Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science

Plant Parasitism and Resistance

Works Count: 37910

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Description

This cluster of papers explores the role of strigolactones, a group of plant hormones, in signaling pathways related to shoot branching, root development, mycorrhizal symbiosis, and interactions with parasitic plants. It investigates their biosynthesis, perception, and effects on plant responses to environmental stresses. The research also delves into the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary significance of strigolactone signaling.

Keywords

Strigolactones; Plant Hormones; Mycorrhizal Fungi; Parasitic Plants; Shoot Branching; Carotenoid Pathway; DWARF14 Protein; Karrikins; Root Development; Host Recognition

A General Account of the Fauna and Flora of Mangrove Swamps and Forests in the Indo-West-Pacific Region

1969-01-01

William Macnae

Evolutionary Biology of Parasites

1980-12-01

John C. Holmes , Peter W. Price

In spite of the fact that parasites represent more than half of all living species of plants and animals, their role in the evolution of life on earth has been … In spite of the fact that parasites represent more than half of all living species of plants and animals, their role in the evolution of life on earth has been substantially underestimated. Here, for the first time within an evolutionary and ecological framework, Peter Price integrates the biological attributes that characterize parasites ranging from such diverse groups as viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi, to helminths, mites, insects, and parasitic flowering plants. Synthesizing systematics, ecology, behavioral biology, genetics, and biogeography, the author outlines the success of parasitism as a mode of life, the common features of the wide range of organisms that adopt such a way of life, the reasons for parasites' extraordinary potential for continued adaptive radiation, and their role in molding community structure by means of their impact on the evolution of host species. In demonstrating the importance of parasitic interactions for determining population patterns and geographical distributions, Dr. Price generates further discussion and suggests new areas for research.

Plants have a sensitive perception system for the most conserved domain of bacterial flagellin

1999-05-01

Georg Felix , Juliana D. Duran , Sigrid M. Volko +1 more

Summary The flagellum is an important virulence factor for bacteria pathogenic to animals and plants. Here we demonstrate that plants have a highly sensitive chemoperception system for eubacterial flagellins, specifically … Summary The flagellum is an important virulence factor for bacteria pathogenic to animals and plants. Here we demonstrate that plants have a highly sensitive chemoperception system for eubacterial flagellins, specifically targeted to the most highly conserved domain within its N terminus. Synthetic peptides comprising 15–22 amino acids of this domain acted as elicitors of defence responses at sub‐nanomolar concentrations in cells of tomato and several other plant species. Peptides comprising only the central 8 to 11 amino acids of the active domain had no elicitor activity but acted as specific, competitive inhibitors in tomato cells. These antagonists suppressed the plant’s response to flagellin, crude bacterial extracts and living bacterial cells. Thus, plants have a highly sensitive and selective perception system for the flagellin of motile eubacteria.

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Host Biology in Light of the Microbiome: Ten Principles of Holobionts and Hologenomes

2015-08-18

Seth R. Bordenstein , Kevin R. Theis

Groundbreaking research on the universality and diversity of microorganisms is now challenging the life sciences to upgrade fundamental theories that once seemed untouchable. To fully appreciate the change that the … Groundbreaking research on the universality and diversity of microorganisms is now challenging the life sciences to upgrade fundamental theories that once seemed untouchable. To fully appreciate the change that the field is now undergoing, one has to place the epochs and foundational principles of Darwin, Mendel, and the modern synthesis in light of the current advances that are enabling a new vision for the central importance of microbiology. Animals and plants are no longer heralded as autonomous entities but rather as biomolecular networks composed of the host plus its associated microbes, i.e., "holobionts." As such, their collective genomes forge a "hologenome," and models of animal and plant biology that do not account for these intergenomic associations are incomplete. Here, we integrate these concepts into historical and contemporary visions of biology and summarize a predictive and refutable framework for their evaluation. Specifically, we present ten principles that clarify and append what these concepts are and are not, explain how they both support and extend existing theory in the life sciences, and discuss their potential ramifications for the multifaceted approaches of zoology and botany. We anticipate that the conceptual and evidence-based foundation provided in this essay will serve as a roadmap for hypothesis-driven, experimentally validated research on holobionts and their hologenomes, thereby catalyzing the continued fusion of biology's subdisciplines. At a time when symbiotic microbes are recognized as fundamental to all aspects of animal and plant biology, the holobiont and hologenome concepts afford a holistic view of biological complexity that is consistent with the generally reductionist approaches of biology.

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Jasmonic acid is a signal transducer in elicitor-induced plant cell cultures.

1992-03-15

Heidrun Gundlach , M.J. Müller , Toni M. Kutchan +1 more

To deter pathogenic microorganisms and herbivores, plants have developed an inducible chemical defense system. It is known that the induced synthesis of low molecular weight compounds can be provoked by … To deter pathogenic microorganisms and herbivores, plants have developed an inducible chemical defense system. It is known that the induced synthesis of low molecular weight compounds can be provoked by exposing cultured cells to fungal cell wall fragments. In this study we show that endogenous jasmonic acid and its methyl ester accumulate rapidly and transiently after treatment of plant cell suspension cultures of Rauvolfia canescens and Eschscholtzia californica with a yeast elicitor. Thirty-six plant species tested in cell suspension culture could be elicited with respect to the accumulation of secondary metabolites by exogenously supplied methyl jasmonate. Addition of methyl jasmonate initiates de novo transcription of genes, such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase, that are known to be involved in the chemical defense mechanisms of plants. These data demonstrate the integral role of jasmonic acid and its derivatives in the intracellular signal cascade that begins with interaction of an elicitor molecule with the plant cell surface and results, ultimately, in the accumulation of secondary compounds.

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Germination of Witchweed ( Striga lutea Lour.): Isolation and Properties of a Potent Stimulant

1966-12-02

C. E. Cook , Leona P. Whichard , Beverly Turner +2 more

A crystalline germination stimulant (trivial name strigol) for the root parasite, witchweed ( Striga lutea Lour.), has been isolated from cotton root exudates and characterized as a C 19 H … A crystalline germination stimulant (trivial name strigol) for the root parasite, witchweed ( Striga lutea Lour.), has been isolated from cotton root exudates and characterized as a C 19 H 22 O 6 compound. Although apparently different from known plant hormones, the stimulant is active at hormonal levels, causing germination at concentrations less than 10 -5 part per million.

The Dilemma of Plants: To Grow or Defend

1992-09-01

Daniel A. Herms , William J. Mattson

Physiological and ecological constraints play key roles in the evolution of plant growth patterns, especially in relation to defenses against herbivores. Phenotypic and life history theories are unified within the … Physiological and ecological constraints play key roles in the evolution of plant growth patterns, especially in relation to defenses against herbivores. Phenotypic and life history theories are unified within the growth-differentiation balance (GDB) framework, forming an integrated system of theories explaining and predicting patterns of plant defense and competitive interactions in ecological and evolutionary time. Plant activity at the cellular level can be classified as growth (cell division and enlargement) of differentiation (chemical and morphological changes leading to cell maturation and specialization). The GDB hypothesis of plant defense is premised upon a physiological trade-off between growth and differentiation processes. The trade-off between growth and defense exists because secondary metabolism and structural reinforcement are physiologically constrained in dividing and enlarging cells, and because they divert resources from the production of new leaf area. Hence the dilemma of plants: They must grow fast enough to complete, yet maintain the defenses necessary to survive in the presence of pathogens and hervivores. The physiological trade-off between growth and differentiation processes interacts with herbivory and plant-plant competition to manifest itself as a genetic trade-off between growth and defense in the evolution of plant life history strategies. Evolutionary theories of plant defense are reviewed. We also extend a standard growth rate model by separating its ecological and evolutionary components,and formalizing the role of competition in the evolution of plant defense. We conclude with a conceptual model of the evolution of plant defense in which plant physioligical trade-offs interact with the abiotic environment, competition and herbivory.

Feedback with soil biota contributes to plant rarity and invasiveness in communities

2002-05-01

John N. Klironomos

Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance and Priming of Plant Defenses

2012-05-23

Sabine Jung , Ainhoa Martínez‐Medina , Juan A. López‐Ráez +1 more

The Path from β-Carotene to Carlactone, a Strigolactone-Like Plant Hormone

2012-03-15

Adrian Alder , Muhammad Jamil , Mattia Marzorati +7 more

Strigolactones, phytohormones with diverse signaling activities, have a common structure consisting of two lactones connected by an enol-ether bridge. Strigolactones derive from carotenoids via a pathway involving the carotenoid cleavage … Strigolactones, phytohormones with diverse signaling activities, have a common structure consisting of two lactones connected by an enol-ether bridge. Strigolactones derive from carotenoids via a pathway involving the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases 7 and 8 (CCD7 and CCD8) and the iron-binding protein D27. We show that D27 is a β-carotene isomerase that converts all-trans-β-carotene into 9-cis-β-carotene, which is cleaved by CCD7 into a 9-cis-configured aldehyde. CCD8 incorporates three oxygens into 9-cis-β-apo-10'-carotenal and performs molecular rearrangement, linking carotenoids with strigolactones and producing carlactone, a compound with strigolactone-like biological activities. Knowledge of the structure of carlactone will be crucial for understanding the biology of strigolactones and may have applications in combating parasitic weeds.

