Materials Science › Materials Chemistry

Metal Alloys Wear and Properties

Works Count: 72539

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This cluster of papers explores the effects of cryogenic treatment on the microstructure, wear resistance, and mechanical properties of various materials, including tool steels and high chromium cast iron. The research focuses on understanding the influence of cryogenic treatment on carbide formation, abrasive wear behavior, and the enhancement of material properties.

Keywords

Cryogenic Treatment; Microstructure; Wear Resistance; Tool Steels; High Chromium Cast Iron; Mechanical Properties; Carbides; Hardfacing Alloys; Abrasive Wear; High Speed Steel

Bestimmung der Größe und der inneren Struktur von Kolloidteilchen mittels Röntgenstrahlen

1918-01-01

P. Scherrer

Metallurgical modelling of welding

1995-06-01

Øystein Grong

Cryogenic treatment of metals to improve wear resistance

1982-08-01

Randall F. Barron

Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of tool steels

2001-12-01

A. Molinari , M. Pellizzari , Stefano Gialanella +2 more

A study of abrasive wear under three-body conditions

1961-09-01

E. Rabinowicz , LA Dunn , P. G. Russell

The control of brittleness and development of desirable mechanical properties in polycrystalline systems by grain boundary engineering

1999-11-01

Tadao Watanabe , Sadahiro Tsurekawa

Cementite dissolution in heavily cold drawn pearlitic steel wires

1997-03-01

J. Languillaume , G. Kapelski , B. Baudelet

The physics of mechanical alloying: A first report

1990-01-01

David Maurice , T. H. Courtney

S-phase surface engineering of Fe-Cr, Co-Cr and Ni-Cr alloys

2010-02-20

Hanshan Dong

<title/>Stainless steel, Co-Cr and Ni-Cr alloys have played an important role in many industrial sectors to combat environmental degradation. However, low hardness and poor wear properties have impeded their tribological … <title/>Stainless steel, Co-Cr and Ni-Cr alloys have played an important role in many industrial sectors to combat environmental degradation. However, low hardness and poor wear properties have impeded their tribological and tribochemical applications. Conventional thermochemical treatments can be used to significantly harden these passive alloys but at the expense of their corrosion resistance due to precipitation induced depletion of Cr in the matrix. Research in 1980s led to the discovery of a new expanded austenite phase, i.e. so called S-phase with combined improvement in wear and corrosion resistance. Recent research has revealed that S-phase can be formed not only in stainless steels but also in Co-Cr alloys and Ni-Cr alloys. It is the purpose of this paper to critically review the S-phase surface engineering of stainless steels, Co-Cr alloys and Ni-Cr alloys. Particular attention will be paid to the structure, formation conditions, supersaturation, hardening mechanisms and metastability of S-phase. Based on the discussion of the chemical, mechanical, tribological and tribochemical properties of S-phase, the importance of the S-phase surface engineering technology is demonstrated by examples. Finally, future directions towards more stable and thicker S-phase layers will be discussed.

Tribology in Metalworking: Friction, Lubrication and Wear

1984-01-01

John A. Schey , M. C. Shaw

Tribology in metalworking: friction, lubrication, and wear , Tribology in metalworking: friction, lubrication, and wear , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی Tribology in metalworking: friction, lubrication, and wear , Tribology in metalworking: friction, lubrication, and wear , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

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Microstructure-property relationships in high chromium white iron alloys

1996-01-01

C. P. Tabrett , I. R. Sare , Reza Ghomashchi

AbstractAbstractHigh chromium white irons are ferrous based alloys containing 11–30 wt-% chromium and 1.8–3.6 wt-% carbon, with molybdenum, manganese, copper, and nickel sometimes added as additional alloying elements. The microstructure … AbstractAbstractHigh chromium white irons are ferrous based alloys containing 11–30 wt-% chromium and 1.8–3.6 wt-% carbon, with molybdenum, manganese, copper, and nickel sometimes added as additional alloying elements. The microstructure of these alloys typically consists of hard primary and/or eutectic carbides in a matrix of austenite or one of its transformation products. The presence of hard alloy carbides results in excellent abrasion resistance and, consequently, these alloys are commonly used for materials handling in the mining and minerals processing industries. Alloy content, solidification parameters, and thermal processing can dramatically alter the microstructure that is produced, and this in turn can influence the properties and hence performance of white iron alloys during service. This review outlines the development of the microstructure in high chromium white irons through solidification and thermal processing. The metallurgical effects of conventional processing techniques are discussed, and advances in aspects such as alloying and cryogenic treatments covered. The results of laboratory abrasion tests are summarised, and the effect of microstructure on the wear properties are discussed. The toughness and impact resistance of white cast irons, which are often thought to represent a limiting factor in their use, is reviewed, with particular regard given to the effects of microstructural constituents.

