey

Volume II covers the systemic and special pathology of the alimentary, urinary, and nervous system and the liver, peritoneum, mesentery, muscle, eye, ear, skin, and appendages. Certain diseases which resisted … Volume II covers the systemic and special pathology of the alimentary, urinary, and nervous system and the liver, peritoneum, mesentery, muscle, eye, ear, skin, and appendages. Certain diseases which resisted the authors' systemic classification (including African horsesickness, hog cholera, toxoplasmosis, and tickborne fever) are covered in the appendix.The rather unusual method of presentation of the material will elicit varying responses, and the over-all effectiveness of the arrangement cannot be judged until the book has been used extensively by workers in a variety of activities. Both volumes are sure to be received favorably by research workers and teachers—if not because of the unusual arrangement, then in spite of it, for this is indeed a notable production.The important subject of neoplasia seems to suffer somewhat from the organ-system method of presentation. This may be justified, however, by the strong emphasis on the diseases of organs and systems which has been achieved.

Summary of notifiable diseases--United States, 2006.

2008-03-21

Scott J.N. McNabb , Ruth Ann Jajosky , Patsy A Hall-Baker +7 more

The Summary of Notifiable Diseases--United States, 2006 contains the official statistics, in tabular and graphic form, for the reported occurrence of nationally notifiable infectious diseases in the United States for … The Summary of Notifiable Diseases--United States, 2006 contains the official statistics, in tabular and graphic form, for the reported occurrence of nationally notifiable infectious diseases in the United States for 2006. Unless otherwise noted, the data are final totals for 2006 reported as of June 30, 2007. These statistics are collected and compiled from reports sent by state and territorial health departments to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), which is operated by CDC in collaboration with the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE). The Summary is available at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/summary.html. This site also includes publications from previous years.

Veterinary parasitology

1997-07-01

Jon D. Dunsmore

Veterinary Epidemiology

2008-01-01

B CHOMEL

The author describes the specifics of veterinary epidemiology, in particular its domain and objectives. The large diversity of data sources are partly limited by the lack of standardized nomenclature and … The author describes the specifics of veterinary epidemiology, in particular its domain and objectives. The large diversity of data sources are partly limited by the lack of standardized nomenclature and registries in many animal species. Even if veterinary epidemiology benefits from methods developed in the last thirty years in human epidemiology, it differs from human epidemiology by: the broad spectrum of animal species and its differences in longevity, pathology and genetics, the extend of control measures available and their direct effect on the epidemiology of the diseases, the priority of cost efficacy of disease control and epidemiological surveillance. The future of veterinary epidemiology lays in new areas, such as herd management and economics, genetic selection and molecular biochemistry, and geriatric epidemiology in pets.

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The Biology of disease vectors

1996-11-01

Barry J. Beaty , William C. Marquardt

This title focuses on the molecular and populational aspects of the insects (mosquitoes, midges, black flies, etc.) and acarines (ticks and mites) that serve as transmitters (vectors) of disease agents … This title focuses on the molecular and populational aspects of the insects (mosquitoes, midges, black flies, etc.) and acarines (ticks and mites) that serve as transmitters (vectors) of disease agents and is designed to stimulate further studies worldwide. Vector-borne diseases continue to be among the most intractable infectious diseases for both humans and livestock, despite a hundred years of research and control efforts. Of the six diseases considered by the World Health Organisation to be the greatest threat to human health, only one is not vector-borne. Progress in alleviating their harmful effects is likely to come through fundamental studies utilising molecular techniques and epidemiological methods that have been developed over the past fifteen years. These methods are discussed in the book. The forty contributors to this volume are leading, active investigators in vectors and the disease agents they transmit.

Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology

1997-01-01

Lawrence A. Lacey

A review of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, shipping fever pneumonia and viral-bacterial synergism in respiratory disease of cattle.

1982-07-01

W D Yates

Unanswered questions on the etiology and prevention of shipping fever pneumonia have allowed this disease to remain one of the most costly to the North American cattle industry. Research in … Unanswered questions on the etiology and prevention of shipping fever pneumonia have allowed this disease to remain one of the most costly to the North American cattle industry. Research in this area has indirected that while Pasteurella haemolytica and, to a lesser extent, P. multocida are involved in most cases, they seem to require additional factors to help initiate the disease process. Bovine herpes virus 1 has been shown experimentally to be one such factor. This review examines in some detail the topics of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, shipping fever, and viral-bacterial interactions in the production of respiratory disease in various species. It deals with history, definitions, etiologies, clinical signs and lesions, and considers exposure levels, transmission and various pathogenetic mechanisms that are postulated or known to occur.