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The multifaceted role of ABA in disease resistance

2009-05-14

Jurriaan Ton , Vı́ctor Flors , Brigitte Mauch‐Mani

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Exploitation of Herbivore-Induced Plant Odors by Host-Seeking Parasitic Wasps

1990-11-30

Ted C. J. Turlings , James H. Tumlinson , W. J. Lewis

Corn seedlings release large amounts of terpenoid volatiles after they have been fed upon by caterpillars. Artificially damaged seedlings do not release these volatiles in significant amounts unless oral secretions … Corn seedlings release large amounts of terpenoid volatiles after they have been fed upon by caterpillars. Artificially damaged seedlings do not release these volatiles in significant amounts unless oral secretions from the caterpillars are applied to the damaged sites. Undamaged leaves, whether or not they are treated with oral secretions, do not release detectable amounts of the terpenoids. Females of the parasitic wasp Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) learn to take advantage of those plant-produced volatiles to locate hosts when exposed to these volatiles in association with hosts or host by-products. The terpenoids may be produced in defense against herbivores but may also serve a secondary function in attracting the natural enemies of these herbivores.

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Patterns of Species Distributions in the Dry Seasonal Forests of South America

1993-01-01

Darién E. Prado , P. E. Gibbs

Studies of the distributions of species of seasonal woodland habitats in South America by means of dot-mappung and phytosociological analyses indicate the presence of three nodal areas: the Caatingas nucleus … Studies of the distributions of species of seasonal woodland habitats in South America by means of dot-mappung and phytosociological analyses indicate the presence of three nodal areas: the Caatingas nucleus of arid northeastern Brazil; the Misiones nucleus, comprising a roughly right-angled triangular area enclosed by lines connecting Corumba-Puerto Suarez (Brazil/Bolivia) southward to Resistencia-Corrientes in northern Argentina, and eastward to the upper Uruguay River valley system in Argentinian Misiones and Brazilian Santa Catarina, and thus including most of eastern Paraguay and the west bank of the Paraguay River; and the Piedmont nucleus, which extends from Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Boliva to Tucuman and the sierras of east Catamarca in northwestern Argentina

Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbioses

2008-09-16

Martin Parniske

Unraveling mycorrhiza-induced resistance

2007-07-20

Marı́a J. Pozo , Concepción Azcón–Aguilar

The JAZ family of repressors is the missing link in jasmonate signalling

2007-07-18

Andrea Chini , Sandra Fonseca , Gorka S. Fernandez +7 more

The function of terpene natural products in the natural world

2007-06-18

Jonathan Gershenzon , Natalia Dudareva

JAZ repressor proteins are targets of the SCFCOI1 complex during jasmonate signalling

2007-07-18

Bryan Thines , Leron Katsir , Maeli Melotto +7 more

Novel weapons: invasive success and the evolution of increased competitive ability

2004-10-01

Ragan M. Callaway , Wendy M. Ridenour

When introduced to new habitats by humans, some plant species become much more dominant. This is primarily attributed to escape from specialist consumers. Release from these specialist enemies is also … When introduced to new habitats by humans, some plant species become much more dominant. This is primarily attributed to escape from specialist consumers. Release from these specialist enemies is also thought by some to lead to the evolution of increased competitive ability, driven by a decrease in the plant's resource allocation to consumer defense and an increase in allocation to size or fecundity. Here, we discuss a new theory for invasive success – the “novel weapons hypothesis”. We propose that some invaders transform because they possess novel biochemical weapons that function as unusually powerful allelopathic agents, or as mediators of new plant–soil microbial interactions. Root exudates that are relatively ineffective against their natural neighbors because of adaptation, may be highly inhibitory to newly encountered plants in invaded communities. In other words, the novel weapons of some plant invaders provide them with an advantage that may arise from differences in the regional coevolutionary trajectories of plant communities. Furthermore, the selective advantage of possessing a novel weapon may result in rapid evolution of that weapon – for example, the production of greater quantities of allelopathic or antimicrobial root exudates. Direct selection of competitive traits provides an alternative to the “grow versus defend” trade-offs that underpin the theory of the evolution of increased competitive ability.

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Role of plant hormones in plant defence responses

2008-12-15

Rajendra Bari , Jonathan D. G. Jones

Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

2005-06-01

Kohki Akiyama , Ken-ichi Matsuzaki , Hideo Hayashi

Interplant communication: airborne methyl jasmonate induces synthesis of proteinase inhibitors in plant leaves.

1990-10-01

Edward E. Farmer , Clarence A. Ryan

Inducible defensive responses in plants are known to be activated locally and systemically by signaling molecules that are produced at sites of pathogen or insect attacks, but only one chemical … Inducible defensive responses in plants are known to be activated locally and systemically by signaling molecules that are produced at sites of pathogen or insect attacks, but only one chemical signal, ethylene, is known to travel through the atmosphere to activate plant defensive genes. Methyl jasmonate, a common plant secondary compound, when applied to surfaces of tomato plants, induces the synthesis of defensive proteinase inhibitor proteins in the treated plants and in nearby plants as well. The presence of methyl jasmonate in the atmosphere of chambers containing plants from three species of two families, Solanaceae and Fabaceae, results in the accumulation of proteinase inhibitors in leaves of all three species. When sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata, a plant shown to possess methyl jasmonate in leaf surface structures, is incubated in chambers with tomato plants, proteinase inhibitor accumulation is induced in the tomato leaves, demonstrating that interplant communication can occur from leaves of one species of plant to leaves of another species to activate the expression of defensive genes.

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Bacterial disease resistance in Arabidopsis through flagellin perception

2004-04-01

Cyril Zipfel , Silke Robatzek , Lionel Navarro +4 more

Strigolactones Stimulate Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi by Activating Mitochondria

2006-06-20

Arnaud Besserer , Virginie Puech‐Pagès , Patrick Kiefer +7 more

The association of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi with plant roots is the oldest and ecologically most important symbiotic relationship between higher plants and microorganisms, yet the mechanism by which these … The association of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi with plant roots is the oldest and ecologically most important symbiotic relationship between higher plants and microorganisms, yet the mechanism by which these fungi detect the presence of a plant host is poorly understood. Previous studies have shown that roots secrete a branching factor (BF) that strongly stimulates branching of hyphae during germination of the spores of AM fungi. In the BF of Lotus, a strigolactone was found to be the active molecule. Strigolactones are known as germination stimulants of the parasitic plants Striga and Orobanche. In this paper, we show that the BF of a monocotyledonous plant, Sorghum, also contains a strigolactone. Strigolactones strongly and rapidly stimulated cell proliferation of the AM fungus Gigaspora rosea at concentrations as low as 10(-13) M. This effect was not found with other sesquiterperne lactones known as germination stimulants of parasitic weeds. Within 1 h of treatment, the density of mitochondria in the fungal cells increased, and their shape and movement changed dramatically. Strigolactones stimulated spore germination of two other phylogenetically distant AM fungi, Glomus intraradices and Gl. claroideum. This was also associated with a rapid increase of mitochondrial density and respiration as shown with Gl. intraradices. We conclude that strigolactones are important rhizospheric plant signals involved in stimulating both the pre-symbiotic growth of AM fungi and the germination of parasitic plants.

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Sap Pressure in Vascular Plants

1965-04-16

P. F. Scholander , Edda D. Bradstreet , Edvard A. Hemmingsen +1 more

A method is described which permits measurement of sap pressure in the xylem of vascular plants. As long predicted, sap pressures during transpiration are normally negative, ranging from -4 or … A method is described which permits measurement of sap pressure in the xylem of vascular plants. As long predicted, sap pressures during transpiration are normally negative, ranging from -4 or -5 atmospheres in a damp forest to -80 atmospheres in the desert. Mangroves and other halophytes maintain at all times a sap pressure of -35 to -60 atmospheres. Mistletoes have greater suction than their hosts, usually by 10 to 20 atmospheres. Diurnal cycles of 10 to 20 atmospheres are common. In tall conifers there is a hydrostatic pressure gradient that closely corresponds to the height and seems surprisingly little influenced by the intensity of transpiration. Sap extruded from the xylem by gas pressure on the leaves is practically pure water. At zero turgor this procedure gives a linear relation between the intracellular concentration and the tension of the xylem.