The wear of metals by hard abrasives

1967-07-01

Rex Richardson

Mechanisms of sliding wear of metals and alloys at elevated temperatures

2007-12-06

A. Pauschitz , Manish Roy , F. Franek

Cryogenic treatment to augment wear resistance of tool and die steels

2001-03-01

D. Mohan Lal , S. Renganarayanan , A. Kalanidhi

Solidification structure and abrasion resistance of high chromium white irons

1997-06-01

Ömer Doğan , Jeffrey A. Hawk , G. Laird

Effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of 4340 steel

2007-02-06

Saeed Zhirafar , Ahmad Rezaeian , Martin Pugh

The effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of AISI420 martensitic stainless steel

2011-01-01

Alireza Nasery Isfahany , H. Saghafian , Gholam Hossein Borhani

Overview no. 55 Wear-Mechanism maps

1987-01-01

S.C. Lim , M. F. Ashby

Cryogenic machining of hard-to-cut materials

2000-04-01

Z.Y. Wang , K. P. Rajurkar

Wear by hard particles

1998-10-01

K.‐H. Zum Gahr

A phenomenological theory for plastic deformation of polycrystalline metals

1970-06-01

E. W. Hart

An experimental and theoretical investigation of ploughing, cutting and wedge formation during abrasive wear

1988-02-01

Kazuo Hokkirigawa , Kazumi Kato

The effect of microstructure on abrasive wear of hardfacing alloys

2005-05-24

M. Buchely , Juliana Gutiérrez , L. M. León +1 more

Iron and its dilute substitutional solid solutions

1972-01-01

W. C. Leslie

Wear-mode mapping for the micro-scale abrasion test

2003-04-25

Koshi Adachi , IM Hutchings

Role of Eta-carbide Precipitations in the Wear Resistance Improvements of Fe-12Cr-Mo-V-1.4C Tool Steel by Cryogenic Treatment.

1994-01-01

Fanju Meng , Kohsuke TAGASHIRA , Ryo Azuma +1 more

The wear resistance of an Fe-12.2wt%Cr-0.84wt%Mo-0.43wt%V-1.44wt%C alloy tool steel after cold treatment at 223K (subzero treatment) and after cryogenic treatment 93K (ultra-subzero treatment) has been investigated. The wear resistance of … The wear resistance of an Fe-12.2wt%Cr-0.84wt%Mo-0.43wt%V-1.44wt%C alloy tool steel after cold treatment at 223K (subzero treatment) and after cryogenic treatment 93K (ultra-subzero treatment) has been investigated. The wear resistance of steels after cryogenic treatment is superior to that after cold treatment. The effects of cryogenic treatment on the microstructure were also studied by means of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy methods. Unlike cold treatment, cryogenic treatment improves the preferential precipitation of fine η-carbides instead of ε-carbides. These fine carbide particles enhance the strength and thoughness of the martensite matrix and then increase the wear resistance. The formation mechanism of fine η-carbide is discussed.

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Microstructure of cryogenic treated M2 tool steel

2003-01-01

Jianyu Huang , Yanqing Zhu , Xiaozhou Liao +3 more

Steels for bearings

2011-06-30

H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia

Welding with high power fiber lasers – A preliminary study

2006-03-23

L. Quintino , André Pontes da Costa , R.M. Miranda +3 more

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Solidification of high speed steels

2001-02-01

Mário Boccalini Júnior , Hélio Goldenstein

High speed steels are ferrous based alloys of the Fe–C–X multicomponent system where X represents a group of alloying elements comprising mainly Cr, W or Mo, V, and Co. These … High speed steels are ferrous based alloys of the Fe–C–X multicomponent system where X represents a group of alloying elements comprising mainly Cr, W or Mo, V, and Co. These steels are mainly used for cutting tools, since they are characterised by their capacity to retain a high level of hardness while cutting metals at high speed. The as cast microstructure of high speed steels consists of dendrites surrounded by a more or less continuous interdendritic network of eutectic carbides. These are observed even under rapid cooling, at rates as high as 106 K s-1. The main features of the as cast microstructure are the distribution and morphology of eutectic carbides, owing to their decisive influence on mechanical properties, and on the service performance of the high speed steels, even after hot working. Hence, the most important improvements on the as cast microstructure that have been obtained through progress in alloy design concern the type, morphology, and volume fraction of the eutectic carbides, while improvements obtained by progress in solidification processing are, on the other hand, mostly related to a significant reduction in the microstructure scale. The development of the microstructure in high speed steels through solidification is reviewed, emphasising the effects of the alloy chemical composition and of the cooling rate. The formation of the eutectic carbides and the techniques used to control their morphology and distribution, both under normal and rapid cooling, are discussed. Microstructures obtained through surface remelting and surface alloying using laser and electron beams are described, and the application of highly alloyed high speed steels to the manufacture of cast hot rolling mill rolls is reviewed.

A review of cryogenic cooling in machining processes

2008-02-06

Yakup Yıldız , Muammer Nalbant

A method for the determination of the coefficient of friction of metals under conditions of bulk plastic deformation

1966-05-01

Cryogenic manufacturing processes

2016-01-01

I.S. Jawahir , Helmi Attia , Dirk Biermann +7 more

�ber den Mechanismus der Stahlh�rtung

1930-05-01

G. Kurdjumow , G. Sachs

Metallurgical Effects at High Strain Rates

1973-01-01

R. W. Rohde , B.M. Butcher , J. R. Holland +1 more

Chromium, nickel and welding.