Serological evidence of bluetongue virus serotypes circulating in Pakistan

2025-06-24

Muhammad Ishaq , Syed M. Jamal , Sakhawat Ali +5 more | Intervirology

Introduction Bluetongue is an arthropod-borne viral disease of ruminants, which is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) that exists in more than 30 different serotypes. The disease is endemic in Pakistan. … Introduction Bluetongue is an arthropod-borne viral disease of ruminants, which is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) that exists in more than 30 different serotypes. The disease is endemic in Pakistan. However, little is known about circulating BTV serotypes in the country. This study reports the serotypes of BTV in North-Western Pakistan. Methods A total of 758 competitive ELISA positive serum samples was tested using serum neutralization tests against the 28 BTV serotypes (BTV-1 to 27 and BTV-X). The test samples originated from cattle (n = 296), buffalo (n = 80), sheep (n= 136) and goats (n= 246). Results Neutralizing antibodies against one or more of the 28 BTV serotypes were detected in 59.1% of the positive samples. Antibodies against BTV-26 had the highest (56.5%) prevalence, whereas, those against BTV-19 had the lowest (0.9%) prevalence. Species-wise, neutralizing antibodies against all the 28 serotypes of BTV were found in cattle, whereas antibodies against 24, 21 and 19 different serotypes of BTV were detected in goats, sheep and buffalo, respectively. Neutralizing antibodies against 19 different BTV serotypes were detected for the first time in Pakistan. It was also the first time that neutralizing antibodies against atypical serotypes (i.e. BTV-25, BTV-27, and BTV-X) were found in cattle. Conclusion Bluetongue in Pakistan has a complex epidemiology, as evidenced by the detection of antibodies against a large number of BTV serotypes Findings of the current study may be helpful in selecting appropriate vaccines for control of the disease in the country.

EEF1D signaling contributes to Bovine alpha herpesvirus 1 productive infection, potentially through regulation of viral replication compartments

2025-06-24

Bin Hou , Xiaotian Fu , Ying Luo +2 more | Veterinary Microbiology

Development of a <scp>PCR</scp>‐Based Assay for Assessing Biosecurity Risk of Extruded Feed for White Spot Disease

2025-06-24

N. Hung , Paul J. Schofield , Wendy M. Sealey +2 more | Journal of Fish Diseases

Formulated aquafeed has been a primary driver for the growth of the aquaculture industry worldwide. However, formulated feed may pose a biosecurity risk if they are not proven to be … Formulated aquafeed has been a primary driver for the growth of the aquaculture industry worldwide. However, formulated feed may pose a biosecurity risk if they are not proven to be free of infectious pathogens. Unforetunately, recent PCR methods cannot differentiate an infectious pathogen from an inactivated genomic fragment of the corresponding pathogen. Considering the lack of an immortal cell line in crustaceans, we developed a conventional one-step PCR assay that can be used to screen formulated aquafeed. As a proof-of-principle, extruded feed containing (w/w) 0.0%, 0.2% and 2% WSSV-infected shrimp meals were prepared and screened using a one-step conventional PCR and a real-time PCR targeting the WSSV DNA polymerase gene. The results were compared to the WOAH-recommended nested- and real-time PCR for WSSV. The newly developed and the WOAH-recommended real-time PCR methods detected WSSV DNA in the extruded feed. Among three primer sets used in one-step conventional PCR, two provided successful WSSV amplification with amplicon size of 334 and 341 bp, respectively. The primer set that generated an amplicon of 980 bp, as well as the WOAH-recommended nested PCR, did not amplify WSSV in the extruded feed. The one-step conventional PCR generating a 980 bp amplicon is highly specific in detecting WSSV, and the limit of detection is 100 copies. When WSSV-spiked extruded feed was fed to Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Penaeus vannamei shrimp, it did not cause disease, as determined by histopathology and PCR assays, indicating that the WSSV-spiked extruded feed does not contain infectious virus. We propose that real-time PCR, for its high throughput ability, could be used for initial screening, and any samples that test positive for WSSV should be further tested using a one-step conventional PCR that amplifies a 980 bp amplicon. This will provide a much-needed practical solution for biosecurity assessment of formulated aquafeed for WSD until a crustacean cell line is available for screening infectious WSSV.