Role of phytohormones in insect-specific plant reactions

2012-02-02

Matthias Erb , Stefan Meldau , Gregg A. Howe

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Costs and benefits of priming for defense in Arabidopsis

2006-03-25

Marieke van Hulten , Maaike Pelser , L.C. van Loon +2 more

Induced resistance protects plants against a wide spectrum of diseases; however, it can also entail costs due to the allocation of resources or toxicity of defensive products. The cellular defense … Induced resistance protects plants against a wide spectrum of diseases; however, it can also entail costs due to the allocation of resources or toxicity of defensive products. The cellular defense responses involved in induced resistance are either activated directly or primed for augmented expression upon pathogen attack. Priming for defense may combine the advantages of enhanced disease protection and low costs. In this study, we have compared the costs and benefits of priming to those of induced direct defense in Arabidopsis . In the absence of pathogen infection, chemical priming by low doses of β-aminobutyric acid caused minor reductions in relative growth rate and had no effect on seed production, whereas induction of direct defense by high doses of β-aminobutyric acid or benzothiadiazole strongly affected both fitness parameters. These costs were defense-related, because the salicylic acid-insensitive defense mutant npr1-1 remained unaffected by these treatments. Furthermore, the constitutive priming mutant edr1-1 displayed only slightly lower levels of fitness than wild-type plants and performed considerably better than the constitutively activated defense mutant cpr1-1 . Hence, priming involves less fitness costs than induced direct defense. Upon infection by Pseudomonas syringae or Hyaloperonospora parasitica , priming conferred levels of disease protection that almost equaled the protection in benzothiadiazole-treated wild-type plants and cpr1 plants. Under these conditions, primed plants displayed significantly higher levels of fitness than noninduced plants and plants expressing chemically or cpr1 -induced direct defense. Collectively, our results indicate that the benefits of priming-mediated resistance outweigh the costs in environments in which disease occurs.

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MYC2: The Master in Action

2012-11-11

Kemal Kazan , John M. Manners

BIOSYNTHESIS AND ACTION OF JASMONATES IN PLANTS

1997-06-01

Robert A. Creelman , John E. Mullet

Jasmonic acid and its derivatives can modulate aspects of fruit ripening, production of viable pollen, root growth, tendril coiling, and plant resistance to insects and pathogens. Jasmonate activates genes involved … Jasmonic acid and its derivatives can modulate aspects of fruit ripening, production of viable pollen, root growth, tendril coiling, and plant resistance to insects and pathogens. Jasmonate activates genes involved in pathogen and insect resistance, and genes encoding vegetative storage proteins, but represses genes encoding proteins involved in photosynthesis. Jasmonic acid is derived from linolenic acid, and most of the enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway have been extensively characterized. Modulation of lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase gene expression in transgenic plants raises new questions about the compartmentation of the biosynthetic pathway and its regulation. The activation of jasmonic acid biosynthesis by cell wall elicitors, the peptide systemin, and other compounds will be related to the function of jasmonates in plants. Jasmonate modulates gene expression at the level of translation, RNA processing, and transcription. Promoter elements that mediate responses to jasmonate have been isolated. This review covers recent advances in our understanding of how jasmonate biosynthesis is regulated and relates this information to knowledge of jasmonate modulated gene expression.

BIOTIC INVASIONS: CAUSES, EPIDEMIOLOGY, GLOBAL CONSEQUENCES, AND CONTROL

2000-06-01

Richard N. Mack , Daniel Simberloff , W. M. Lonsdale +3 more

Biotic invaders are species that establish a new range in which they proliferate, spread, and persist to the detriment of the environment. They are the most important ecological outcomes from … Biotic invaders are species that establish a new range in which they proliferate, spread, and persist to the detriment of the environment. They are the most important ecological outcomes from the unprecedented alterations in the distribution of the earth's biota brought about largely through human transport and commerce. In a world without borders, few if any areas remain sheltered from these immigrations. The fate of immigrants is decidedly mixed. Few survive the hazards of chronic and stochastic forces, and only a small fraction become naturalized. In turn, some naturalized species do become invasive. There are several potential reasons why some immigrant species prosper: some escape from the constraints of their native predators or parasites; others are aided by human-caused disturbance that disrupts native communities. Ironically, many biotic invasions are apparently facilitated by cultivation and husbandry, unintentional actions that foster immigrant populations until they are self-perpetuating and uncontrollable. Whatever the cause, biotic invaders can in many cases inflict enormous environmental damage: (1) Animal invaders can cause extinctions of vulnerable native species through predation, grazing, competition, and habitat alteration. (2) Plant invaders can completely alter the fire regime, nutrient cycling, hydrology, and energy budgets in a native ecosystem and can greatly diminish the abundance or survival of native species. (3) In agriculture, the principal pests of temperate crops are nonindigenous, and the combined expenses of pest control and crop losses constitute an onerous "tax" on food, fiber, and forage production. (4) The global cost of virulent plant and animal diseases caused by parasites transported to new ranges and presented with susceptible new hosts is currently incalculable. Identifying future invaders and taking effective steps to prevent their dispersal and establishment constitutes an enormous challenge to both conservation and international commerce. Detection and management when exclusion fails have proved daunting for varied reasons: (1) Efforts to identify general attributes of future invaders have often been inconclusive. (2) Predicting susceptible locales for future invasions seems even more problematic, given the enormous differences in the rates of arrival among potential invaders. (3) Eradication of an established invader is rare, and control efforts vary enormously in their efficacy. Successful control, however, depends more on commitment and continuing diligence than on the efficacy of specific tools themselves. (4) Control of biotic invasions is most effective when it employs a long-term, ecosystem-wide strategy rather than a tactical approach focused on battling individual invaders. (5) Prevention of invasions is much less costly than post-entry control. Revamping national and international quarantine laws by adopting a "guilty until proven innocent" approach would be a productive first step. Failure to address the issue of biotic invasions could effectively result in severe global consequences, including wholesale loss of agricultural, forestry, and fishery resources in some regions, disruption of the ecological processes that supply natural services on which human enterprise depends, and the creation of homogeneous, impoverished ecosystems composed of cosmopolitan species. Given their current scale, biotic invasions have taken their place alongside human-driven atmospheric and oceanic alterations as major agents of global change. Left unchecked, they will influence these other forces in profound but still unpredictable ways.

Herbivore-infested plants selectively attract parasitoids

1998-06-01

Consuelo Μ. De Moraes , W. J. Lewis , Paul W. Paré +2 more

Systemic Acquired Resistance.

1996-10-01

John Ryals , Urs Neuenschwander , M. G. Willits +3 more

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Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching

2008-08-10

Maria Victoria Gómez Roldán , Soraya Fermas , Philip B. Brewer +7 more

Inhibition of shoot branching by new terpenoid plant hormones

2008-08-10

Mikihisa Umehara , Atsushi Hanada , Satoko Yoshida +7 more

Bacterial Volatiles Induce Systemic Resistance in Arabidopsis

2004-03-01

Choong‐Min Ryu , Mohamed A. Farag , Chia-Hui Hu +3 more

Abstract Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, in association with plant roots, can trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR). Considering that low-molecular weight volatile hormone analogues such as methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate can … Abstract Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, in association with plant roots, can trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR). Considering that low-molecular weight volatile hormone analogues such as methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate can trigger defense responses in plants, we examined whether volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with rhizobacteria can initiate ISR. In Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to bacterial volatile blends from Bacillus subtilis GB03 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IN937a, disease severity by the bacterial pathogen Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora was significantly reduced compared with seedlings not exposed to bacterial volatiles before pathogen inoculation. Exposure to VOCs from rhizobacteria for as little as 4 d was sufficient to activate ISR in Arabidopsis seedlings. Chemical analysis of the bacterial volatile emissions revealed the release of a series of low-molecular weight hydrocarbons including the growth promoting VOC (2R,3R)-(-)-butanediol. Exogenous application of racemic mixture of (RR) and (SS) isomers of 2,3-butanediol was found to trigger ISR and transgenic lines of B. subtilis that emitted reduced levels of 2,3-butanediol and acetoin conferred reduced Arabidopsis protection to pathogen infection compared with seedlings exposed to VOCs from wild-type bacterial lines. Using transgenic and mutant lines of Arabidopsis, we provide evidence that the signaling pathway activated by volatiles from GB03 is dependent on ethylene, albeit independent of the salicylic acid or jasmonic acid signaling pathways. This study provides new insight into the role of bacteria VOCs as initiators of defense responses in plants.

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P<scp>LANT</scp> R<scp>ESPONSES TO</scp> I<scp>NSECT</scp> H<scp>ERBIVORY</scp>: The Emerging Molecular Analysis

2002-06-01

André Keßler , Ian T. Baldwin

▪ Abstract Plants respond to herbivore attack with a bewildering array of responses, broadly categorized as direct and indirect defenses, and tolerance. Plant-herbivore interactions are played out on spatial scales … ▪ Abstract Plants respond to herbivore attack with a bewildering array of responses, broadly categorized as direct and indirect defenses, and tolerance. Plant-herbivore interactions are played out on spatial scales that include the cellular responses, well-studied in plant-pathogen interactions, as well as responses that function at whole-plant and community levels. The plant's wound response plays a central role but is frequently altered by insect-specific elicitors, giving plants the potential to optimize their defenses. In this review, we emphasize studies that advance the molecular understanding of elicited direct and indirect defenses and include verifications with insect bioassays. Large-scale transcriptional changes accompany insect-induced resistance, which is organized into specific temporal and spatial patterns and points to the existence of herbivore-specific trans-activating elements orchestrating the responses. Such organizational elements could help elucidate the molecular control over the diversity of responses elicited by herbivore attack.