1990-01-01

Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys

1990-01-01

Joseph R. Davis , Lois A. Abel

Volume 1 addresses the selection and application of ferrous metals and alloys, including cast irons, carbon and low-alloy steels, tool steels, stainless steels, and nickel and cobalt-base superalloys. As the … Volume 1 addresses the selection and application of ferrous metals and alloys, including cast irons, carbon and low-alloy steels, tool steels, stainless steels, and nickel and cobalt-base superalloys. As the lead volume in the Handbook series, it lays the groundwork for understanding the hierarchical nature of metals and how to leverage the underlying process, structure, property, performance relationships that define them. The volume draws on the knowledge and insight of more than 200 experts with experience in materials-centric product design, manufacturing, and quality control. It contains more than 1,300 illustrations (photographs, charts, and graphs) and over 500 tables filled with alloy designation, composition, and mechanical and physical property data. For information on the print version of Volume 1, ISBN 978-0-87170-377-4, follow this link.

Metallography and Microstructures

2004-12-01

George F. Vander Voort

Volume 9 is a comprehensive guide to metallography and its application in product design and manufacturing. It provides detailed information on a wide range of metallographic techniques and how to … Volume 9 is a comprehensive guide to metallography and its application in product design and manufacturing. It provides detailed information on a wide range of metallographic techniques and how to interpret the microstructure and phase constituents commonly found in metals and alloys used throughout industry. It addresses composition, sample preparation, imaging technology, and analysis. It also explains what metallography and micrographs reveal about metallurgical processes, such as solidification and solid-state transformations, that drive microstructure development and influence material properties. The volume covers cast irons, carbon and low-alloy steels, tool steels, and stainless steels as well as aluminum, titanium, and precious-metal alloys. It also covers ceramics and cemented carbides, and examines special cases such as thermal spray coatings and powder metallurgy alloys. For information on the print version of Volume 9, ISBN 978-0-87170-706-2, follow this link.

Steel Heat Treatment

2006-09-28

George E. Totten

Revised! Steel Nomenclature A. Kumar Sinha, C. Wu, and G. Liu New! Classification and Mechanisms of Steel Transformation S.S. Babu Fundamental Concepts in Steel Heat Treatment A.V. Sverdlin and A.R. … Revised! Steel Nomenclature A. Kumar Sinha, C. Wu, and G. Liu New! Classification and Mechanisms of Steel Transformation S.S. Babu Fundamental Concepts in Steel Heat Treatment A.V. Sverdlin and A.R. Ness Effects of Alloying Elements on the Heat Treatment of Steel A.V. Sverdlin and A.R. Ness Hardenability B. Liscic' Steel Heat Treatment B. Liscic' Revised! Heat Treatment with Gaseous Atmospheres J. Grosch Revised! Nitriding Techniques, Ferritic Nitrocarburizing, Austenitic Nitrocarburizing Techniques and Methods D. Pye Quenching and Quenching Technology H.M. Tensi, A. Stich, and G.E. Totten New! Distortion of Heat-Treated Components G.E. Totten and M. Narazaki New! Tool Steels E. Essadiqi and G.E. Totten New! Stainless Steel Heat Treatment A.F. Padilha, R.L. Plaut, and R.R. Rios New! Heat Treatment of Powder Metallurgy Steel Components J.W. Newkirk and S.N. Thakur APPENDICES Common Conversion Constants Temperature Conversion Table Volume Conversion Table Hardness Conversion Tables: Hardened Steel and Hard Alloys Recommended MIL 6875 Specification Steel Heat Treatment Conditions Colors of Hardening and Tempering Heats Weight Tables For Steel Bars Round and Square Bars, Specific Gravity 7.85 Index

Cast Iron: Physical and Engineering Properties

1976-01-01

H. T. Angus

Wear of materials

1977-01-01

K. C. Ludema , William A. Glaeser , S.K. Rhee +1 more

Alloying: understanding the basics

2002-05-01

Davis Associates , Joseph R. Davis

Alloying: Understanding the Basics, is a comprehensive guide to the influence of alloy additions on mechanical properties, physical properties, corrosion and chemical behavior, and processing and manufacturing characteristics. The coverage … Alloying: Understanding the Basics, is a comprehensive guide to the influence of alloy additions on mechanical properties, physical properties, corrosion and chemical behavior, and processing and manufacturing characteristics. The coverage considers alloying, to include any addition of an element or compound that interacts with a base metal to influence properties. Thus, the book addresses the beneficial effects of major alloy additions, inoculants, dopants, grain refiners, and other elements that have been deliberately added to improve performance, as well as the detrimental effects of minor elements or residual (tramp) elements included in charge materials, or that result from improper melting or refining techniques. The content is presented in a concise, user-friendly format. Numerous figures and tables are provided. The coverage has been weighted to provide the most detailed information on the most industrially important materials. Contents include: Principles of alloying; Cast irons; Carbon and alloy steels; High-strength low-alloy steels; Tool steels; Maraging and high-fracture-toughness steels; Austenitic manganese steels; Stainless steels; Superalloys; Refractory metal alloys; Ordered intermetallics (nickel, iron, and titanium aluminides); Aluminum alloys; Titanium alloys; Magnesium alloys; Copper alloys; Nickel alloys; Zinc alloys; Tin alloys; Lead alloys; Cobalt alloys; Noble metal alloys; Special-purpose materials (cemented carbides, cermets, low-expansion alloys, electrical contact alloys, magnetic alloys); Index.