Banana and Aloe Vera Leaf Nature-Infused Hair Mask

2025-06-23

OFELIA M. SIMEON , ELIZABETH V. ABRENILLA , MAIE | International Journal of Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Education

This study explores the development and evaluation of a nature-infused hair mask formulated with banana leaf and aloe vera extracts, focusing on its effects on hair texture, shine, scalp condition, … This study explores the development and evaluation of a nature-infused hair mask formulated with banana leaf and aloe vera extracts, focusing on its effects on hair texture, shine, scalp condition, and fragrance. Responding to the increasing demand for sustainable and plant-based beauty solutions, the research aims to offer an eco-friendly and cost-effective hair care product using locally sourced ingredients.Young and matured banana leaves—commonly considered agricultural waste—were used to examine variations in effectiveness. Combined with the soothing and moisturizing properties of aloe vera, the formulation was evaluated through experimental and survey methods. Respondents included teenagers, adults, and cosmetic experts who assessed the product’s acceptability in terms of the identified hair care parameters. Shelf-life and overall user satisfaction were also examined.Findings revealed that the banana and aloe vera leaf-infused hair mask positively improved hair shine, texture, and scalp condition. A statistically significant difference was observed in acceptability based on leaf maturity and respondent category. Shelf-life observations indicated that the product maintained its stability at room temperature for a limited but reasonable period.This study supports the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by promoting environmental responsibility, encouraging local resource utilization, and fostering innovation in natural hair care. Results suggest that the banana and aloe vera leaf hair mask is a promising, nature-based alternative to synthetic hair care products, contributing to the green transformation of the beauty industry.

A serological study and risk factors associated with Akabane virus infection in cattle in Egypt

2025-06-23

Abdelfattah Selim , Mohamed Marzok , Hattan S. Gattan +1 more | Scientific Reports

Akabane virus (AKAV) is an arbovirus belonging to the genus Orthobunyavirus within the family Peribunyaviridae, order Elliovirales1, capable of infecting ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats. This arthropod-borne virus … Akabane virus (AKAV) is an arbovirus belonging to the genus Orthobunyavirus within the family Peribunyaviridae, order Elliovirales1, capable of infecting ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats. This arthropod-borne virus is transmitted by mosquitoes or midges and has been recognized as a contributor to outbreaks of reproductive disorders. This study investigates the seroprevalence of AKAV infection in cattle across various regions in Egypt, along with an analysis of potential risk factors contributing to the infection. Serum samples from 540 cattle were collected randomly from four governorates and tested using a commercial competitive ELISA kit. The seroprevalence of AKAV infection was found to be 24.4%. Univariable statistical analysis indicated that factors such as locality, age, sex, breed, season, and history of abortion (p < 0.05) were significantly associated with the infection, while herd size did not show a significant association (p > 0.05). In addition, the multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that the likelihood of AKAV infection was significantly higher in Alexandria (OR = 2.9, P = 0.001), in cattle over 5 years of age (OR = 3.7, P = 0.002), among females (OR = 2.7, P = 0.034), in Holstein breeds (OR = 2.1, P = 0.003), during the winter season (OR = 3.7, P < 0.0001), and in cattle with a history of abortion (OR = 2.5, P < 0.0001). These findings emphasize the need for ongoing monitoring of the disease in ruminants to accurately assess its burden and raise awareness. Such efforts will promote early detection and support the development of effective control measures for the disease in this region.

Equine zoonotic disease risks in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities: a critical review

2025-06-22

Elias Christofi , Jessica Hoopes , Charles El‐Hage +3 more | Australian Veterinary Journal

Since their arrival in the 1700s, horses have played a significant role in shaping the identity of rural and remote communities. However, Indigenous perspectives on the historical role of horses … Since their arrival in the 1700s, horses have played a significant role in shaping the identity of rural and remote communities. However, Indigenous perspectives on the historical role of horses in communities have been largely underrepresented. In remote regions, where access to veterinary and medical services is limited, interactions between people and free‐roaming horses present a potential risk for zoonotic disease transmission. This review identifies potential pathways for the transmission of equine zoonoses in rural and remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, aiming to inform participatory prevention programs. Despite an expansive review across 20 databases, only six studies discussed the risk factors and transmission pathways for equine zoonoses in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Across these six studies, five equine zoonoses were discussed, including diseases caused by Giardia , Cryptosporidium , Hendra virus, Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus . These studies cover only a small portion of the equine zoonoses that can potentially impact public health. The review also discusses the role of emerging equine zoonoses, including those caused by Chlamydia psittaci and vector‐borne viruses, such as Ross River virus, West Nile virus and Japanese encephalitis virus. Together, these studies emphasise the need for greater focus on One Health in remote Australian communities. Recommendations for participatory approaches to disease prevention and key areas for future research on zoonotic disease transmission in these regions are also provided.