New Insights into Plant Responses to the Attack from Insect Herbivores

2010-11-03

Jianqiang Wu , Ian T. Baldwin

Plants have evolved sophisticated systems to cope with herbivore challenges. When plants perceive herbivore-derived physical and chemical cues, such as elicitors in insects' oral secretions and compounds in oviposition fluids, … Plants have evolved sophisticated systems to cope with herbivore challenges. When plants perceive herbivore-derived physical and chemical cues, such as elicitors in insects' oral secretions and compounds in oviposition fluids, plants dramatically reshape their transcriptomes, proteomes, and metabolomes. All these herbivory-induced changes are mediated by elaborate signaling networks, which include receptors/sensors, Ca(2+) influxes, kinase cascades, reactive oxygen species, and phytohormone signaling pathways. Furthermore, herbivory induces defense responses not only in the wounded regions but also in undamaged regions in the attacked leaves and in distal intact (systemic) leaves. Here, we review recent progress in understanding plant perception of herbivory and oviposition, and the herbivory-induced early signaling events and their biological functions. We consider the intraspecific phenotypic diversity of plant responses to herbivory and discuss the underlying genetic variation. We also discuss new tools and technical challenges in studying plant-herbivore interactions.

NPR1, all things considered

2004-08-05

Xinnian Dong

Networking by small-molecule hormones in plant immunity

2009-04-17

Corné M. J. Pieterse , Antonio León-Reyes , Sjoerd Van der Ent +1 more

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Priming in Systemic Plant Immunity

2009-04-02

Ho Won Jung , Timothy J. Tschaplinski , Lin Wang +2 more

Plants possess inducible systemic defense responses when locally infected by pathogens. Bacterial infection results in the increased accumulation of the mobile metabolite azelaic acid, a nine-carbon dicarboxylic acid, in the … Plants possess inducible systemic defense responses when locally infected by pathogens. Bacterial infection results in the increased accumulation of the mobile metabolite azelaic acid, a nine-carbon dicarboxylic acid, in the vascular sap of Arabidopsis that confers local and systemic resistance against the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Azelaic acid primes plants to accumulate salicylic acid (SA), a known defense signal, upon infection. Mutation of the AZELAIC ACID INDUCED 1 (AZI1) gene, which is induced by azelaic acid, results in the specific loss of systemic immunity triggered by pathogen or azelaic acid and of the priming of SA induction in plants. Furthermore, the predicted secreted protein AZI1 is also important for generating vascular sap that confers disease resistance. Thus, azelaic acid and AZI1 are components of plant systemic immunity involved in priming defenses.

The Jasmonate Signal Pathway

2002-05-01

John G. Turner , Christine Ellis , Alessandra Devoto

Plant responses to many biotic and abiotic stresses are orchestrated locally and systemically by signaling molecules known as the jasmonates (JAs). JAs also regulate such diverse processes as pollen maturation … Plant responses to many biotic and abiotic stresses are orchestrated locally and systemically by signaling molecules known as the jasmonates (JAs). JAs also regulate such diverse processes as pollen maturation and wound responses in Arabidopsis. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of

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Role of microorganisms in the evolution of animals and plants: the hologenome theory of evolution

2008-06-11

Ilana Zilber‐Rosenberg , Eugene Rosenberg

We present here the hologenome theory of evolution, which considers the holobiont (the animal or plant with all of its associated microorganisms) as a unit of selection in evolution. The … We present here the hologenome theory of evolution, which considers the holobiont (the animal or plant with all of its associated microorganisms) as a unit of selection in evolution. The hologenome is defined as the sum of the genetic information of the host and its microbiota. The theory is based on four generalizations: (1) All animals and plants establish symbiotic relationships with microorganisms. (2) Symbiotic microorganisms are transmitted between generations. (3) The association between host and symbionts affects the fitness of the holobiont within its environment. (4) Variation in the hologenome can be brought about by changes in either the host or the microbiota genomes; under environmental stress, the symbiotic microbial community can change rapidly. These points taken together suggest that the genetic wealth of diverse microbial symbionts can play an important role both in adaptation and in evolution of higher organisms. During periods of rapid changes in the environment, the diverse microbial symbiont community can aid the holobiont in surviving, multiplying and buying the time necessary for the host genome to evolve. The distinguishing feature of the hologenome theory is that it considers all of the diverse microbiota associated with the animal or the plant as part of the evolving holobiont. Thus, the hologenome theory fits within the framework of the 'superorganism' proposed by Wilson and Sober.

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Plant Immunity to Insect Herbivores

2007-11-22

Gregg A. Howe , Georg Jander

Herbivorous insects use diverse feeding strategies to obtain nutrients from their host plants. Rather than acting as passive victims in these interactions, plants respond to herbivory with the production of … Herbivorous insects use diverse feeding strategies to obtain nutrients from their host plants. Rather than acting as passive victims in these interactions, plants respond to herbivory with the production of toxins and defensive proteins that target physiological processes in the insect. Herbivore-challenged plants also emit volatiles that attract insect predators and bolster resistance to future threats. This highly dynamic form of immunity is initiated by the recognition of insect oral secretions and signals from injured plant cells. These initial cues are transmitted within the plant by signal transduction pathways that include calcium ion fluxes, phosphorylation cascades, and, in particular, the jasmonate pathway, which plays a central and conserved role in promoting resistance to a broad spectrum of insects. A detailed understanding of plant immunity to arthropod herbivores will provide new insights into basic mechanisms of chemical communication and plant-animal coevolution and may also facilitate new approaches to crop protection and improvement.

ABA Is an Essential Signal for Plant Resistance to Pathogens Affecting JA Biosynthesis and the Activation of Defenses in Arabidopsis

2007-05-01

Bruce Adie , Julián Pérez‐Pérez , Manuel M. Pérez‐Pérez +4 more

Abstract Analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana defense response to the damping-off oomycete pathogen Pythium irregulare show that resistance to P. irregulare requires a multicomponent defense strategy. Penetration represents a first layer, … Abstract Analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana defense response to the damping-off oomycete pathogen Pythium irregulare show that resistance to P. irregulare requires a multicomponent defense strategy. Penetration represents a first layer, as indicated by the susceptibility of pen2 mutants, followed by recognition, likely mediated by ERECTA receptor-like kinases. Subsequent signaling of inducible defenses is predominantly mediated by jasmonic acid (JA), with insensitive coi1 mutants showing extreme susceptibility. In contrast with the generally accepted roles of ethylene and salicylic acid cooperating with or antagonizing, respectively, JA in the activation of defenses against necrotrophs, both are required to prevent disease progression, although much less so than JA. Meta-analysis of transcriptome profiles confirmed the predominant role of JA in activation of P. irregulare–induced defenses and uncovered abscisic acid (ABA) as an important regulator of defense gene expression. Analysis of cis-regulatory sequences also revealed an unexpected overrepresentation of ABA response elements in promoters of P. irregulare–responsive genes. Subsequent infections of ABA-related and callose-deficient mutants confirmed the importance of ABA in defense, acting partly through an undescribed mechanism. The results support a model for ABA affecting JA biosynthesis in the activation of defenses against this oomycete.

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Hormonal Modulation of Plant Immunity

2011-03-03

Corné M. J. Pieterse , Dieuwertje van der Does , Christos Zamioudis +2 more

Plant hormones have pivotal roles in the regulation of plant growth, development, and reproduction. Additionally, they emerged as cellular signal molecules with key functions in the regulation of immune responses … Plant hormones have pivotal roles in the regulation of plant growth, development, and reproduction. Additionally, they emerged as cellular signal molecules with key functions in the regulation of immune responses to microbial pathogens, insect herbivores, and beneficial microbes. Their signaling pathways are interconnected in a complex network, which provides plants with an enormous regulatory potential to rapidly adapt to their biotic environment and to utilize their limited resources for growth and survival in a cost-efficient manner. Plants activate their immune system to counteract attack by pathogens or herbivorous insects. Intriguingly, successful plant enemies evolved ingenious mechanisms to rewire the plant's hormone signaling circuitry to suppress or evade host immunity. Evidence is emerging that beneficial root-inhabiting microbes also hijack the hormone-regulated immune signaling network to establish a prolonged mutualistic association, highlighting the central role of plant hormones in the regulation of plant growth and survival.

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Phytohormones and their metabolic engineering for abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants

2016-04-02

Shabir Hussain Wani , Vinay Kumar , Varsha Shriram +1 more

Abiotic stresses including drought, salinity, heat, cold, flooding, and ultraviolet radiation causes crop losses worldwide. In recent times, preventing these crop losses and producing more food and feed to meet … Abiotic stresses including drought, salinity, heat, cold, flooding, and ultraviolet radiation causes crop losses worldwide. In recent times, preventing these crop losses and producing more food and feed to meet the demands of ever-increasing human populations have gained unprecedented importance. However, the proportion of agricultural lands facing multiple abiotic stresses is expected only to rise under a changing global climate fueled by anthropogenic activities. Identifying the mechanisms developed and deployed by plants to counteract abiotic stresses and maintain their growth and survival under harsh conditions thus holds great significance. Recent investigations have shown that phytohormones, including the classical auxins, cytokinins, ethylene, and gibberellins, and newer members including brassinosteroids, jasmonates, and strigolactones may prove to be important metabolic engineering targets for producing abiotic stress-tolerant crop plants. In this review, we summarize and critically assess the roles that phytohormones play in plant growth and development and abiotic stress tolerance, besides their engineering for conferring abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic crops. We also describe recent successes in identifying the roles of phytohormones under stressful conditions. We conclude by describing the recent progress and future prospects including limitations and challenges of phytohormone engineering for inducing abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants.