Optimization of Mechanical Properties of SCM 440 and SNCM 439 Alloy Steels

2025-06-24

Deuk-Ja Oh , H. D. Lee , Sung-Ki Lyu | Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers

Fracture resistance in hardfaced metal for continuous casting rollers and hot rolling mill work rolls

2025-06-24

L. K. Leshchinskiy , В. П. Иванов , Елена Лаврова +2 more | Metallurgist

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Dual-Phase 0.1C3Mn Steel Processed by Warm Deformation

2025-06-24

Yongkang Wang , Chenglu Liu , Qingquan Lai | Metals

In this study, we have explored the thermomechanical processing on 0.1C3Mn steel to produce an ultrafine-grained (UFG) dual-phase (DP) microstructure. The composition was designed to allow a decrease in temperature … In this study, we have explored the thermomechanical processing on 0.1C3Mn steel to produce an ultrafine-grained (UFG) dual-phase (DP) microstructure. The composition was designed to allow a decrease in temperature for the warm deformation of austenite. It was found that the warm deformation of austenite induced a dramatic ferrite transformation, in contrast to the absence of the formation of ferrite in the well-annealed state. Compression by 60% at 650 °C resulted in the generation of a UFG-DP microstructure with a ferrite grain size of 1.4 μm and a ferrite volume fraction of 62%. The UFG-DP 0.1C3Mn steel presents a good combination of strength, ductility and fracture resistance, and the fracture strain of the UFG-DP is higher than the as-quenched low-carbon martensite. The high fracture strain of the UFG-DP could be attributed to delayed void nucleation and constrained void growth, as revealed by the quantitative X-ray tomography.

Investigation of the effects of shallow and deep cryogenic treatment on the mechanical and microstructural properties of AISI 431 martensitic stainless steel

2025-06-24

Emre Yıldız , Nursel Altan Özbek | Ironmaking & Steelmaking Processes Products and Applications

This study aimed to determine the effects of cryogenic treatment to increase the hardness, wear resistance, and tensile strength of AISI 431 martensitic stainless steel. After austenitizing, quenching, and tempering, … This study aimed to determine the effects of cryogenic treatment to increase the hardness, wear resistance, and tensile strength of AISI 431 martensitic stainless steel. After austenitizing, quenching, and tempering, the steel samples were subjected to shallow cryogenic treatment at −80 °C and deep cryogenic treatment at −180 °C. Samples were cryopreserved for 12 and 24 h in each case. Following these processes, a tempering heat treatment was applied at 200 °C for 120 min. Experimental results revealed that cryogenic treatment positively affected the mechanical properties of AISI 431 steel. Samples that underwent a 24-h deep cryogenic treatment, however, yielded the best mechanical characteristics. Wear resistance was most significantly affected by cryogenic treatment. Compared to the sample with only conventional hardening, the wear rate of the sample with deep cryogenic treatment for 24 h was 82% lower. Between shallow and deep cryogenic treatment types, samples treated with deep cryogenic treatment exhibited superior properties. In both species, longer cryogenic treatment holding time resulted in greater improvement in mechanical properties. Deep cryogenic treatment for 24 h provided approximately 5.61%, 7.49% and 1.75% increase in hardness, yield strength and tensile strength, respectively. In addition, cryogenic treatment has been shown to effectively reduce residual austenite, providing more homogeneous carbide distribution and new carbide precipitation.

Microstructures, mechanical properties, and hot deformation behavior of borides reinforced high-modulus steels

2025-06-24

Yinghua Jiang , Yun Han , Huasai Liu +2 more | MRS Communications

Realizing Enormous Grain Refinement Together with Vanadium Carbides Dispersion After Carburization of Ferritic Fe–4-Wt Pct V Alloy

2025-06-23

Anupama Kashyap , B. Vishwanadh , Vishal Singh +1 more | Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A

The Effect of the Burnishing Process on the Strain Rate and State Stress in Hollow Steel Tubes