Consider the benefits of vaccination against bluetongue virus

2025-06-20

Christine Middlemiss , Sheila Voas , Richard D. G. Irvine +2 more | Veterinary Record

Experimental BTV-3 and BTV-8 infection of Culicoides sonorensis biting midges

2025-06-20

Sophie Zeiske , Franziska Sick , Helge Kampen +3 more | Parasites & Vectors

Abstract Background Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the etiologic agent of a major infectious disease of livestock and is transmitted between its ruminant hosts by Culicoides biting midges. The first outbreak … Abstract Background Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the etiologic agent of a major infectious disease of livestock and is transmitted between its ruminant hosts by Culicoides biting midges. The first outbreak ever recorded in central Europe was caused by serotype BTV-8 and led to a major epidemic. In 2023, serotype BTV-3 emerged in the Netherlands and spread rapidly to neighbouring countries. Compared with the BTV-8 outbreak in 2006, the course of the BTV-3 epizootic is more severe, in regards to clinical signs and faster spread of the virus. Methods To explore possible causes of the different epidemiologies, we performed laboratory infection experiments and compared the replication properties of BTV-8 and BTV-3 in Culicoides sonorensis biting midges. Results Oral infection with BTV-3 resulted in a significantly higher viral load in the infected midges with demonstrated replication than BTV-8 infection. Conclusions The higher viral load observed in midges with BTV-3 replication than in midges with BTV-8 replication may be a factor contributing to the observed faster outbreak progression of the current BTV-3 outbreak in comparison to the BTV-8 outbreak in 2006/2007. Graphical Abstract

Three new species of inflativena group of Allohelea Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Hainan Island

2025-06-18

Juxian Lou , Xianda Wu , Xiaodan Lin +1 more | Zootaxa

Three new species of the predaceous midges of Allohelea inflativena group, A. hamata Li & Wu, sp. nov., A. forceps Li & Wu, sp. nov. and A. lurida Li & … Three new species of the predaceous midges of Allohelea inflativena group, A. hamata Li & Wu, sp. nov., A. forceps Li & Wu, sp. nov. and A. lurida Li & Wu, sp. nov. are described and illustrated from adult males and females collected from Hainan Island, China. A key to adults of all species of the inflativena group from Hainan Island are presented. The COI sequences of the three new species are also provided.

Recognizing Variants Prevalent in Particular Ancestries

2025-06-18

Omar A. Mahroo , Siying Lin , Andrew R. Webster | JAMA Ophthalmology

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Rnd1 as a Key Player in Antiviral Immunity Against Akabane virus via TNF-α pathway

2025-06-17

Dongjie Chen , Jingjing Wang , Chao Sun +4 more | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> Akabane virus (AKAV), the etiological agent of Akabane disease, is known to induce congenital malformations and neuropathologies in the fetuses of pregnant cattle and sheep. To comprehensively analyze the … <title>Abstract</title> Akabane virus (AKAV), the etiological agent of Akabane disease, is known to induce congenital malformations and neuropathologies in the fetuses of pregnant cattle and sheep. To comprehensively analyze the protein alterations and precisely elucidate the molecular mechanism in AKAV-susceptible cells, two types of primary bovine cells, namely primary bovine testicular sertoli cells (BTSC) and primary bovine joint synovial cells (BJSC), were selected. These cells were confirmed to be effectively infected by the AKAV TJ2016 strain. Subsequently, RNA-sequencing technology was employed to further analyze the transcriptomic profiles of AKAV-infected BTSC, BJSC, and MDOK cells. The molecular features of AKAV-infected cells demonstrated a remarkable activation of antiviral signaling pathways. Notably, there was an upregulation in the expression levels of interferon-stimulated genes, as well as genes related to inflammation and cytokines. Through a comparison between infected and non-infected cells, it was revealed that IL-1β, TNF-α, CXCL8, CCL2 and Rnd1 were significantly up-regulated in AKAV-infected cells. Moreover, Rnd1 was found to inhibit the replication of AKAV and TNF-αplays an important role in the induction of Rnd1, which provides additional evidence for the regulation and function of Rnd1.