The Biology of Parasitic Flowering Plants.

1970-11-01

R. N. GOVIER , J. S. Pate , Job Kuijt

Defense Priming: An Adaptive Part of Induced Resistance

2017-02-22

Brigitte Mauch‐Mani , Ivan Baccelli , Estrella Luna +1 more

Priming is an adaptive strategy that improves the defensive capacity of plants. This phenomenon is marked by an enhanced activation of induced defense mechanisms. Stimuli from pathogens, beneficial microbes, or … Priming is an adaptive strategy that improves the defensive capacity of plants. This phenomenon is marked by an enhanced activation of induced defense mechanisms. Stimuli from pathogens, beneficial microbes, or arthropods, as well as chemicals and abiotic cues, can trigger the establishment of priming by acting as warning signals. Upon stimulus perception, changes may occur in the plant at the physiological, transcriptional, metabolic, and epigenetic levels. This phase is called the priming phase. Upon subsequent challenge, the plant effectively mounts a faster and/or stronger defense response that defines the postchallenge primed state and results in increased resistance and/or stress tolerance. Priming can be durable and maintained throughout the plant's life cycle and can even be transmitted to subsequent generations, therefore representing a type of plant immunological memory.

Biogeographical patterns of butterworts in the Americas

2025-07-31

Yoannis Domínguez

Datasets used for biogeographical analyses of the genus Pinguicula in the American continents. Datasets used for biogeographical analyses of the genus Pinguicula in the American continents.

The role of isoprenoids in the chemical interaction between plants and other organisms in their rhizosphere

2025-06-25

Harro J. Bouwmeester , Philipp Zerbe , Reuben J. Peters +2 more | aBIOTECH

Structural and phylogenetic comparisons of the complete mitochondrial genomes among taxa in genus Toona

2025-06-25

Yan‐Wen Lv , Ziyun Wang , Zi‐Han He +3 more | Scientific Reports

Toona is of a high economic value and has a great potential for industrial and medicinal utilization. Currently, the mitochondrial genome information of this genus is incomplete. Here we sequenced … Toona is of a high economic value and has a great potential for industrial and medicinal utilization. Currently, the mitochondrial genome information of this genus is incomplete. Here we sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of T. rubriflora and T. microcarpa, and re-sequenced four varieties of T. ciliata. The mitochondrial genome of T. rubriflora was 653,710 bp in length, with a typical circular structure and the GC content of 45.42%. The mitochondrial genome of T. microcarpa was successfully assembled in two circulars, designated as chromosome 1 and chromosome 2, respectively. Chromosome 1 had 474,320 bp and its GC content was 45.37%. Chromosome 2 had 166,958 bp and its GC content was 46.64%. Comparative analyses of Toona mitochondrial genomes revealed that species were highly conserved in GC content, coding gene sequences and codon usage frequency. Mononucleotide repeats were the dominant type of genome repeats. Small differences existed among species in RNA editing sites, intracellular genome homology between mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes and between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Most protein coding genes (PCGs) were under purifying selection. Species in Toona were relatively recently divergent, and the varieties of T. ciliata were well genetically mixed. Overall, this study provided comprehensive information on Toona mitochondrial genomes, which could be used for species identification and molecular studies on Toona.

Plant Communication: How Plants Converse and Cope Up

2025-06-24

Aakanksha Singh , Padikara Kutty Satheeshkumar | The Botanical Review

Urbanization and scrub typhus expansion in temperate settings

2025-06-24

Zhe Lou , Jinjing Wu , Xiaochen Wang +5 more | Nature Cities

Engineering strigolactone signaling: toward crops that resist parasites without sacrificing symbiosis

2025-06-24

Zeming Huang , F. Z. Qi | Crop Health

Unravelling Plant–Virus Warfare: Pattern‐Triggered Immunity‐Mediated Antiviral Defence and Viral Evasion Strategies

2025-06-24

Chuantao Xu , Xiaohua Xiang , Dong Zhang +4 more | Plant Cell & Environment

ABSTRACT Pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI) is a fundamental defence mechanism in plants, primarily aimed at eliminating pathogens and limiting their spread. Its role in plant–virus interactions, however, has long been debated … ABSTRACT Pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI) is a fundamental defence mechanism in plants, primarily aimed at eliminating pathogens and limiting their spread. Its role in plant–virus interactions, however, has long been debated due to the unique nature of viruses, including their noncellular structure, obligate intracellular parasitism and distinct strategies for entry and movement within hosts. Recent research, though, is offering new insights into the potential involvement of PTI in combating viral infections. This review meticulously examines recent advancements in unravelling the antiviral functions of PTI during compatible plant–virus interactions. Special focus is placed on the roles of cell surface immune receptor complexes, the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and hormone‐mediated defence signalling. It also explores the possible mechanisms underlying plant–virus recognition, alongside the conceivable impact of ultimate immune output in reining in viral proliferation. Furthermore, the strategies viruses use to evade or suppress PTI are discussed, highlighting the dynamic interplay between plant defences and viral countermeasures.

A unique phytochrome B gene in Cuscuta campestris and its responses during the initial stage of haustorium formation

2025-06-24

Toshiya Yokoyama , Mariko Asaoka , Kazuhiko Nishitani | Journal of Plant Research

Melatonin and Strigolactone Combined Application Mitigate Salinity Stress Through Modulation of Antioxidants Defense Mechanism, Osmotic Adjustment and Ions Homeostasis in Maize Seedlings

2025-06-23

Salman Aloufi , Basmah M. Alharbi , Abdul Sattar +5 more | Journal of soil science and plant nutrition

Spread of quarantine weeds in Ukraine

2025-06-23

Yu. Holiachuk , H. Kosylovych | Karantin i zahist roslin

Goal. To analyze the dynamics and distribution range of quarantine weed species in Ukraine (excluding territories affected by active or past hostilities and those temporarily occupied by the Russian Federation) … Goal. To analyze the dynamics and distribution range of quarantine weed species in Ukraine (excluding territories affected by active or past hostilities and those temporarily occupied by the Russian Federation) over the past ten years. Methods. Interpretation of official data from the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Consumer Protection regarding the spread of quarantine weeds using an analytical-comparative method. Results. Between 2015 and 2024, outbreaks of nine weed species and one genus with the status of limited distribution were recorded in Ukraine. The largest infested areas are occupied by common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), which has been reported in all regions of the country. Significant infestations of creeping knotweed (Polygonum convolvulus) were also recorded in five southern and eastern regions. In 2024, beaked nightshade (Solanum rostratum) was detected in one region, Aleppo millet grass (Sorghum halepense) in two, and long-spine sandbur (Cenchrus longispinus) in five southern regions and the Kyiv region. Within the genus Cuscuta, the spread of field dodder (Cuscuta campestris), Lehmann’s dodder (Cuscuta lehmanniana), Mediterranean tree dodder (Cuscuta epithymum), and hop dodder (Cuscuta lupuliformis) has been observed, with field dodder being the most prevalent. Since 2019, hop dodder has been officially recorded in Ukraine, and since 2021, the spread of Cuscuta spp. has been noted. As of 2024, Cuscuta spp. were registered in three regions. Over the past decade, there has been a general trend of decreasing areas infested with quarantine weed species, with the exception of Cuscuta species, particularly Lehmann’s dodder. The infested area of beaked nightshade has remained unchanged. Conclusions. The development and spread of quarantine weeds pose a serious threat to the national economy, particularly the agricultural sector, as well as to human and animal health. In order to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine weed species across the country, business entities involved in the cultivation, handling, or trade of plants and plant products must strictly adhere to plant quarantine legislation.

Light-induced soil legacy alleviates continuous cropping adversity on Nicotiana benthamiana growth

2025-06-20

Xiao Tan , Zhihui Wang , Songsong Li +4 more | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> Aims Continuous cropping under artificial light is increasingly common in controlled-environment agriculture (CEA), yet it faces challenges like light stress and continuous cropping obstacles (CCO). This study explores how … <title>Abstract</title> Aims Continuous cropping under artificial light is increasingly common in controlled-environment agriculture (CEA), yet it faces challenges like light stress and continuous cropping obstacles (CCO). This study explores how different light intensities shape the interactions among rhizosphere microbiota, soil properties, and allelochemicals during continuous cropping in CEA, with a focus on their roles in causing or alleviating CCO in plant. Methods We used <italic>Nicotiana benthamiana</italic> as the model plant and investigated its physiological responses, rhizosphere microbial dynamics, soil properties, and allelochemical profiles under different light intensities across three continuous cropping seasons. Results Low light significantly inhibited plant growth, but continuous cropping alone had minimal impact. In contrast, moderate light resulted in pronounced CCO, with high levels of allelochemicals (notably 2,4-ditert-butyl phenol and dimethylbenzene) disturbing microbial balance by suppressing beneficial bacteria (e.g., <italic>Streptomyces</italic>, <italic>Massilia</italic>), reducing functions like fermentation and nitrogen fixation, and increasing harmful processes such as denitrification. This disruption inhibited plant growth and intensified CCO. Soil legacy tests showed that removing negative legacies (allelochemicals and harmful microbes) eliminated CCO, highlighting their key role. Light-driven shifts in the microbiome increased by the third season. High light reduced yield decline between the second and third seasons, supporting more beneficial microbes. Under high-light conditions, lower allelochemical levels promoted beneficial microbes (e.g., <italic>Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium</italic>), stimulating plant hormone production and mitigating CCO. Conclusions Light intensity influences continuous cropping obstacles by regulating rhizosphere microbial structure and allelochemicals. These findings provide references for sustainable CAE management.