2025-06-22

T. Dyl , Wioletta Kuśmierska-Matyszczak | Metals

In this paper, we propose the use of burnishing internal cylindrical surfaces with a hard tool in a mandrel shape. The burnishing force is exerted mainly by the press slide, … In this paper, we propose the use of burnishing internal cylindrical surfaces with a hard tool in a mandrel shape. The burnishing force is exerted mainly by the press slide, which has pushing properties, moving the burnisher through the hollow tube. The burnishing of hollow surfaces is used as the finishing step for elements such as tubes. The purpose of using the burnishing method may be, for example, to increase the smoothness and accuracy of the object, for the improvement of its functional and operational properties, for economic reasons, or to increase its resistance to corrosion and fatigue. The depth of plastic deformation and the accuracy of processing are the main differences in the machining effects for individual burnishing methods. The selection of the burnishing conditions depends on the method of exerting pressure from the burnishing elements on the machined surface, which can be elastic or rigid. Computer simulations of the burnishing process were performed in FORGE® NxT 2.1 software. A numerical analysis was performed using a three-dimensional triangular mesh. The theoretical and experimental research was determined to have very good compatibility, as determined by the numerically calculated results and by the mean deviation of residual stress method. This research analyzed the stress and strain state after the burnishing process, and a depth of deformation of approximately 20 μm to 30 μm in the material was determined.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of Residual Stress in Heavy Machine Tool Crossbeam Casting During Demolding

2025-06-20

Jingfan Cheng , Yi‐Qi Zhang , Dunming Liao | Metals

This study investigates a heavy-duty CNC machine tool crossbeam casting manufactured by a leading heavy machine tool producer. A numerical simulation model for the demolding process was developed using proprietary … This study investigates a heavy-duty CNC machine tool crossbeam casting manufactured by a leading heavy machine tool producer. A numerical simulation model for the demolding process was developed using proprietary Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) software. The experimental validation of the residual stress was performed using the blind-hole method on the guide rail mounting surface. The simulation results were compared with experimental data, revealing that the post-demolding simulations exhibited smaller fluctuations than the pre-demolding predictions. The maximum principal stress prediction resulted in an absolute error of 11.8%, effectively reflecting the residual stress distribution for casting design and production optimization.

Effect of Tempering Process on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Wear Resistance of High-Speed Steel

2025-06-19

Wanjun Yan , Lei Naiyi , Min Ling +2 more | Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance

Using EAMR Method to Find Best Input Parameters for PMEDM SKD11 Tool Steel

2025-06-19

Tran Ngoc Giang | Deleted Journal

The paper shows the findings of a study that utilized Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) to determine the best input parameters for machining cylindrical parts made of SKD11 tool steel using Powder-Mixed … The paper shows the findings of a study that utilized Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) to determine the best input parameters for machining cylindrical parts made of SKD11 tool steel using Powder-Mixed Electrical Discharge Machining (PMEDM). The experiment consisted of six input elements: Powder concentration (Cp), powder size (Sp), pulse on time (Ton), pulse off time (Toff), pulse current (IP), and servo voltage (SV). Moreover, the Taguchi methodology was utilized for the experimental design. The EAMR methodology was utilized to address the MCDM problem, employing the Entropy method for estimating the criteria weights. The objective was to achieve a high rate of material removal speed (MRS) while limiting the rate of electrode wear (EWR). The solution for the MCDM problem in the PMEDM of cylindrically shaped components was found based on the discovered results.

In Situ Monitoring of Retained Austenite Decomposition During Tempering of High-Strength Tool Steels

2025-06-19

M. Dumont , Maha Messaadi Ben Said , Marine Lachal +7 more | Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A

Microstructure and Wear Properties of Titanium-Alloyed Gray Irons

2025-06-18

Kittirat Worakhut , A. Wanalerkngam , Sarum Boonmee +1 more | International Journal of Metalcasting

Study on Strengthening and Toughening of Intercritical Rolling Followed by Bainite Isothermal Treatment Steel

2025-06-18

Shengguo Ma , Tian Yaqiang , Licheng Liu +4 more | Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance

The Influence of Heat Treatment of High-Strength Steels on the Change of Tribological Properties by the Ball on Flat Method

2025-06-16

Jana Escherová , Michal Krbaťa , Patrik Klučiar +4 more | Key engineering materials

Advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) have their current applications directed mainly to the automotive industry, where they use modern metallurgical techniques to develop microstructures with retained austenite, which leads to an … Advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) have their current applications directed mainly to the automotive industry, where they use modern metallurgical techniques to develop microstructures with retained austenite, which leads to an improvement in the combination of strength and ductility through transformation-induced-plasticity (TRIP). The main priority of the research work will be a detailed examination and optimization of the heat treatment parameters of medium-manganese steels, specifically by the Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) method and the expansion of experimental data related to the increase of wear resistance of these materials. The issue of the application of medium-manganese high-strength AHSS steels in the field of tribology is currently very relevant. Mid-manganese AHSS steels, which show significant wear resistance, have the potential to replace traditional Hadfield Mn steels that contain 10-14 wt. % manganese. With the help of specifically designed heating and cooling cycles, it is possible to improve their wear resistance through metastable retained austenite, which has significant potential in demanding industrial environments. This scientific study examines the possibilities of increasing the economic efficiency of the production and use of AHSS steels in various industrial areas and at the same time reducing costs compared to expensive wear-resistant steels. A key aspect of the research is the experimental evaluation of heat treatment optimization to maximize resistance to mechanical damage and extend the life of materials in various applications.