Beyond stabilization: prevalence, risk factor and molecular identification of rumen flukes in cattle from northwestern Spain

2025-06-17

David García‐Dios , Pablo Díaz , Susana Remesar +6 more | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> Background An upward trend of paramphistomid prevalence was detected in domestic ruminants from Europe in the last decades. Nevertheless, recent data from Ireland, which reports the highest prevalences in … <title>Abstract</title> Background An upward trend of paramphistomid prevalence was detected in domestic ruminants from Europe in the last decades. Nevertheless, recent data from Ireland, which reports the highest prevalences in Europe, suggests that this trend may be stabilizing. This study analysed the current epidemiological situation of rumen fluke infections in cattle from northwestern Spain, focusing on two regions: Galicia, where increasing prevalences were reported, and Asturias, where data is limited. Between 2018 and 2022, 3,095 faecal samples from 137 farms were analysed using sedimentation coprological technique. Risk factor analysis was conducted through mixed logistic regression and ANOVA; paramphistomid species were molecularly identified. Results High individual (51.2%; 95% CI: 49.4–53.0) and herd (81.8%; 95% CI: 74.1–87.6) prevalences were found, representing the highest recorded prevalence of paramphistomids in cattle from Spain. Prevalence was significantly influenced by region (Asturias: OR 11.4), age (> 60 months: OR 17.1; 25–60 months: OR 5.8), co-infection with <italic>Fasciola hepatica</italic> (OR 13.1) and absence of slurry scrapers (OR 76.9). Egg shedding intensity was notably higher in older animals and those co-infected with <italic>F. hepatica</italic> as well as in farms from coastal areas and using extensive management. Molecular analysis confirmed <italic>Calicophoron daubneyi</italic> as the most common species. Conclusions Our findings reveal a continued upward trend in rumen fluke prevalence in cattle from north-western Spain, suggesting that a stabilization of prevalence is not occurring. The study highlights the urgent need for targeted surveillance, farmer education, and integrated control measures in north-western Spain, especially in Asturias, where infection rates are particularly high.

Studies on the Determination of Ectoparasites in Cattle in Bakü, Azerbaijan

2025-06-16

Asma Semassel , Bilal Dı̇k | International Journal of Medical Parasitology and Epidemiology Sciences

Introduction: Parasitic diseases continue to be a significant issue in cattle, as they are in other animal species, resulting in substantial economic losses. Methods: This study was conducted on 1608 … Introduction: Parasitic diseases continue to be a significant issue in cattle, as they are in other animal species, resulting in substantial economic losses. Methods: This study was conducted on 1608 cattle between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2021. The cattle were visited monthly in Baku, Bilgeh, Bine, Kala (Qala), Maştağa, Merdekan, Ramana, and Türkan in Azerbaijan. During this period, a total of 1304 local, 221 Simmental, and 83 Holstein breeds were macroscopically examined for ectoparasites. The ectoparasites were collected by using pliers and were preserved in tubes containing 70% alcohol. Results: Ectoparasites were detected in 230 (14.30%) of 1608 cattle examined. A total of 958 ectoparasites were collected from the infested cattle. In this study, a total of 284 Haematopinus eurysternus, two individuals of Hippobosca equina, and 672 ixodid tick samples belonging to the species of Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma excavatum, Hyalomma scupense (=H. detritum), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa, and Ixodes spp. were collected. In Baku center, 11 cattle of 122 (9.02%); in Bilgeh, 37 of 212 (17.45%); in Bine, 45 of 218 (20.64%) in Kala (Qala), 29 of 191 (15.18%); in Maştaga, 68 of 255 (26.67%); in Merdekan, 20 of 210 (9.52%) and in Ramana, 20 of 291 (6.87%) cattle were found to be infested with ectoparasites. However, all the 109 examined cattle were negative in Turkan. Infestation rate was the highest (18.55%) in Simental, the infestation rate was detected that higher in females (16.33%) than the males (10.58%) and the infestation rate was highest in the age between 1-2 years old (28.57%), in November (30.91%) the infestation was detected as highest. Conclusion: The presence of ectoparasites in cattle varied according to age, sex, and locality.

Evidence of autophagic and Wnt/β-catenin signaling occurrence during Schmallenberg virus (SBV) infection on BHK-21 cells

2025-06-15

Consiglia Longobardi , Davide Lelli , Manuel Corsa +4 more | Veterinary Microbiology

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a ruminant pathogen that is widely distributed around the world, but little is known about its interactions with permissive cells or about its pathogenetic mechanisms. This … Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a ruminant pathogen that is widely distributed around the world, but little is known about its interactions with permissive cells or about its pathogenetic mechanisms. This study highlighted, through a phenotypic approach, the changes in the expression of some autophagy and Wnt/β-catenin pathway markers that SBV causes on baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. Western blot analysis revealed that SBV caused autophagy induction at 48 h post infection. Several markers, such as PI3K, Akt, and Wnt/β-catenin, were downregulated at the same time point. Furthermore, downregulation in the expression of PI3K, p-mTOR and Beclin-1 showed differences between multiplicity of infection (MOI) 0.05 and 0.5, but not between MOI 0.5 and 1.5. Exceptions for this trend were Akt and LC3-II, which progressively decreased depending on time, and β-catenin, whose expression almost disappeared regardless of MOI. The use of several chemical inducers and inhibitors has demonstrated the efficacy of late autophagy inhibitors (bafilomycin and chloroquine) in significantly lowering SBV infection and also preventing the changes caused by viral replication. Early autophagy inhibitors and inducers showed no effect on cellular viability or viral titers. Silencing the expression of Akt and β-catenin revealed a slight increase in the expression of viral glycoprotein Gc. These findings revealed the relationship that SBV has in important cellular regulatory pathways, expanding the knowledge about the cellular interactions of this virus and suggesting a central role for late stages of autophagy in the replication of this bunyavirus.