The Antioxidant Properties of Extracts of Cuscuta spp. Depend on the Parasite and the Host Species

2025-06-20

Vanina Lozanova , Denitsa Teofanova , Bilyana Chakarova +5 more | Antioxidants

Dodders (Cuscuta spp.) are prominent parasitic plants widely known and exploited in traditional medicine. They are rich in polyphenolics, which determine their strong antioxidant potential. However, comparatively few of the … Dodders (Cuscuta spp.) are prominent parasitic plants widely known and exploited in traditional medicine. They are rich in polyphenolics, which determine their strong antioxidant potential. However, comparatively few of the nearly 200 known species have been characterized for their medicinal potential. In the present study, we aimed to explore the antioxidant potential of four of the most widely distributed Cuscuta species in Bulgaria—C. campestris, C. monogyna, C. epithymum, and C. europaea. They differed significantly in polyphenolic content and accordingly differed in their antioxidant properties, although this correlation is not always straightforward, as shown in C. europaeae. Furthermore, we evaluated the host plant species’ influence on the polyphenolic content, antioxidant properties, and flavonoid profile of C. campestris, finding a significant enhancement when the parasite was grown on aromatic plants—rosemary and thyme—compared to a model host—Arabidopsis thaliana. Seven major flavonoids and phenolic acids—chlorogenic acid, kaempferol-3,7-O-diglucoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, kaempferol-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, astragalin, and isorhamnetin-7-glucoside—were annotated after HPLC-MS analysis and found to be affected by the host species. In conclusion, it was found that extracts from different Cuscuta species differ in their antioxidant potential, which the host plants might further modify.

Assessing disease severity in Senegalia catechu saplings inoculated with Ganoderma lucidum

2025-06-19

Ashwani Kumari , Ashwani Tapwal | Journal of Plant Pathology

Foliar Herbivory Suppresses Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonisation by Weakening Symbiosis Signalling in Root Exudates

2025-06-19

Zhenlong Xing , Libo Wu , Arjen Biere +2 more | Plant Cell & Environment

ABSTRACT Foliar insect herbivory could affect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), yet the underlying mechanisms remain understudied. Here, we examined the response of AMF symbiosis signals to foliar herbivory, using six … ABSTRACT Foliar insect herbivory could affect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), yet the underlying mechanisms remain understudied. Here, we examined the response of AMF symbiosis signals to foliar herbivory, using six herbaceous plant species and a generalist herbivorous insect. We found AMF colonisation was suppressed by foliar herbivory. After insect attack, plants allocated more biomass to belowground parts and the attack induced defence responses in aboveground parts. Notably, foliar herbivory increased shoot flavonoid concentrations but decreased root flavonoid concentrations. Moreover, quercetin and strigol concentrations in the root exudates were reduced by foliar herbivory. We further tested effect of the root exudates on the in‐vitro germination of spores of two common AMF species. Spore germination was lower in treatments with herbivore‐induced root exudates than in treatments with no‐herbivore root exudates. Moreover, addition of herbivory‐modified root exudates reduced AMF colonisation of healthy plants when compared to addition of root exudates from non‐herbivory plants. Our results suggest that foliar herbivory weakened symbiosis signalling in root exudates, which could have contributed to the observed lower AMF colonisation following herbivory. Therefore, herbivore‐induced symbiosis signalling needs to be considered when studying plant‐mediated interactions between foliar herbivores and root microbes.

Unveiling the antibacterial potential of Arctotis aurantiaca roots: Isolation, characterization, and computational studies

2025-06-19

Enas Reda Abdelaleem , Hesham A. Abou‐Zied , Che Julius Ngwa +3 more | South African Journal of Botany

Reductions in fitness due to an endoparasitic plant are comparable to the impacts of hemiparasites

2025-06-19

Philip G. Ladd , Margaret E. Andrew | Australian Journal of Botany

Context Parasitic plants are widespread throughout the global flora and have diverse lifestyle strategies. In most cases these plants are detrimental to the host but may have some beneficial effects … Context Parasitic plants are widespread throughout the global flora and have diverse lifestyle strategies. In most cases these plants are detrimental to the host but may have some beneficial effects on the co-occurring plants in the sourrounding communities. Some have large macroscopic plant bodies and can photosynthesise, and are therefore able to produce some fixed carbon but do take water and nutrients from the host, especially if aerially attached. Very few species have vegetative parts completely enclosed in the host, having only reproductive structures externally displayed. Whether such internal parasites have as severe effects on the host as parasites with macroscopic plant bodies is unclear. Aims The endoparasite Pilostyles hamiltoniorum infests pea species (predominantly Daviesia species) in the south-west of Western Australia. We investigated the effect of this parasite on the vegetative growth and reproduction of Daviesia angulata in heathland vegetation. Methods Size, flowering and fruiting of parasitised and unparasitised host plants were recorded in three 6 × 30 m plots in a revegetated gravel pit in the Jurien Bay area of Western Australia. Key results A proportion of 21% of host plants was parasitised and these were significantly taller than unparasitised plants. These plants had 52% fewer flowers on average than unparasitised plants and subsequently far fewer fruits. Conclusions The reduction in reproductive output by this internal parasite was at least equal to or more severe than occurs in published examples of decreased productivity of other species parasitised by species with macroscopic plant morphology. Implications The reduced reproductive output of the host plants would be inimical to seed stores in the soil that this species relies on for regeneration after fires that commonly affect the vegetation in this region.

Identification of Genetic Sources of Broomrape (Orobanche crenata) Tolerance in Mediterranean Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) Population

2025-06-19

Mohammed Mitache , Fatima Zahrae Ibn El Mokhtar , Abdelmonim Zeroual +3 more | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> Lentil (<italic>Lens culinaris</italic> Medik.), an essential food legume for global food security and agricultural sustainability, currently confronts several major challenges related to biotic constraints such as Orobanche. This root … <title>Abstract</title> Lentil (<italic>Lens culinaris</italic> Medik.), an essential food legume for global food security and agricultural sustainability, currently confronts several major challenges related to biotic constraints such as Orobanche. This root parasite significantly reduces yields, requiring effective breeding strategies to develop tolerant genotypes. In this study, we evaluated a Mediterranean population of 112 lentil genotypes to identify sources of tolerance to Broomrape (<italic>Orobanche crenata</italic>) in pots under greenhouse conditions. The results of this study revealed significant genetic variability among genotypes, based on key traits such as performance and parasitism indexes, severity and agronomic traits. By integrating these traits, the Multi-Trait Performance Index (MGIDI) was used and the best-performing genotypes were selected in terms of their broomrape tolerance and productivity. These genotypes represent promising candidates for breeding programs aimed at developing Orobanche-tolerant lentil varieties.

Impacts of pine mistletoe on the physiological traits and plant nutrients of Anatolian black pine

2025-06-19

Figen ÇAKIR , Nuray Çiçek , Cengiz Yücedağ | European Journal of Plant Pathology

Abstract Mistletoes and other parasitic plants pose serious problems for forests because of the impacts on their host trees. This emphasizes the importance of understandingthese relationships in the light of … Abstract Mistletoes and other parasitic plants pose serious problems for forests because of the impacts on their host trees. This emphasizes the importance of understandingthese relationships in the light of changing environmental conditions and forest management. This study investigates the effects of pine mistletoe ( Viscum album subsp. a ustriacum Wiesb.) on the physiological traits and plant nutrients of Anatolian black pine ( Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe). Fifteen uninfected (control) [thin class control (TC) and medium class control (MC)], and fifteen moderately infected [thin class infected (TI) and medium class infected (MI)] Anatolian black pine trees were sampled from both thin and medium diameter classes. The study revealed that mistletoe-infected trees exhibited significant reductions in chlorophyll content and mineral nutrients, alongside increases in proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), particularly in the medium-diameter class. These findings suggest that mistletoe infection caused a notable decline in photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient absorption, affecting plant health. The principal component analysis showed a clear distinction between infected and uninfected trees, further confirming the detrimental impact of pine mistletoe infection on Anatolian black pine.

Chemistry and chemical biology tools contributing to the discovery and functional characterization of strigolactones

2025-06-18

Qian Zhou , Chang-Bin Niu , Liang Feng +4 more | Frontiers in Plant Science

Strigolactones are a newly identified group of phytohormones that regulate plant growth and development and also act as communication signals in the rhizosphere. Beyond their well-known activity in stimulating parasitic … Strigolactones are a newly identified group of phytohormones that regulate plant growth and development and also act as communication signals in the rhizosphere. Beyond their well-known activity in stimulating parasitic weed germination, strigolactones function in regulating plant architecture, promoting symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and modulating responses to various environmental stresses. However, their low abundance, structural diversity, and instability have hindered comprehensive research and their practices. In this review, from the perspective of biological researcher, we summarize the powerful tools and strategies related to chemistry and chemical biology used in strigolactone area, covering analytical chemistry tools for isolation and structural elucidation, synthetic chemistry for structural elucidation and agricultural applications, chemical biology and biosynthetic strategies for functional characterization. Biosensors and probes used in monitoring strigolactone activity and signaling were also highlighted. Finally, we address current challenges and discuss future research perspectives, aiming to provoke more investigations on strigolactone biology and further boost their agricultural practices.