Effect of Quenching Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of Forged High-Boron Steel

2025-06-16

Wang Han , Wan Zhandong , Huang Longxiao +3 more | Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance

A NEW METHOD OF CARBURIZING THE SURFACE OF STEEL PRODUCTS USING A SPECIAL PASTE BY ARGON ARC WELDING

2025-06-14

К. В. Макаренко , Александр Вдовин , Aleksandr Ukrinchev +3 more | Transport engineering

The paper proposes a new method for surface hardening of steel products using argon arc welding and carburizing pastes based on welding flux and graphite powder. Various compositions of pastes … The paper proposes a new method for surface hardening of steel products using argon arc welding and carburizing pastes based on welding flux and graphite powder. Various compositions of pastes are studied, varying the ratio of components in order to optimize the structure and properties (hardness) of the surface layer. The microstructures, chemical composition and hardness of the deposited layer are analyzed. It is found out that optimal paste compositions ensure the formation of carbide structures in the surface layer, which significantly increases hardness. The greatest efficiency is achieved when using pastes with high graphite content, where a finely dispersed structure is formed with a uniform distribution of reinforcing carbide phases. The hardness of the surface layer reaches 49 HRC, which makes the proposed technology promising for use in mechanical engineering. The developed method is superior to traditional hardening methods such as chemical heat treatment, in particular, carburization, due to the faster formation of hardening high-carbon phases. A patent of the Russian Federation is obtained for the developed paste composition for a new method of carburization. The proposed method of surface carburization can be used to harden parts subjected to high loads and wear, which contributes to an increase in their performance and service life of parts. The study objective: to develop a new method for carburizing the surface of steel products by means of argon arc welding using carburizing pastes and to optimize the composition of the paste developed to ensure an optimal surface layer structure. The task: to develop a new method for carburizing the surface of steel products by argon-arc welding using special carburizing pastes to increase the hardness and operational properties of the surface layer of steel parts. Research methods: 1) Preparation of pastes from welding flux and graphite; 2) Argon arc welding of steel samples; 3) Analysis of microstructure, hardness and chemical composition; 4) Quality control of the reinforced layer. The novelty of the work: 1) A new method of hardening using argon arc welding and special pastes. 2) Optimized paste compositions ensure surface carburization during argon arc welding and, as a result, high hardness. 3) The technology is faster and more efficient than traditional methods of carburization, which can be presented as an alternative to the proposed method. The study results: 1) Carburizing pastes of compositions No.3-No.5 presented in the paper ensure the production of carbide structures with high hardness; 2) The highest hardness (49 HRC) is achieved with paste No.5 containing graphite powder and welding flux in a ratio of 80/20%; 3) The absence of defects as various discontinuities in the deposited layer. Conclusion: The developed argon arc welding method for carburizing the surface of steel parts using special pastes is effective for hardening steel products, its use ensures high hardness of the surface layer of parts.

Enhancing wear performance: the role of in situ TiC formation in austenitic high-Mn steel under dry reciprocating wear conditions

2025-06-13

Abhinav Karanam , Lava Kumar Pillari , A.R. Kennedy +2 more | Journal of Materials Science

Tensile Properties Over a Wide Range of Strain Rates and Penetration Strength In Abrasion-Resistant Steel

2025-06-13

Tomohisa Kumagai , Hayato Tokunaga , Kazuma Suzuki +2 more | Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology

Abstract Evaluating the penetration resistance of steels is crucial to maintaining structural integrity. Abrasion-resistant (AR) steel, known for its high abrasion resistance and strength, is widely used in industries such … Abstract Evaluating the penetration resistance of steels is crucial to maintaining structural integrity. Abrasion-resistant (AR) steel, known for its high abrasion resistance and strength, is widely used in industries such as mining, construction, and heavy machinery. This study investigates the tensile properties and penetration resistance of Abrex400 steel with thicknesses of 6.2 mm and 9.0 mm. Tensile tests were conducted over a wide range of strain rates, including quasi-static (10-4-10-2 s-1), dynamic (10-1-102 s-1) and impact (around 6.5&#215;102 s-1) conditions, to determine the stress-strain relationship and fracture strain. Penetration tests involved driving a solid cylindrical projectile into steel plates at various speeds to assess their resistance to penetration, cracking, and deformation. The results revealed that the stress-strain curves slightly depend on the strain rate, with the ultimate tensile strength increasing as the strain rate increases. The penetration tests identified the ballistic limit velocity for 6.2 mm and 9.0 mm AR-steel plates. The study concludes that the Ballistic Research Laboratory equation, commonly used to predict ballistic limit velocity, underestimated the experimental values, suggesting a need for adjustment in the material constant for AR-steel

2037-LB: Considerations for Calculating and Reporting CGM Wear-Time in Research Settings

2025-06-13

EMMA STRATON , Shideh Majidi , AMANDA G. PERKINS +3 more | Diabetes

Introduction and Objective: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) wear-time is an important metric in both clinical and research settings, as greater wear-time is associated with improved glycemic outcomes. The International Consensus … Introduction and Objective: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) wear-time is an important metric in both clinical and research settings, as greater wear-time is associated with improved glycemic outcomes. The International Consensus on CGM Metrics for Clinical Trials recommends including percent wear-time when reporting CGM data. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no standardized method for calculating CGM wear-time. Even within the same platform, wear-time can be reported in multiple ways, leading to potential inconsistencies in data reporting and interpretation. Methods: Sixty youth with type 1 diabetes and &lt;75% CGM use were enrolled in a behavioral intervention trial to improve CGM use (92% racially minoritized; 72% public insurance). CGM wear-time over a 90-day period was assessed using 3 different metrics: (1) % of days with CGM data (2) % of time the CGM was active, based on the Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP); and due to observed discrepancies between options 1 and 2, (3) calculated wear time as % total available CGM readings/maximum possible. Bivariate correlations examined relationships among the 3 metrics. Data on 170 90-day timepoints (baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months) were available across all trial participants. Results: The % of days with CGM data showed a very strong correlation with the calculated wear-time (r=.995), whereas the AGP % active had only a moderate correlation with the calculated wear-time (r=.592). Similarly, the days with CGM data and the AGP % active were moderately correlated (r=.587, all p&lt;.05). Conclusion: Findings highlight differences in reported CGM wear-time across the 3 metrics, with days with CGM data and calculated wear-time demonstrating a strong correlation. These differences may be more pronounced among individuals with lower wear-time, such as those enrolled in this trial. Standardized guidelines are needed to ensure consistency in CGM wear-time reporting and interpretation across clinical trials. Disclosure E. Straton: None. S. Majidi: Speaker's Bureau; Sanofi. A.G. Perkins: Research Support; Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc, Dexcom, Inc. J. Barber: Stock/Shareholder; Boston Scientific Corporation, UnitedHealth Group, AbbVie Inc. C.H. Wang: None. R. Streisand: None. Funding National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK131026)

Experimental and Simulation Research Progress on the Solidification Structure Evolution of High Chromium Cast Iron

2025-06-13

Longxiao Huang , Yang Liu , Hanguang Fu | Metals

High-chromium cast irons (HCCIs) have emerged as preferred materials for critical wear-resistant components operating under extreme conditions, owing to their excellent wear resistance, low cost, and good castability. They are … High-chromium cast irons (HCCIs) have emerged as preferred materials for critical wear-resistant components operating under extreme conditions, owing to their excellent wear resistance, low cost, and good castability. They are widely used in metallurgy, energy, and mechanical engineering industries. The evolution of solidification microstructure directly governs the final properties of HCCIs, making the in-depth investigation of their solidification behavior of great significance. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent experimental and simulation-based advances in understanding the solidification microstructure evolution of HCCIs. The effects of alloy composition, cooling rate, and inoculation treatments on microstructure development and phase distribution during solidification are critically analyzed. Furthermore, the application of simulation techniques—including thermodynamic modeling, phase-field method, cellular automata, and finite element analysis—is discussed in detail, highlighting their roles in revealing the mechanisms of microstructural evolution. Finally, the current challenges and potential future research directions in the study of the solidification behavior of high-chromium cast irons are outlined.

Structure Characteristics of Si/Si-Mo Ductile Irons Solidified on a Metallic Chill

2025-06-13

Iuliana Stan , Denisa-Elena Anca , Mihai Chişamera +2 more | Archives of Foundry Engineering

The present work focuses on the structure characteristics of three un-inoculated ductile cast irons (0.035-0.045%Mgres), at high content of Si and Mo (I. 4.55%Si/4.71%CE; II. 5.25%Si/5.05%CE; III. 4.80%Si-2.30%Mo/4.75%CE) solidified on … The present work focuses on the structure characteristics of three un-inoculated ductile cast irons (0.035-0.045%Mgres), at high content of Si and Mo (I. 4.55%Si/4.71%CE; II. 5.25%Si/5.05%CE; III. 4.80%Si-2.30%Mo/4.75%CE) solidified on a cast iron chill, in furan resin sand moulds. At 4.55%Si iron, there resulted a chilled zone at 6-8mm, with carbides presence, lower graphite amount, higher nodule count and ferrite amount. Si increasing up to 5.25%Si led to a limited affected surface zone (up to 3mm), characterised by no carbides and the highest nodule count. Mo addition led to the most extensive chilled zone (11-15mm), with the lowest amount of graphite and ferrite, and the highest carbides amount, at the lowest nodule count. All irons are characterised by Type V, slightly irregular spheroidal graphite morphology, typical for the Roundness Shape Factor RSF=0.62-0.75 range, at the highest position for I, intermediary for II and at the lowest position for III cast irons. A higher Graphite Nodularity (NG) level resulted when it was calculated according to ISO 16112:2017 [CGI], comparing to ISO 945-4-2019 [DI]. By the use of the Sphericity Shape Factor (with graphite real perimeter), an intermediary position of NG was obtained; it is recommended to avoid the castings rejection, due to the lower values of NG resulted from ISO 945-4-2019 stipulation for High-Si DI. The increase of Si negatively affected the nodularity, while the supplementary Mo alloying led to the lowest NG. The chill solidification appears to have less effect on the NG of 4.55%Si iron, with the maximum influence for 4.8%Si-2.3%Mo iron and by the imposed RSF=min.0.80, especially for 5.25%Si content.

Experimental Comparison of 90MnCrV8 and X153CrMoV12 Steels in MN Knife Mill for Wear Reduction

2025-06-12

Michal Krbaťa , Marcel Kohutiar , Jana Escherová +5 more | Materials science forum

In this paper, the steels used in MN knife mills, which are used for plastic recycling, are investigated. 90MnCrV8 steel is commonly used in these mills, which will be replaced … In this paper, the steels used in MN knife mills, which are used for plastic recycling, are investigated. 90MnCrV8 steel is commonly used in these mills, which will be replaced by X153CrMoV12 steel. The main goal of the presented contribution is to perform tribological tests and verify the wear rate of both steels experimentally with subsequent practical verification in the knife mill MN. Partial results relate to the analysis of hardness, roughness, and overall wear mechanism. A hardened steel ball of material G40 with a diameter of 4.76 mm was used as the contact material. The steel ball performed reciprocal linear motion on the surface of the experimental materials at room temperature and without the use of lubrication. The measurements were carried out in three-time intervals of 20, 30 and 40 min. The experimental material X153CrMoV12 can fully replace the material 90MnCrV8 in processes where its degradation occurs due to the friction mechanism. The material X153CrMoV12 showed significantly better results in all the values we measured. It can be expected that the knife in the MN knife mill made of X153CrMoV12 steel will last several times longer in the working environment, which was also proven by practical verification in production.

Optimizing tribological performance of medium manganese steel: The synergistic effects of cold rolling and load variations

2025-06-12

Shaoping Bi , Xiaohua Wei , Jianliang Xu +2 more | Surface Review and Letters

BARK ABRASION EVALUATION ON BIRCH (BETULA SPP.) ROUND TIMBER BY USING MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHM

2025-06-11

Jānis Magaznieks , Mareks Millers | Environment Technology Resources Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference

Birch has an exceedingly high potential from the point of view of cultivation, respectively, now in Latvia more and more new factories are being opened that produce birch plywood and … Birch has an exceedingly high potential from the point of view of cultivation, respectively, now in Latvia more and more new factories are being opened that produce birch plywood and the demand for birch round timber is increasing every year. Latvian legislation, as well as business relations between different trading parties, require accurate determination of the volume of round timber without bark. Automatic measuring devices mainly determine the diameter with bark and then reduce it using bark algorithms. Machine learning has great potential in labour shortage. During machine learning, a computerized system could analyse large amounts of data and diverse properties [1]. Convolutional neural network can ensure the system's resistance to image defects due to various types of lighting conditions, image shifts and changes in their shapes, which can be caused by the characteristics of the camera lens [2]. One of the tasks of timber measurement process is to assess the amount of bark abrasion, as well as the thickness of the bark. Within the framework of the project, we have investigated the possibilities of determining the area of bark abrasion of round timber using machine learning algorithms. To assess the accuracy of the model, we have randomly selected 90 round timber samples from the system, which have been marked by a timber scaler in a computer program, as well as the computer program itself. On software with image processing and analysis capabilities, visual data of the side surface of round timber were evaluated, manually assessing the areas of bark abrasion. The obtained results were compared with the bark mass obtained using the prepared computer vision algorithm. Machine learning algorithm, on average, calculates smaller bark mass – 76 %, compared to the manually obtained results – 84 %. Bark abrasions and most of the remaining bark can be assessed without difficulty for round timber with a darker and more crusty bark, for example, for cuts prepared from the thick end of the trunk. For birch round timber with a white colour, in some cases, part of the white colour is perceived as bark abrasion and, therefore, a smaller majority of remaining bark is assessed. To assess the volume of round timber without bark, the proportion of bark must be assessed, which must be calculated from the total volume of the measured diameter with bark. When assessing the coincidence of the determined bark types, it can be observed that the bark type according to the computer vision algorithm coincides in 79 % of cases with the bark type obtained after manual processing of visual data.

Investigating the potential of austempering for cold work steels: a comparative study on DIN 1.2379 tool steel

2025-06-10

Fatih Hayati Çakır , Ferhat Cerıtbınmez | Sadhana

Correction to: Microstructure optimization of cold sprayed M2052 alloy using post-processing heat treatment for tailoring damping capacity

2025-06-04

Long Chen , Liying Sun , Puguang Ji +7 more | Rare Metals

Wear performance of steel plough tips on high-speed hydraulic turning ploughs

2025-06-02

Qiang Yao , Xiaorui Han , Mingjian Li +3 more | Biosystems Engineering