Absence of abdominal pigmentation in species of Culicoides Latreille subgenus Trithecoides Wirth & Hubert: An obstruction to age-grading

2025-06-13

Shuddhasattwa Maitra Mazumdar , Rupa Harsha , Abhijit Mazumdar +6 more | Biologia

Genetic diversity and variation among Akabane virus field isolates from goats in Yunnan, China

2025-06-03

Jinping Wang , Aiguo Xin , Yuwen He +4 more | Frontiers in Veterinary Science

In China, the Akabane virus (AKAVs) has been reported in several host species. However, data regarding goats is still showing a gap. Akabane virus (AKAV) is an insect-borne virus from … In China, the Akabane virus (AKAVs) has been reported in several host species. However, data regarding goats is still showing a gap. Akabane virus (AKAV) is an insect-borne virus from the Peribunyaviridae family that in ruminant species, particularly affects pregnant animals, resulting in abortions, stillbirths, and premature broth, often with congenital abnormalities. Therefore, there is a dire need to understand the diversity of this virus in ruminants, particularly in goats. The current study aimed to investigate the genotype characteristics of goat-originated AKAVs in Yunnan, China. For this, blood samples from goats were collected for four consecutive years (2019-2023) during routine disease surveillance in Yunnan province. The serum was harvested and evaluated for the seroprevalence of the AKAVs. The seroprevalence analysis revealed that the majority of goats in Yunnan province are infected with AKAVs, with a detected prevalence of 7.69% (92/1,197 tested), even though detected seroprevalence rose as high as 27.8% in some areas. For the evolutionary analysis of AKAVs of goat, five AKAVs strains were isolated from AKAV serum-positive goat blood samples were whole genome sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis (sequenced small and medium segments) classified the AKAVs into Ia and Ib genogroups, with Ia genogroup strains being more common in Yunnan goats. However, genotype II (TJ2016 and CQ-AKAV-1-2023) emerged in China. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of implementing prevention and control strategies for AKAVs diseases transmitted in Yunnan, China.

Molecular detection of vector-borne agents in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and associated ectoparasites from Brazil

2025-06-01

Caroline Tostes Secato , Luiz Ricardo Gonçalves , Inalda Angélica de Souza Ramos +5 more | Tropical Animal Health and Production

The immune response of Boschveld chickens to a Newcastle disease vaccination program designed for commercial layers

2025-06-01

Pride Hodzi , Blessed Masunda , Tonderai Mutibvu +3 more | Tropical Animal Health and Production

Overview of haematophagous flies involved in the transmission of vector-borne diseases in cattle at department of Kounahiri (Côte d’Ivoire)

2025-05-31

Aristide Tiba , Yahaya Karamoko , Nawolo Yéo +6 more | International Journal of Tropical Insect Science

DNA barcoding of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and detection of Leishmania and other trypanosomatids in southern Thailand

2025-05-29

Piyapat Tepboonrueng , Thanapat Pataradool , Rungfar Boonserm +4 more | Parasites & Vectors

A One Health Approach to Investigating Cache Valley Virus, Arkansas, USA, July 20231

2025-05-28

Ann Carpenter , Noah Kojima , Theresa M. Dulski +7 more | Emerging infectious diseases

Cache Valley virus (CVV), a mosquitoborne virus, can cause neuroinvasive disease in humans and adverse reproductive outcomes in sheep and goats. In 2023, CVV RNA was detected in an aborted … Cache Valley virus (CVV), a mosquitoborne virus, can cause neuroinvasive disease in humans and adverse reproductive outcomes in sheep and goats. In 2023, CVV RNA was detected in an aborted lamb from a flock in Arkansas, USA. We conducted a One Health investigation to explore the potential effects of CVV in Arkansas.