Distribution of metabolites and phytochemicals in galled and non-galled foliar tissues of Microcos paniculata L.

2025-06-18

Parmila Saini , Preeti Mishra , Vidya Patni | Vegetos

Plant-derived Smoke: A Sustainable Technique for Seed Enhancement

2025-06-18

M. G. , Dijee Bastian , Vidhu Francis Palathingal +3 more | International Journal of Plant & Soil Science

Smoke act as an important evolutionary factor involved in post fire germination cues. In South Africa, a study on the endangered fynbos species Audouinia capitata brought attention to the role … Smoke act as an important evolutionary factor involved in post fire germination cues. In South Africa, a study on the endangered fynbos species Audouinia capitata brought attention to the role smoke plays in promoting germination. Farmers of South Africa employ conventional method of exposing seeds to smoke as it provides protection against insects and pathogens. Additionally, this technique was shown to improve seedling vigor and germination in specific plant species. By directly exposing seeds to aerosol smoke, treating them with smoke water, or using dynamic compounds extracted from smoke at varying concentrations, the potential benefits of smoke in agriculture were realized. Among these, smoke water shows convenient and promising results. One well-known seed germination agent is butenolide (3-methyl-2H furo [2,3-c]pyran-2-one), which is produced from plant-derived smoke using bioactivity-guided fractionation. Following the initial isolation of KAR1, a whole new family of plant growth regulators, named ‘karrikins’ were isolated. Glyceronitrile or cyanohydrin is another compound isolated by using bioassay which stimulates germination in species which is insensitive to karrikins. Application of smoke had found to enhance germination by breaking dormancy, increasing seedling growth and mitigating abiotic stress conditions.

Detecting the enemy or being manipulated by your attacker? Herbivore‐derived elicitors of plant responses: an introduction to a Virtual Issue

2025-06-18

André Keßler | New Phytologist

The Role of Jasmonates in Modulating Growth, Trichome Density, and Cannabinoid Accumulation in Cannabis sativa L.

2025-06-17

Jose F. Da Cunha Leme Filho , Spencer Schuchman , Rita Raposo +5 more | International Journal of Plant Biology

Jasmonates have emerged as a prominent elicitor for enhancing trichome development and cannabinoid production in Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis). These glandular trichomes synthesize and store important cannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) … Jasmonates have emerged as a prominent elicitor for enhancing trichome development and cannabinoid production in Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis). These glandular trichomes synthesize and store important cannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which determine the yield, potency, and quality of cannabis flowers. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) acts through the COI1–JAZ–MYC signaling pathway to upregulate genes associated with trichome initiation and cannabinoid precursor formation. Evidence suggests that moderate MeJA concentrations (typically 50–100 µM) can effectively boost trichome density, elevate hexanoyl-CoA availability, and modestly enhance key biosynthetic enzyme activities, ultimately increasing THC and CBD content. However, higher methyl jasmonate doses can amplify these benefits, yet pose a risk of excessive vegetative stunting, highlighting the crucial trade-off between enhancing cannabinoid potency and maintaining overall biomass yield. Interaction with hormones like gibberellins, salicylic acid, and ethylene further shapes the plant’s stress responses and secondary metabolism. Application in controlled environments, such as greenhouses or vertical farms, shows promise for enhancing resin production while minimizing biomass loss. In outdoor conditions, application may offer additional defense benefits against pests and pathogens. These responses can vary depending on the cultivar, underscoring the importance of cultivar-specific optimization. As demand for high-cannabinoid cannabis products continues to grow and agrochemical options remain limited, leveraging MeJA treatments offers a practical, non-genetically modified approach to optimize yield, quality, and resilience in cannabis cultivation. Methyl jasmonate has emerged as a prominent elicitor for enhancing trichome development and cannabinoid production in Cannabis sativa L. Cannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), are synthesized and stored within glandular trichomes, making trichome density a potential indicator of overall yield and potency. More importantly, trichome density is directly associated with flower quality and esthetics. Through the canonical Coronatine-Insensitive 1/Jasmonate ZIM-Domain/MYC Transcription Factor signaling pathway, methyl jasmonate application prompts the degradation of JAZ repressors and subsequently activates MYC-type transcription factors, which upregulate genes involved in both trichome initiation and precursor formation for cannabinoid biosynthesis. Evidence indicates that moderate concentrations of methyl jasmonate (typically 50–100 µM) effectively increase trichome numbers, boost precursor availability—namely, hexanoyl-CoA, and modestly elevate key enzyme activities in the cannabinoid pathway, resulting in higher tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol accumulation. Higher methyl jasmonate doses can amplify these benefits, yet pose a risk of excessive vegetative stunting, highlighting the crucial trade-off between enhancing cannabinoid potency and maintaining overall biomass yield. Crosstalk with other hormones—particularly gibberellins, salicylic acid, and ethylene—further shapes plant morphology and stress responses, underscoring the importance of precise dosing and timing. Applications of methyl jasmonate in controlled environments, such as greenhouses or vertical farms, have proven successful in improving resin production without substantial biomass loss. In outdoor conditions, methyl jasmonate also holds promise for priming plants against pests and pathogens, although large-scale trials are needed. However, these responses can vary depending on the cultivar, underscoring the importance of cultivar-specific optimization. As global demand for high-cannabinoid cannabis is rising and very few agrochemicals are certified for cannabis production, harnessing the regulatory potential of methyl jasmonate provides a valuable, non-genetically modified route to optimize both cannabinoid yield and quality.

Resistance and resilience of desert-dwelling species Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew to desert ecosystem

2025-06-17

Umer Iqbal , Ahmad Sana , Souhir Abid +7 more | International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology

Ficha de Triportheus rotundatus

2025-06-16

André Luiz Henriques Esguícero , André Luiz Netto Ferreira , Bruno Francelino de Melo +7 more | Datasets - Sistema SALVE - ICMBio

Ficha de Triportheus brachipomus

2025-06-16

André Luiz Henriques Esguícero , André Luiz Netto Ferreira , Bruno Francelino de Melo +7 more | Datasets - Sistema SALVE - ICMBio

Correction to “Structural and defensive roles of angiosperm leaf venation network reticulation across an Andes–Amazon elevation gradient”

2025-06-16

| Journal of Ecology

Ficha de Triportheus curtus

2025-06-16

André Luiz Henriques Esguícero , André Luiz Netto Ferreira , Bruno Francelino de Melo +7 more | Datasets - Sistema SALVE - ICMBio

Ficha de Triportheus albus

2025-06-16

André Luiz Henriques Esguícero , André Luiz Netto Ferreira , Bruno Francelino de Melo +7 more | Datasets - Sistema SALVE - ICMBio

Leaf anatomy of four endemic species of the Cladocolea-Struthanthus complex (Loranthaceae) from Guerrero, Mexico

2025-06-16

MISADAI HERNÁNDEZ-SALAZAR , Rosa Cerros‐Tlatilpa , Estela Sandoval‐Zapotitla +1 more | Phytotaxa

The Cladocolea-Struthanthus complex was established by Kuijt (1975) due to the morphological similarities between both genera. This study analyzed the leaf anatomy of four endemic species of this complex from … The Cladocolea-Struthanthus complex was established by Kuijt (1975) due to the morphological similarities between both genera. This study analyzed the leaf anatomy of four endemic species of this complex from Guerrero, Mexico. The aim was to identify anatomical features to support taxonomic studies within the species studied. Leaf anatomy of Cladocolea kuijtii, C. molotensis, C. spathiflora and S. racemosus was compared from transverse leaf sections. The cuticle is generally smooth and fimbriate. The epidermis is one-layered, occasionally with trichomes in C. kuijtii and C. molotensis. All analyzed species are amphistomatic and isobilateral, consisting of palisade parenchyma. The sclerenchyma is represented by brachysclereids, cristarque cells and astrosclereids. Crystals such as prism and druses were observed. In Cladocolea spathiflora, crystal sand is reported for the first time in Loranthaceae. A dichotomous key was constructed using anatomical characters to assist recognition of endemic Cladocolea and Struthanthus species. The taxonomic importance of these characters is discussed for the complex and for the family.