Premiers cas d'importation du virus de l'Oropouche en France: une détection virale prolongée et une possible protection des enfants

2025-05-28

Nadim Cassir , Cyrille Gourjault , Laura Pezzi +2 more | Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses Formation

A systematic review of histopathological assessments in Peste des petits ruminants

2025-05-26

Saira Awaz , Iram Maqsood , Hanif Ur Rahman +6 more

MicroRNA-34-5p regulates the expression of ecdysteroid receptor (ECR) in the process of salivary gland degeneration of ticks

2025-05-23

Shanming Hu , Yanan Wang , Yongzhi Zhou +3 more

Abstract Background The salivary glands of female ticks rapidly degenerate after feeding via programmed cell death mediated by an ecdysteroid receptor (ECR). The degeneration includes both apoptosis and autophagy. The … Abstract Background The salivary glands of female ticks rapidly degenerate after feeding via programmed cell death mediated by an ecdysteroid receptor (ECR). The degeneration includes both apoptosis and autophagy. The process of degeneration can also be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), but the underlying mechanism of miRNA involvement in salivary gland degeneration remains incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that microRNA34-5p (miR-34-5p) regulates the process of salivary gland degeneration in Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides by modulating the target gene RhECR. Methods Dual luciferase reporter assays and phenotypic rescue experiments identified RhECR as a direct target of miR-34-5p. The overexpression and inhibition of miR-34-5p were quantified by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) staining. Results The results showed that miR-34-5p inhibited the expression of RhECR to retard apoptosis in salivary gland acini. The study identified the roles of miR-34-5p and RhECR and their interactions in tick salivary gland degeneration. Conclusions The findings will aid in the application of ECR genes for tick control. Graphical Abstract

Epizootiology and pathophysiology of bovine oriental theileriosis in Mizoram, India

2025-05-23

Champak Deka , Kalyan Sarma , Chethan Gollahalli Eregowda +7 more

Novel Insight into Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Host Preferences and the First Evidence of Avian Haemosporidian Parasites in Biting Midges in Slovakia

2025-05-22

Nikola Janošková , Andrea Schreiberová , Ľuboš Korytár +2 more

Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are important vectors of avian haemosporidian parasites. Understanding their host preferences is crucial for elucidating transmission routes of vector-borne pathogens. In Slovakia, such knowledge is … Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are important vectors of avian haemosporidian parasites. Understanding their host preferences is crucial for elucidating transmission routes of vector-borne pathogens. In Slovakia, such knowledge is limited, particularly in forested wetlands. This study aimed to identify Culicoides species, their host preferences, and haemosporidian parasites in a wetland ecosystem at the Bird Ringing Station in Drienovec. Midges were collected in 2022 using UV light traps at two sites. In total, 2344 Culicoides individuals of 19 species were collected. Host blood was identified and DNA subsequently extracted from 36 engorged females, revealing feeding on three mammal and five bird species. The most frequently identified host was roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), predominantly fed upon by Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen 1818). Notably, avian haemosporidian DNA was detected for the first time in Slovakia in three Culicoides females. In two Culicoides alazanicus Dzhafarov 1961 individuals, DNA of Haemoproteus asymmetricus (TUPHI01) and Plasmodium matutinum (LINN1) was confirmed, both associated with avian blood from Turdus sp. One Culicoides festivipennis Kieffer 1914 female carried Haemoproteus tartakovskyi (HAWF1) and fed on Coccothraustes coccothraustes. These findings highlight the potential role of local Culicoides species in transmitting avian pathogens and underscore the importance of monitoring their ecology.

The History of Infectious Bursal Disease: The Second Period Between 1977 and 2005

2025-05-21

Silke Rautenschlein , K. A. Schat , Y.M. SAIF | Avian Diseases

Investigation of Schmallenberg virus and update on the serological status of toxoplasma gondii in goat herds in the semiarid region of Pernambuco state, Brazil

2025-05-21

Gustavo Oliveira Alves Pinto , Maria de Nazaré Santos Ferreira , Pollyanne Raysa Fernandes de Oliveira +5 more

Isolation and identification of an AKAV strain in dairy cattle in China

2025-05-20

Miaomiao Zhang , Menghua Deng , S. J. Zhao +6 more

Akabane disease is an arthropod-borne disease caused by Akabane virus (AKAV), which is characterized by abortion, premature birth, stillbirth, congenital arthrosis, and hydrocephalic anencephalic syndrome in pregnant cattle and sheep. … Akabane disease is an arthropod-borne disease caused by Akabane virus (AKAV), which is characterized by abortion, premature birth, stillbirth, congenital arthrosis, and hydrocephalic anencephalic syndrome in pregnant cattle and sheep. The occurrence of AKAV was proved by RT-PCR amplification based on AKAV S fragment, virus isolation, cells inoculation, cytopathy, transmission electron microscopy, and gene sequencing. The PCR amplicon was approximately 850 bp and was sequenced, and molecular identification of AKAV was conducted through phylogenetic analysis of S gene sequence. The results indicated that AKAV isolated from cattle in this study was genetically close to the strain isolated from Rhizomys pruinosus in China in 2016. However, the outbreak in bamboo rats may have been a sporadic event. The probability that Akabane virus (AKAV) can spread in rodents and mammals is still uncertain and requires further investigation. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), AKAV particles displayed the typical morphology associated with bunyaviruses reported previously. In brief, the AKAV infection in cattle has been confirmed. This case report highlights the necessity for enhanced surveillance and preventive measures to mitigate the potential impact on livestock health and productivity.

Bluetongue’s New Frontier—Are Dogs at Risk?

2025-05-20

Rita Payan‐Carreira , Margarida Simões

Bluetongue virus (BTV), traditionally considered a pathogen of ruminants, has recently been documented in dogs, challenging conventional understanding of its epidemiology. This narrative review synthesizes emerging evidence regarding BTV infections … Bluetongue virus (BTV), traditionally considered a pathogen of ruminants, has recently been documented in dogs, challenging conventional understanding of its epidemiology. This narrative review synthesizes emerging evidence regarding BTV infections in domestic and wild carnivores, examining transmission dynamics, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic challenges. Carnivores can become infected through vector transmission and oral ingestion of infected material. While some infected carnivores remain subclinical, others develop severe clinical manifestations including hemorrhagic syndromes. BTV infection in carnivores is likely underdiagnosed due to limited awareness, nonspecific clinical signs, and absence of established diagnostic protocols for non-ruminant species. The potential role of carnivores in BTV epidemiology remains largely unexplored, raising questions about their function as reservoirs or dead-end hosts. Additionally, carnivores may contribute to alternative transmission pathways and overwintering mechanisms that impact disease ecology. Current biosecurity frameworks and surveillance systems, primarily focused on ruminants, require expansion to incorporate carnivores in viral maintenance and transmission. This review identifies significant knowledge gaps regarding BTV in carnivores and proposes future research directions, including serological surveys, transmission studies, and investigation of viral tropism in carnivore tissues. A comprehensive One Health approach integrating diverse host species, vector ecology, human interference, and environmental factors is crucial for effective BTV control and impact mitigation on human, animals, and environment.

Comparative Analysis of DNA Extraction Protocols from Blood for Bovine Theileriosis

2025-05-18

Kashif Hussain | International Journal of Agriculture and Biology

Genomic DNA serves as the foundation for molecular research and advancements including disease sureveillance, biodiversity conservation and environmental monitoring etc. Cost-effectiveness coupled with DNA quality and quantity are prerequisites for … Genomic DNA serves as the foundation for molecular research and advancements including disease sureveillance, biodiversity conservation and environmental monitoring etc. Cost-effectiveness coupled with DNA quality and quantity are prerequisites for molecular tools, which depend on extraction protocols. The current study compared four DNA extraction protocols to evaluate DNA quantity, integrity, purity, cost-effectiveness and suitability for detecting theileriosis. The DNA concentration with 100 µL of blood was highest for Tris-HCL EDTA protocol (A) 209.6 ng/µL, followed by phenol-chloroform protocol (B) 62.58 ng/µL, modified salting out protocol (C) 27.34 ng/µL and Kit protocol (D) 25.69 ng/µL. Electrophoresis analysis-based DNA integrity was highest for protocol D, followed by protocols A, C and B, while DNA purities in terms of 260/280 and 260/230 ratios were highest for protocol A (1.85; 2.03), followed by protocol D (1.8; 1.94), protocol C (1.81;1.810 and protocol B (1.77; 1.78), respectively. In comparison, the time and cost analysis depicted the highest time consumed for protocol A (4:30 h) and the lowest for protocol D (45 minutes). In contrast, the cost expenditure was highest for protocol D, US $ 2.14 and lowest for protocol B, US $ 0.76. Protocol B involved the use of highly toxic substances (phenol and chloroform). The 18S rRNA amplification results (band length 540 bp) elaborate the higher suitability for protocols A and D and the lower suitability for protocols B and C. Sanger's sequencing analysis shows the equal value of homogeneity and heterogeneity for both A and D protocols and elaborates on their equal suitability for detecting theileriosis. Protocol A was based on the cost-effectiveness, quality analysis and effectiveness for detecting theileriosis best-suited protocol. Such a protocol can be used in the future to apply molecular tools for detecting blood-borne pathogens of veterinary and public health significance.