Ficha de Triportheus trifurcatus

2025-06-16

André Luiz Henriques Esguícero , André Luiz Netto Ferreira , Bruno Francelino de Melo +7 more | Datasets - Sistema SALVE - ICMBio

The Impact of Different Almond Orchard Management Practices in Hyper-Arid Ecosystems on Soil Microbial Communities

2025-06-15

Itaii Applebaum , Gil Eshel , Tirza Doniger +1 more | Land

The use of service (cover) crops is widely practiced in soil agriculture due to their many benefits, including enhanced nutrient supply and improved soil health. Bacteria, as major decomposers of … The use of service (cover) crops is widely practiced in soil agriculture due to their many benefits, including enhanced nutrient supply and improved soil health. Bacteria, as major decomposers of plant residues in the soil, play essential roles in nutrient cycling. This study examined the impact of various almond orchard management practices on the soil microbial community composition in a hyper-arid ecosystem. High-throughput sequencing was used to compare the microbial communities in two adjacent almond orchards managed with either organic (ORG) or regenerative agriculture (RA) practices, alongside an uncultivated (UC) site. Notably, little is known about the responses of soil bacterial communities in hyper-arid regions to intercrop mulch from service crops. This study may offer insights into the ecological limits of the benefits of service crops in promoting soil health under extreme conditions. Our findings demonstrate that RA management can alter soil organic carbon levels and reshape microbial communities by increasing overall bacterial abundance and enriching specific keystone taxa. These changes may have significant implications for nutrient cycling processes in hyper-arid agroecosystems.

Novel Anti-Phytophthora palmivora Activity, Plant-Promoting Effect on Durian Seedlings and Bioactive Compounds of Endophytic Bacterial Strains

2025-06-15

Van A. Ngo , Shu‐Li Wang , Thanh-Nha Tran +3 more | Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology

Diverging repeatomes in holoparasitic Hydnoraceae uncover a playground of genome evolution

2025-06-14

Woorin Kim , Nicola Schmidt , Matthias Jost +5 more | New Phytologist

Summary The transition from an autotrophic to a heterotrophic lifestyle is associated with numerous genomic changes. These often involve large genomic alterations, potentially driven by repetitive DNAs. Despite their recognized … Summary The transition from an autotrophic to a heterotrophic lifestyle is associated with numerous genomic changes. These often involve large genomic alterations, potentially driven by repetitive DNAs. Despite their recognized role in shaping plant genomes, the contribution of repetitive DNAs to parasitic plant genome evolution remains largely unexplored. This study presents the first analysis of repetitive DNAs in Hydnoraceae genomes, a plant family whose members are holoparasitic. Repetitive DNAs were identified and annotated de novo . Abundant transposable elements and 35S ribosomal DNA in the Hydnora visseri genome were reconstructed in silico . Their patterns of abundance and presence–absence were individually and comparatively analyzed. Both Hydnoraceae genera, Hydnora and Prosopanche , exhibit distinct repeatome profiles which challenge our current understanding of repeatome and rDNA evolution. The Hydnora genomes are dominated by long terminal repeat retrotransposons, while the Prosopanche genomes vary greatly in their repeat composition: Prosopanche bonacinae with a highly abundant single DNA transposon and Prosopanche panguanensis with over 15% 5S rDNA, compared to ≤ 0.1% in the Hydnora genomes. The repeat profiles align with the phylogeny, geographical distribution, and host shifts of the Hydnoraceae, indicating a potential role of repetitive DNAs in shaping Hydnoraceae genomes to adapt to the parasitic lifestyle.

Tiny Seeds, Big Decisions: Jasmonate-mediated regulation of seed size in Arabidopsis via the SOD7- KLU Module

2025-06-14

Nitin Uttam Kamble | The Plant Cell

Potentially Suitable Habitat for the Pest Histia rhodope Based on Its Host Plant Bischofia polycarpa and Climatic Factors in China

2025-06-13

Huicong Du , Jingxin Shen , Wenping Luo +3 more | Insects

Histia rhodope is a defoliating pest that feeds mainly on the ornamental garden plant Bischofia polycarpa. Recently, frequent outbreaks of H. rhodope in Southern China have severely affected cityscapes and … Histia rhodope is a defoliating pest that feeds mainly on the ornamental garden plant Bischofia polycarpa. Recently, frequent outbreaks of H. rhodope in Southern China have severely affected cityscapes and people’s lives. To provide a predictive early-warning program for the spread risk of H. rhodope in China and reduce damage to B. polycarpa, we used the MaxEnt model to investigate the potentially suitable spread characteristics of H. rhodope and its host B. polycarpa under different climate scenarios for the years 2050 and 2070. The results showed that the potentially suitable habitat of H. rhodope under the SSP5-8.5 scenario will reach an area of 3174.55 × 103 km2 in the 2070s, an increase of 1010 × 103 km2 from the current distribution. The potentially suitable habitat of B. polycarpa under the SSP5-8.5 scenario will reach 2618.01 × 103 km2 in the 2070s (an increase of 464 × 103 km2). The potentially suitable habitats of H. rhodope and B. polycarpa are expected to shift to higher elevations under future climate scenarios. We also identified ten key environmental factors, of which Precipitation of Warmest Quarter (bio18) had the greatest influence on the probability of moth and host plant occurrence. Our results highlight the risk of further expansion of the potentially suitable area for H. rhodope and the important role of the host plant in this process, and provide a firm scientific basis for the monitoring and management of H. rhodope and B. polycarpa.

Sex Expression and Seed Yield Stability in Thai Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): Seasonal Effects on Dioecious Cultivars for Optimized Seed Production

2025-06-13

Pheeraphan Thongplew , Jakkrapong Kangsopa , Sutheera Hermhuk +3 more | International Journal of Plant Biology

This study investigates the environmental regulation of sex expression and seed yield stability in four Thai dioecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars (RPF1, RPF2, RPF3, and RPF4) under different seasonal … This study investigates the environmental regulation of sex expression and seed yield stability in four Thai dioecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars (RPF1, RPF2, RPF3, and RPF4) under different seasonal conditions to optimize seed production. The experiment was conducted across two planting periods (in-season and off-season) to evaluate the effects of varying day lengths and temperatures on growth, reproductive development, and yield. The results showed that shorter day lengths and lower temperatures during the off-season led to an increased proportion of female plants across all cultivars, except RPF3, which exhibited a stable female-to-male ratio. RPF4 had the highest increase in female plants (16%), followed by RPF1 and RPF2 (10%). Seed yield was significantly influenced by seasonal changes, with RPF3 and RPF4 consistently outperforming the other cultivars. In the in-season, RPF3 and RPF4 produced the highest seed yields, reaching 83.4 g/plant and 81.6 g/plant, respectively. During the off-season, both cultivars experienced a decline in seed yield (by 24–26%), primarily due to a reduction in seed production in secondary inflorescences. However, RPF3 compensated for this loss with a 31% increase in seed production at main inflorescences, ensuring yield stability. RPF4 maintained its high yield potential by increasing the proportion of female plants, offsetting the decline in seed yield per plant. Additionally, cumulative growing degree days (CGDD) at harvest were comparable between seasons, with values of 2434 °Cd (in-season) and 2502 °Cd (off-season), indicating that temperature accumulation remained within an optimal range for seed maturation. The study highlights the importance of cultivar selection based on yield component stability and adaptability to seasonal variations. These findings provide valuable insights for improving hemp seed production strategies in Thailand’s diverse agro-climatic conditions.

J3‐AFP2 Antagonism as a Novel Layer of CO/FT Regulation in Flowering Time Control

2025-06-12

Chao Xia , Shirl A. Barker , Cankui Zhang | Plant Cell & Environment

Summary statement J3 regulates flowering by antagonising AFP2 and protecting CO stability in Arabidopsis. Summary statement J3 regulates flowering by antagonising AFP2 and protecting CO stability in Arabidopsis.

The Impact of Jujube Witches’ Broom Phytoplasma on the Community Structure of Endophytes in Jujube

2025-06-12

Nian Wang , Mengli Wang , Ziming Jiang +7 more | Microorganisms

Evidence from an increasing number of studies indicates that plant endophytic microorganisms play a significant role during biotic and abiotic stress resistance. To date, however, only a handful of studies … Evidence from an increasing number of studies indicates that plant endophytic microorganisms play a significant role during biotic and abiotic stress resistance. To date, however, only a handful of studies on endophytes in response to the presence of phytoplasmas have been conducted. The production of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) is threatened by jujube witches’ broom (JWB) disease, which is associated with the presence of the JWB phytoplasma ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi’. To investigate the impact of jujube witches’ broom phytoplasma on the endophyte populations in jujube, high-throughput sequencing was performed in healthy and JWB-infected orchard jujube trees and in vitro jujube shoots. The results showed that the presence of JWB phytoplasma in jujube altered the abundance, diversity, and community structure of endophytic bacteria and fungi. In the branches and the roots, the presence of JWB phytoplasma was associated with an increase in the richness of the endophytic communities and a decrease in their diversity, with the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidota and the genus ‘Ca. Phytoplasma’ becoming the most abundant. The presence of phytoplasmas was also associated with the remodeling of the endophytic microorganisms’ interaction network, shifting to a simpler biodiversity state. These results demonstrate the response of the jujube endophytic community to the presence of JWB phytoplasmas and shed light on the possible antagonistic agents that could be further evaluated for JWB disease biocontrol.

Integrative transcriptome and metabolome analyses provide insights into rice defence against Chilo suppressalis oviposition

2025-06-12

Chen Shen , Haibo Bao , Zhengping Yu +5 more | Plant Molecular Biology

Strigolactone (GR24) mediated in vitro flowering, seed production, and regeneration of plants in Hedyotis biflora (L.) Lam

2025-06-11

M. Manokari , Mohammad Faisal , Abdulrahman A. Alatar +2 more | The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology