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Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science

Insect Utilization and Effects

Works Count: 36322

Description

This cluster of papers explores the potential of edible insects as a sustainable source of food and feed, addressing topics such as nutritional composition, environmental impact, consumer acceptance, waste management, and their role in ensuring food security. It covers a wide range of research on insect farming, sustainability, and the use of insects as a protein source for both human and animal consumption.

Keywords

Edible Insects; Food Security; Animal Feed; Nutritional Composition; Environmental Impact; Insect Farming; Sustainability; Consumer Acceptance; Waste Management; Protein Source

The colours of animals : their meaning and use, especially considered in the case of insects

1890-01-01
Edward Bagnall Poulton
I have to thank the Councils of various scientific societies for the courteous I have to thank the Councils of various scientific societies for the courteous
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Drosophila: A laboratory handbook

1990-11-01
Michael Ashburner

Mosquito Sugar Feeding and Reproductive Energetics

1995-01-01
Woodbridge A. Foster
With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species … With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species are eaten worldwide, mainly in ...Read More

Rethinking international trade

1996-12-01
Paúl Krugman
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Techniques for Rearing Laboratory Colonies of Tobacco Hornworms and Pink Bollworms1

1976-03-15
Robert A. Bell , F. G. Joachim
Larval tobacco hornworms, Manduca sexta (L.), were individually reared in polystyrene containers on an artificial diet. The developmental period (egg to adult) was completed in ca. 40 days at 26° … Larval tobacco hornworms, Manduca sexta (L.), were individually reared in polystyrene containers on an artificial diet. The developmental period (egg to adult) was completed in ca. 40 days at 26° C, which allowed production of 9 generations/year. Weights of the 5th stage larvae and pupae ranged from 7.5-9 g and 4.0-5.5 g, respectively. Survival of the immature stages ranged from 94-97%. Cage populations of 50-70 pairs of adults yielded 5000+ eggs/day when night temperatures were maintained at 26-28°C. From 1000-5000 hornworms were produced each week at an estimated cost (excluding labor and overhead) of ca. 30/1000. Colonies of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), were also reared on the tobacco hornworm diet. The larvae were reared individually in polystyrene vials covered with polyethylene caps which prevented excessive drying of the larval diet even at low room humidities of 20-30%. Performance of the colony was as good as that of pink bollworms reared on other diets, and microbiol contamination was rarely encountered.

Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish: Past and future

2015-03-07
Morgane Henry , Laura Gasco , Giovanni Piccolo +1 more
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The psychology of eating insects: A cross-cultural comparison between Germany and China

2015-04-26
Christina Hartmann , Jing Shi , Alice Giusto +1 more

State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed

2014-07-27
H.P.S. Makkar , Gilles Tran , Valérie Heuzé +1 more

<i>Drosophila</i> Microbiome Modulates Host Developmental and Metabolic Homeostasis via Insulin Signaling

2011-11-03
Seung Chul Shin , Sunghee Kim , Hye Jin You +6 more
The symbiotic microbiota profoundly affect many aspects of host physiology; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying host-microbe cross-talk are largely unknown. Here, we show that the pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (PQQ-ADH) … The symbiotic microbiota profoundly affect many aspects of host physiology; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying host-microbe cross-talk are largely unknown. Here, we show that the pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (PQQ-ADH) activity of a commensal bacterium, Acetobacter pomorum, modulates insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) in Drosophila to regulate host homeostatic programs controlling developmental rate, body size, energy metabolism, and intestinal stem cell activity. Germ-free animals monoassociated with PQQ-ADH mutant bacteria displayed severe deregulation of developmental and metabolic homeostasis. Importantly, these defects were reversed by enhancing host IIS or by supplementing the diet with acetic acid, the metabolic product of PQQ-ADH.

BEHAVIORAL MUTANTS OF <i>Drosophila</i> ISOLATED BY COUNTERCURRENT DISTRIBUTION

1967-09-01
Seymour Benzer
Complex as it is, much of the vast network of cellular functions has been success- fully dissected, on a microscopic scale, by the use of mutants in which one element … Complex as it is, much of the vast network of cellular functions has been success- fully dissected, on a microscopic scale, by the use of mutants in which one element is altered at a time.A similar approach may be fruitful in tackling the complex structures and events underlying behavior, using behavioral mutations to indicate modifications of the nervous system.Drosophila offers the same advantages to such a study as it did to classical genetics, namely, large numbers and short generation time, to which may now be added an enormous store of accumulated knowledge concerning the organism.Containing about 105 neurons, the fly's nervous system is roughly halfway, on a logarithmic scale, between a single neuron and the human brain, and the fly is possessed of a rich repertoire of behavior.The considerable literature on Drosophila behavior since Carpenter's 1905 paper' has recently been re- viewed by Manning.2Multiple T-mazes and related devices have been used to fractionate populations according to their geotactic or phototactic responses, or spontaneous activity.3This was pioneered by Hirsch and his colleagues,3 who started with a genetically heterogeneous pool obtained by mixing diverse wild strains and showed that pro- gressive selection yields strains showing hereditary changes in behavior.Such selection depends upon the recombination and additive effects of multiple genes that can prove quite difficult to disentangle.Since it is now possible to produce very high mutation rates in Drosophila, one can, instead, use an inbred strain and isolate mutants in which a behavioral change occurs by a single step, so that direct relationships between individual genes and the nervous system may be investigated.The method described here for fractionating populations is analogous to counter- current distribution,7 an eminently effective method of separating molecules from a mixture by their partition between two solvent phases.Using, instead, the relative preference of an organism for two behavioral alternatives, one obtains rapid, simultaneous measurements on many subjects.The present paper describes the procedure and the isolation of mutants showing changes in phototactic behavior.
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The potential of various insect species for use as food for fish

2013-12-22
Fernando G. Barroso , Carolina de Haro , María José Sánchez‐Muros +3 more

Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores

2002-01-01
Mark D. Finke
Abstract A variety of invertebrates are commonly fed to insectivorous animals by both zoos and hobbyists, but information as to the nutrient composition of most commercially raised species is limited. … Abstract A variety of invertebrates are commonly fed to insectivorous animals by both zoos and hobbyists, but information as to the nutrient composition of most commercially raised species is limited. Adult house crickets, house cricket nymphs ( Acheta domesticus ), superworms ( Zophobas morio larvae), giant mealworm larvae, mealworm larvae and adult mealworms ( Tenebrio molitor ), waxworm larvae ( Galleria mellonella ), and silkworm larvae ( Bombyx mori ) were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins. Earthworms ( Lumbricus terresstris ) were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, ADF, NDF, minerals, amino acids, and vitamins A and D 3 . Proximate analyses were variable, with wide ranges found for moisture (57.9–83.6%), crude protein (9.3–23.7%), crude fat (1.6–24.9%), ADF (0.1–7.4%), NDF (0.0–11.5%), and ash (0.6–1.2%). Energy content ranged from a low of 674 kcal/kg for silkworms to 2,741 kcal/kg for waxworms.Using an amino acid scoring pattern for rats, the first limiting amino acid for all invertebrates tested was the total sulfur amino acid methionine+cystine. Deficiencies by nutrient (% of samples deficient vs. NRC requirements for rats on a dry matter (DM) basis) were as follows: calcium (100%), vitamin D 3 (100%), vitamin A (89%), vitamin B 12 (75%), thiamin (63%), vitamin E (50%), iodine (44%), manganese (22%), methionine‐cystine (22%), and sodium (11%). Deficiencies by invertebrate species (number of nutrients deficient vs. the NRC requirements for rats on a DM basis) were as follows: waxworms (9), superworms (8), giant mealworm larvae (7), adult mealworms (6), mealworm larvae (5), adult house crickets (4), house cricket nymphs (4), silkworms (4), and earthworms (4). These data provide a basis for determining nutrient intake of captive insectivores, and will aid in the development of gut‐loading diets to provide captive insectivorous animals with appropriate levels of necessary nutrients. Zoo Biol 21:269–285, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Insect meal as renewable source of food for animal feeding: a review

2014-02-01
María José Sánchez‐Muros , Fernando G. Barroso , Francisco Manzano‐Agugliaro

When a turbot catches a fly: Evaluation of a pre-pupae meal of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as fish meal substitute — Growth performance and chitin degradation in juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima)

2012-09-04
Saskia Kröeckel , A. Harjes , I. Roth +4 more

Potential and challenges of insects as an innovative source for food and feed production

2012-11-24
Birgit A. Rumpold , Oliver Schlüter

The use of fly larvae for organic waste treatment

2014-10-29
Helena Čičková , G. L. Newton , Robert C. Lacy +1 more

Environmental Impact of the Production of Mealworms as a Protein Source for Humans – A Life Cycle Assessment

2012-12-19
D.G.A.B. Oonincx , I.J.M. de Boer
The demand for animal protein is expected to rise by 70–80% between 2012 and 2050, while the current animal production sector already causes major environmental degradation. Edible insects are suggested … The demand for animal protein is expected to rise by 70–80% between 2012 and 2050, while the current animal production sector already causes major environmental degradation. Edible insects are suggested as a more sustainable source of animal protein. However, few experimental data regarding environmental impact of insect production are available. Therefore, a lifecycle assessment for mealworm production was conducted, in which greenhouse gas production, energy use and land use were quantified and compared to conventional sources of animal protein. Production of one kg of edible protein from milk, chicken, pork or beef result in higher greenhouse gas emissions, require similar amounts of energy and require much more land. This study demonstrates that mealworms should be considered a more sustainable source of edible protein.
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Nutrition, ecology and nutritional ecology: toward an integrated framework

2009-01-16
David Raubenheimer , Stephen J. Simpson , David Mayntz
Summary 1. The science of nutritional ecology spans a wide range of fields, including ecology, nutrition, behaviour, morphology, physiology, life history and evolutionary biology. But does nutritional ecology have a … Summary 1. The science of nutritional ecology spans a wide range of fields, including ecology, nutrition, behaviour, morphology, physiology, life history and evolutionary biology. But does nutritional ecology have a unique theoretical framework and research program and thus qualify as a field of research in its own right? 2. We suggest that the distinctive feature of nutritional ecology is its integrative nature, and that the field would benefit from more attention to formalizing a theoretical and quantitative framework for developing this. 3. Such a framework, we propose, should satisfy three minimal requirements: it should be nutritionally explicit, organismally explicit, and ecologically explicit. 4. We evaluate against these criteria four existing frameworks (Optimal Foraging Theory, Classical Insect Nutritional Ecology, the Geometric Framework for nutrition, and Ecological Stoichiometry), and conclude that each needs development with respect to at least one criterion. 5. We end with an initial attempt at assessing the expansion of our own contribution, the Geometric Framework, to better satisfy the criterion of ecological explicitness.

An Exploration on Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Production by Insect Species Suitable for Animal or Human Consumption

2010-12-29
D.G.A.B. Oonincx , Joost Van Itterbeeck , M.J.W. Heetkamp +3 more
Background Greenhouse gas (GHG) production, as a cause of climate change, is considered as one of the biggest problems society is currently facing. The livestock sector is one of the … Background Greenhouse gas (GHG) production, as a cause of climate change, is considered as one of the biggest problems society is currently facing. The livestock sector is one of the large contributors of anthropogenic GHG emissions. Also, large amounts of ammonia (NH3), leading to soil nitrification and acidification, are produced by livestock. Therefore other sources of animal protein, like edible insects, are currently being considered. Methodology/Principal Findings An experiment was conducted to quantify production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and average daily gain (ADG) as a measure of feed conversion efficiency, and to quantify the production of the greenhouse gases methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) as well as NH3 by five insect species of which the first three are considered edible: Tenebrio molitor, Acheta domesticus, Locusta migratoria, Pachnoda marginata, and Blaptica dubia. Large differences were found among the species regarding their production of CO2 and GHGs. The insects in this study had a higher relative growth rate and emitted comparable or lower amounts of GHG than described in literature for pigs and much lower amounts of GHG than cattle. The same was true for CO2 production per kg of metabolic weight and per kg of mass gain. Furthermore, also the production of NH3 by insects was lower than for conventional livestock. Conclusions/Significance This study therefore indicates that insects could serve as a more environmentally friendly alternative for the production of animal protein with respect to GHG and NH3 emissions. The results of this study can be used as basic information to compare the production of insects with conventional livestock by means of a life cycle analysis.
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Evolution of Oviposition Behavior and Host Preference in Lepidoptera

1991-01-01
John N. Thompson , Olle Pellmyr
With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species … With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species are eaten worldwide, mainly in ...Read More

Profiling consumers who are ready to adopt insects as a meat substitute in a Western society

2014-07-18
Wim Verbeke
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Feeding Behavior, Natural Food, and Nutritional Relationships of Larval Mosquitoes

1992-01-01
Richard W. Merritt , R. H. Dadd , Edward D. Walker
With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species … With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species are eaten worldwide, mainly in ...Read More

Drosophila: a laboratory manual

1990-01-01
Michael Ashburner

Conversion of organic material by black soldier fly larvae: establishing optimal feeding rates

2009-06-05
Stefan Diener , Christian Zurbrügg , Klement Tockner
Larvae of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), are voracious feeders of organic material and may thus be used in simple engineered systems to reduce organic waste in … Larvae of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), are voracious feeders of organic material and may thus be used in simple engineered systems to reduce organic waste in low- and middle-income countries. Controlled feeding experiments with standard fodder were conducted to assess the optimum amount of organic waste to be added to a CORS system (Conversion of Organic Refuse by Saprophages). A daily feeding rate of 100 mg chicken feed (60% moisture content) per larva resulted in an optimum trade-off between material reduction efficiency (41.8%, SE 0.61) and biomass production (prepupal dry weight: 48.0 mg, SE 2.0). Applied to market waste and human faeces, this corresponds to a potential daily feeding capacity of 3—5 kg/m 2 and 6.5 kg/m 2 , respectively. In addition, H. illucens prepupae quality was assessed to determine their suitability to substitute fishmeal in animal feed production. The chitin-corrected crude protein content ranged from 28.2 to 42.5%, depending on the amount of food provided to the larvae. Based on our study, a waste processing unit could yield a daily prepupal biomass of 145 g (dry mass) per m 2 . We conclude that larvae of the black soldier fly are potentially capable of converting large amounts of organic waste into protein-rich biomass to substitute fishmeal, thereby contributing to sustainable aquaculture.

Edible Insects in a Food Safety and Nutritional Perspective: A Critical Review

2013-04-08
Simone Belluco , Carmen Losasso , Michela Maggioletti +3 more
Abstract Increasing world population worsens the serious problem of food security in developing countries. On the other hand in industrialized countries, where the problem of food security is of minor … Abstract Increasing world population worsens the serious problem of food security in developing countries. On the other hand in industrialized countries, where the problem of food security is of minor concern, health problems related to food refer to 2 main factors: food safety and environmental sustainability of food production. For these reasons, new ways must be found to increase yields while preserving food quality, natural habitats, and biodiversity. Insects could be of great interest as a possible solution due to their capability to satisfy 2 different requirements: (i) they are an important source of protein and other nutrients; (ii) their use as food has ecological advantages over conventional meat and, in the long run, economic benefits. However, little is known on the food safety side and this can be of critical importance to meet society's approval, especially if people are not accustomed to eating insects. This paper aims to collect information in order to evaluate how insects could be safely used as food and to discuss nutritional data to justify why insect food sources can no longer be neglected. Legislative issues will also be discussed.

Nutritional composition and safety aspects of edible insects

2013-03-08
Birgit A. Rumpold , Oliver Schlüter
Insects, a traditional food in many parts of the world, are highly nutritious and especially rich in proteins and thus represent a potential food and protein source. A compilation of … Insects, a traditional food in many parts of the world, are highly nutritious and especially rich in proteins and thus represent a potential food and protein source. A compilation of 236 nutrient compositions in addition to amino acid spectra and fatty acid compositions as well as mineral and vitamin contents of various edible insects as derived from literature is given and the risks and benefits of entomophagy are discussed. Although the data were subject to a large variation, it could be concluded that many edible insects provide satisfactorily with energy and protein, meet amino acid requirements for humans, are high in MUFA and/or PUFA, and rich in several micronutrients such as copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorous, selenium, and zinc as well as riboflavin, pantothenic acid, biotin, and in some cases folic acid. Liabilities of entomophagy include the possible content of allergenic and toxic substances as well as antinutrients and the presence of pathogens. More data are required for a thorough assessment of the nutritional potential of edible insects and proper processing and decontamination methods have to be developed to ensure food safety.
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Potential of Insects as Food and Feed in Assuring Food Security

2012-09-30
A. van Huis
With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species … With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species are eaten worldwide, mainly in developing countries. They constitute quality food and feed, have high feed conversion ratios, and emit low levels of greenhouse gases. Some insect species can be grown on organic side streams, reducing environmental contamination and transforming waste into high-protein feed that can replace increasingly more expensive compound feed ingredients, such as fish meal. This requires the development of cost-effective, automated mass-rearing facilities that provide a reliable, stable, and safe product. In the tropics, sustainable harvesting needs to be assured and rearing practices promoted, and in general, the food resource needs to be revalorized. In the Western world, consumer acceptability will relate to pricing, perceived environmental benefits, and the development of tasty insect-derived protein products.

Extraction and characterisation of protein fractions from five insect species

2013-06-06
Liya Yi , C.M.M. Lakemond , Leonard M.C. Sagis +3 more

Ultrastructure and Function of Insect Chemosensilla

1980-01-01
R. Y. Zacharuk

Biological And Integrated Pest Control In Greenhouses

1988-01-01
J.C. van Lenteren
With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species … With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species are eaten worldwide, mainly in ...Read More

The Nutritional Ecology of Immature Insects

1981-01-01
J. Mark Scriber , Frank Slansky
With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species … With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species are eaten worldwide, mainly in ...Read More

Arthropod Regulation of Micro- and Mesobiota in Below-Ground Detrital Food Webs

1988-01-01
John C. Moore , D. E. Walter , H. W. Hunt
With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species … With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species are eaten worldwide, mainly in ...Read More

The Consumption and Utilization of Food by Insects

1968-01-01
G. P. Waldbauer

Feed Conversion, Survival and Development, and Composition of Four Insect Species on Diets Composed of Food By-Products

2015-12-23
D.G.A.B. Oonincx , Sarah van Broekhoven , A. van Huis +1 more
A large part of the environmental impact of animal production systems is due to the production of feed. Insects are suggested to efficiently convert feed to body mass and might … A large part of the environmental impact of animal production systems is due to the production of feed. Insects are suggested to efficiently convert feed to body mass and might therefore form a more sustainable food and/or feed source. Four diets were composed from by-products of food manufacturing and formulated such as to vary in protein and fat content. These were offered to newly hatched Argentinean cockroaches, black soldier flies, yellow mealworms, and house crickets. The first two species are potentially interesting as a feed ingredient, while the latter two are considered edible for humans. Feed conversion efficiency, survival, development time, as well as chemical composition (nitrogen, phosphorus, and fatty acids), were determined. The Argentinean cockroaches and the black soldier flies converted feed more efficiently than yellow mealworms, and house crickets. The first two were also more efficient than conventional production animals. On three of the four diets yellow mealworms and house crickets had a feed conversion efficiency similar to pigs. Furthermore, on the most suitable diet, they converted their feed as efficiently as poultry, when corrected for edible portion. All four species had a higher nitrogen-efficiency than conventional production animals, when corrected for edible portion. Offering carrots to yellow mealworms increased dry matter- and nitrogen-efficiency and decreased development time. Diet affected survival in all species but black soldier flies, and development time was strongly influenced in all four species. The chemical composition of Argentinean cockroaches was highly variable between diets, for black soldier flies it remained similar. The investigated species can be considered efficient production animals when suitable diets are provided. Hence, they could form a sustainable alternative to conventional production animals as a source of feed or food.
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Rapid accumulation of inositol trisphosphate reveals that agonists hydrolyse polyphosphoinositides instead of phosphatidylinositol

1983-06-15
Michael J. Berridge
The agonist-dependent hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids was investigated by studying the breakdown of prelabelled lipid or by measuring the accumulation of inositol phosphates. Stimulation of insect salivary glands with 5-hydroxytryptamine … The agonist-dependent hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids was investigated by studying the breakdown of prelabelled lipid or by measuring the accumulation of inositol phosphates. Stimulation of insect salivary glands with 5-hydroxytryptamine for 6 min provoked a rapid disappearance of [3H]phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] and [3H]phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) but had no effect on the level of [3H]phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns). The breakdown of PtdIns(4,5)P2 was associated with a very rapid release of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3], which reached a peak 5 1/2 times that of the resting level after 5 s of stimulation. This high level was not maintained but declined to a lower level, perhaps reflecting the disappearance of PtdIns(4,5)P2. 5-Hydroxytryptamine also induced a rapid and massive accumulation of inositol 1,4-bisphosphate [Ins(1,4)P2]. The fact that these increases in Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,4)P2 precede in time any increase in the level of inositol 1-phosphate or inositol provides a clear indication that the primary action of 5-hydroxytryptamine is to stimulate the hydrolysis of PtdIns(4,5)P2 to yield diacylglycerol and Ins(1,4,5)P3. The latter is then hydrolysed by a series of phosphomonoesterases to produce Ins(1,4)P2, Ins1P and finally inositol. The very rapid agonist-dependent increases in Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,4)P2 suggests that they could function as second messengers, perhaps to control the release of calcium from internal pools. The PtdIns(4,5)P2 that is used by the receptor mechanism represents a small hormone-sensitive pool that must be constantly replenished by phosphorylation of PtdIns. Small changes in the size of this small energy-dependent pool of polyphosphoinositide will alter the effectiveness of the receptor mechanism and could account for phenomena such as desensitization and super-sensitivity.
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Endocrinology of insects

1984-06-25
Moleman Peter
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Stabilization of the Rate of Nitrogen Accumulation by Larvae of the Cabbage Butterfly on Wild and Cultivated Food Plants

1977-03-01
Frank Slansky , Paul Feeny
Larvae of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) were reared on several crucifer species and varieties which differed in their nitrogen content, either naturally or because they had been fertilized with NH … Larvae of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) were reared on several crucifer species and varieties which differed in their nitrogen content, either naturally or because they had been fertilized with NH 4 NO 3 . Growth rates, food consumption rates, and efficiencies of food utilization were determined for fifth instar larvae on all plants, using standard methods. Larvae on low—nitrogen plants consumed food faster, utilized it less efficiently, and utilized N more efficiently than larvae on high—nitrogen plants. As a result, growth rates and rates of accumulation of N into larval biomass were as high on plants of 1.5% (dry wt) N as on plants of 4.8% (dry wt) N. There was no correlation between larval growth rate and reported patterns of glucosinolate content in the food plants. We attribute low N accumulation rates and growth rates on Lepidium virginicum, Lunaria annua, and Thlaspi arvense to the presence in these plants of unique secondary compounds or atypical glucosinolate breakdown products. Larvae fed on Dentaria diphylla and on the most highly fertilized collards (6.1% dry wt N) accumulated N and grew at unusualy high rates. This may be because N in these plants was more digestible than in the other food plants. We suggest that larvae of P. rapae adjust their feeding rates to maximize the rate at which they can accumulate N, and thus the rate at which they can grow, on any given food plant. There is a limit to the rate at which N can be accumulated, because N is utilized less efficiently as it is consumed faster. We conclude that the growth of P. rapae larvae is limited by the availability of N in their food plants, that N budgets for such larvae are of greater ecological significance than energy budgets, and that, in this case at least, natural selection favors the rate (power output) rather than the efficiency of a biological process.

Nutritional and sensory quality of edible insects

2016-07-17
Lenka Kouřimská , Anna Adámková
Insects are for many nations and ethnic groups an indispensable part of the diet. From a nutritional point of view, insects have significant protein content. It varies from 20 to … Insects are for many nations and ethnic groups an indispensable part of the diet. From a nutritional point of view, insects have significant protein content. It varies from 20 to 76% of dry matter depending on the type and development stage of the insect. Fat content variability is large (2–50% of dry matter) and depends on many factors. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids' content may be up to 70% of total fatty acids. Carbohydrates are represented mainly by chitin, whose content ranges between 2.7 mg and 49.8 mg per kg of fresh matter. Some species of edible insects contain a reasonable amount of minerals (K, Na, Ca, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn and P) as well as vitamins such as B group vitamins, vitamins A, D, E, K, and C. However their content is seasonal and dependent on the feed. From the hygienic point of view it should be pointed out that some insects may produce or contain toxic bioactive compounds. They may also contain residues of pesticides and heavy metals from the ecosystem. Adverse human allergic reactions to edible insects could be also a possible hazard.

Nutritional composition of black soldier fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) prepupae reared on different organic waste substrates

2016-10-13
Thomas Spranghers , M. Ottoboni , C.W. Klootwijk +7 more
Black soldier fly larvae are converters of organic waste into edible biomass, of which the composition may depend on the substrate. In this study, larvae were grown on four substrates: … Black soldier fly larvae are converters of organic waste into edible biomass, of which the composition may depend on the substrate. In this study, larvae were grown on four substrates: chicken feed, vegetable waste, biogas digestate, and restaurant waste. Samples of prepupae and substrates were freeze-dried and proximate, amino acid, fatty acid and mineral analyses were performed.Protein content of prepupae varied between 399 and 431 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) among treatments. Differences in amino acid profile of prepupae were small. On the other hand, the ether extract (EE) and ash contents differed substantially. Prepupae reared on digestate were low in EE and high in ash (218 and 197 g kg-1 DM, respectively) compared to those reared on vegetable waste (371 and 96 g kg-1 DM, respectively), chicken feed (336 and 100 g kg-1 DM, respectively) and restaurant waste (386 and 27 g kg-1 DM, respectively). Prepupal fatty acid profiles were characterised by high levels of C12:0 in all treatments.Since protein content and quality were high and comparable for prepupae reared on different substrates, black soldier fly could be an interesting protein source for animal feeds. However, differences in EE and ash content as a function of substrate should be considered. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Nitrogen-to-Protein Conversion Factors for Three Edible Insects: <i>Tenebrio molitor</i>, <i>Alphitobius diaperinus</i>, and <i>Hermetia illucens</i>

2017-03-02
Renske H. Janssen , Jean‐Paul Vincken , L.A.M. van den Broek +2 more
Insects are considered a nutritionally valuable source of alternative proteins, and their efficient protein extraction is a prerequisite for large-scale use. The protein content is usually calculated from total nitrogen … Insects are considered a nutritionally valuable source of alternative proteins, and their efficient protein extraction is a prerequisite for large-scale use. The protein content is usually calculated from total nitrogen using the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor (Kp) of 6.25. This factor overestimates the protein content, due to the presence of nonprotein nitrogen in insects. In this paper, a specific Kp of 4.76 ± 0.09 was calculated for larvae from Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus, and Hermetia illucens, using amino acid analysis. After protein extraction and purification, a Kp factor of 5.60 ± 0.39 was found for the larvae of three insect species studied. We propose to adopt these Kp values for determining protein content of insects to avoid overestimation of the protein content.
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Cell-Free Immunity in Insects

1987-10-01
Hans G. Boman , Dan Hultmark
Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute … Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ...Read More

Nutritional value of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) and its suitability as animal feed – a review

2017-05-29
Karol B. Barragán-Fonseca , Marcel Dicke , Joop J. A. van Loon
The black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens L.; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) has been studied for its capability to convert organic waste to high quality protein, control certain harmful bacteria and insect … The black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens L.; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) has been studied for its capability to convert organic waste to high quality protein, control certain harmful bacteria and insect pests, provide potential chemical precursors to produce biodiesel and for its use as feed for a variety of animals. Nutritional value of BSF larvae is discussed, as well as the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on both larval body composition and performance. Although BSF larvae contain high protein levels (from 37 to 63% dry matter; DM), and other macro- and micronutrients important for animal feed, the available studies on including BSF larvae in feed rations for poultry, pigs and fish suggest that it could only partially replace traditional feedstuff, because high or complete replacement resulted in reduced performance. This is due to factors such as high fat content (from 7 to 39% DM), ash (from 9 to 28% DM), and consequences of processing. Therefore, further studies are needed on nutrient composition, digestibility and availability for target species and on improved methods to process larvae, among other aspects. Additionally, it is clear that factors including quantity and quality of food, temperature, substrate moisture and/or larval crowding can affect BSF performance. However, the biology of BSF, in particular of the adult stage, has not been studied in detail. This review provides background information on the nutritional value of BSF larvae, its suitability as animal feed, biotic and abiotic conditions that affect its performance, and identifies which knowledge is required to ensure more dependable yields of BSF-mass rearing and development of economically feasible methods to take advantage of this species as animal feed.

Risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed

2015-10-01
The present opinion has the format of a risk profile and presents potential biological and chemical hazards as well as allergenicity and environmental hazards associated with farmed insects used as … The present opinion has the format of a risk profile and presents potential biological and chemical hazards as well as allergenicity and environmental hazards associated with farmed insects used as food and feed taking into account of the entire chain, from farming to the final product.The opinion also addresses the occurrence of these hazards in non-processed insects, grown on different substrate categories, in comparison to the occurrence of these hazards in other non-processed sources of protein of animal origin.When currently allowed feed materials are used as substrate to feed insects, the possible occurrence of microbiological hazards is expected to be comparable to their occurrence in other non-processed sources of protein of animal origin.The possible occurrence of prions in non-processed insects will depend on whether the substrate includes protein of human or ruminant origin.Data on transfer of chemical contaminants from different substrates to the insects are very limited.Substrates like kitchen waste, human and animal manure are also considered and hazards from insects fed on these substrates need to be specifically assessed.It is concluded that for both biological and chemical hazards, the specific production methods, the substrate used, the stage of harvest, the insect species and developmental stage, as well as the methods for further processing will all have an impact on the occurrence and levels of biological and chemical contaminants in food and feed products derived from insects.Hazards related to the environment are expected to be comparable to other animal production systems.The opinion also identifies the uncertainties (lack of knowledge) related to possible hazards when insects are used as food and feed and notes that there are no systematically collected data on animal and human consumption of insects.Studies on the occurrence of microbial pathogens of vertebrates as well as published data on hazardous chemicals in reared insects are scarce.Further data generation on these issues are highly recommended.
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The environmental sustainability of insects as food and feed. A review

2017-09-15
A. van Huis , D.G.A.B. Oonincx
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Review of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as Animal Feed and Human Food

2017-10-18
Yu-Shiang Wang , Matan Shelomi
Food futurists accept that sustainability-minded humanity will increasingly incorporate insects as alternative protein. The most studied and easily reared species are not necessarily the most sustainable, acceptable, or delicious. Here, … Food futurists accept that sustainability-minded humanity will increasingly incorporate insects as alternative protein. The most studied and easily reared species are not necessarily the most sustainable, acceptable, or delicious. Here, we review the literature on the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, which is capable of efficiently converting a wide variety of organic materials, from food waste to manure, into insect biomass. They can be grown and harvested without dedicated facilities and are not pestiferous. Their larvae are 42% crude protein and 29% fat, although they are higher in saturated fats than most insects. They do not concentrate pesticides or mycotoxins. They are already grown and recommended for use as animal feed, but with regional legal restrictions on how this is done. For commercial use in human foods, larvae could potentially be milled and converted into a textured protein with a strong flavor. Their biggest advantage over other insects is their ability to convert waste into food, generating value and closing nutrient loops as they reduce pollution and costs. This general advantage is also their greatest disadvantage, for the social stigmas and legal prohibitions against eating organisms that eat waste are added to extant taboos facing insect consumption.
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A systematic review on consumer acceptance of alternative proteins: Pulses, algae, insects, plant-based meat alternatives, and cultured meat

2020-12-01
Marleen C. Onwezen , Emily P. Bouwman , Machiel J. Reinders +1 more
Consumers' dietary patterns have a significant impact on planetary and personal health. To address health and environmental challenges one of the many possible solutions is to substitute meat consumption with … Consumers' dietary patterns have a significant impact on planetary and personal health. To address health and environmental challenges one of the many possible solutions is to substitute meat consumption with alternative protein sources. This systematic review identifies 91 articles with a focus on the drivers of consumer acceptance of five alternative proteins: pulses, algae, insects, plant-based alternative proteins, and cultured meat. This review demonstrates that acceptance of the alternative proteins included here is relatively low (compared to that of meat); acceptance of insects is lowest, followed by acceptance of cultured meat. Pulses and plant-based alternative proteins have the highest acceptance level. In general, the following drivers of acceptance consistently show to be relevant for the acceptance of various alternative proteins: motives of taste and health, familiarity, attitudes, food neophobia, disgust, and social norms. However, there are also differences in relevance between individuals and between alternative proteins. For example, for insects and other novel alternative proteins the drivers of familiarity and affective processes of food neophobia and disgust seem more relevant. As part of gaining full insight in relevant drivers of acceptance, the review also shows an overview of the intervention studies that were included in the 91 articles of the review, providing implications on how consumer acceptance can be increased. The focal areas of the intervention studies included here do not fully correspond with the current knowledge of drivers. To date, intervention studies have mainly focussed on conscious deliberations, whereas familiarity and affective factors have also been shown to be key drivers. The comprehensive overview of the most relevant factors for consumer acceptance of various categories of alternative proteins thus shows large consistencies across bodies of research. Variations can be found in the nuances showing different priorities of drivers for different proteins and different segments, showing the relevance of being context and person specific for future research.

Phylogenetic Systematics

1965-01-01
Willi Hennig
With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species … With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species are eaten worldwide, mainly in ...Read More

Hermetia illucens oil vs. hydrogenated palm fat in dairy cow nutrition: effects on digestive parameters, oxidative stress, and milk production performance

2025-06-25
L. Rastello , Laura Gasco , Mauro Coppa +7 more | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology
Abstract Background Scant information is currently available on the use of insect oils in ruminant diets. Insect oils could be used as alternatives to certain conventional plant lipid sources that … Abstract Background Scant information is currently available on the use of insect oils in ruminant diets. Insect oils could be used as alternatives to certain conventional plant lipid sources that are considered no longer sustainable. This trial aims at evaluating the effects of the dietary inclusion of Hermetia illucens oil (HIO) vs. hydrogenated palm fat (HPF) on digestive parameters, oxidative stress, and milk production performance of dairy cows. Results Twenty-six Valdostana Red Pied cows were randomly divided into two groups and fed with hay ad libitum and a concentrate containing 3% (as fed) of either HPF or HIO. The trial lasted 50 d, including two weeks of diet adaptation. Individual feed intake and milk yield were monitored three and four times a week, respectively. Fecal samples were collected at the end (d 50) of the trial to determine total-tract nutrients apparent digestibility. Individual blood samples were collected to evaluate blood plasma metabolites (d 0 and d 50) and oxidative stress parameters (d 0, d 26 and d 50). Milk samples were collected at d 0, d 14, d 26, d 38 and d 50 for chemical composition analysis. Feed efficiency was estimated through feed conversion ratio and residual feed intake (RFI). Data were analyzed by SAS software using a mixed model. The diet had no effect on nutrients intake and apparent total-tract digestibility. However, the dietary inclusion of HIO led to higher milk production (+ 0.82 kg/cow/d; P &lt; 0.05) and slightly lower RFI (−0.008; P &lt; 0.001) when compared to the HPF diet. Milk composition and the nutritional metabolic status of the cows remained unaffected by diet. Serum antioxidant capacity was comparable between the two groups, while lower derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolite concentrations were observed in the HIO-fed cows when compared to the HPF-fed ones (−37.13 Carratelli Units; P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions The dietary inclusion of HIO instead of HPF did not negatively affect feed palatability and total-tract apparent digestibility of nutrients in dairy cows. Furthermore, it increased feed efficiency by supporting a higher milk production together with an improved antioxidant status. The results suggest that HIO could be an eligible option as an innovative energy source for dairy cows.

Assessing modifications on modern bone: contributions of a taphonomic experiment with <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> Linnaeus, 1758 (Insecta, Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)

2025-06-24
Alejandro Fernández , Roxana Mariani , Paula Escosteguy | Historical Biology

Green and Facile Extraction of Biomass-Derived Chitin from House Cricket (Acheta domesticus) Using a Choline Chloride–Urea Based Deep Eutectic Solvent System

2025-06-24
Hilman Imadul Umam , Teguh Pambudi , Venny Ulya Bunga +5 more | Waste and Biomass Valorization

Potential use of insect protein and phytonutrient based tropical plant supplementation on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial protein synthesis in Thai native beef cattle

2025-06-24
Burarat Phesatcha , Kampanat Phesatcha , Maharach Matra +2 more | Animal Bioscience
This experiment evaluated the use of the insect protein and phytonutrient based tropical plant supplementation on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial protein synthesis in Thai native beef cattle. Enhancing protein … This experiment evaluated the use of the insect protein and phytonutrient based tropical plant supplementation on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial protein synthesis in Thai native beef cattle. Enhancing protein utilization and promoting rumen fermentation could be achieved by combining high-protein crickets and phytonutrients from mangosteen peel and lemongrass powder to pellet (CMLP). Four native male Thai beef cattle were randomly assigned treatments using a 4×4 Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. The treatments were as follows: control (no supplementation), CMLP supplement at 50 g/h/d, CMLP supplement at 100 g/h/d and CMLP supplement at 150 g/h/d, respectively. Results revealed that the supplementation of CMLP in beef cattle did not influence on rice straw intake, concentrate intake and total feed intake, which also enhanced the digestibility of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (p<0.05). Additionally, volatile fatty acid production of propionate and bacterial population were increased (p<0.05), protozoal populations and production of methane decreased (p<0.05) with a higher level of CMLP supplementation. Furthermore, efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMNS) significantly increased by increasing the level of CMLP supplementation, particularly at 150 g. Our results suggested that CMLP supplementation, particularly at 150 g/h/d, enhanced nutrient digestibility, increased the propionic acid proportion, and promoted microbial protein synthesis while reducing protozoal populations and methane production. CMLP showed promise as an effective dietary protein supplement that improved rumen fermentation and performance of Thai native beef cattle.

Global Comparison and Future Trends of Major Food Proteins: Can Shellfish Contribute to Sustainable Food Security?

2025-06-23
Elena Tamburini , David Moore , Giuseppe Castaldelli | Foods
Food security and environmental quality related to food production are global issues that need urgent solutions. Proteins are crucial for diets, and demand is growing for innovative and more environmentally … Food security and environmental quality related to food production are global issues that need urgent solutions. Proteins are crucial for diets, and demand is growing for innovative and more environmentally sustainable sources of protein, like vegetables, microorganisms, and insects, and lab-grown food that can meet nutritional and environmental goals. This study analyzes a time series to assess the sustainability of different protein sources by evaluating their effects on emissions of greenhouse gases and the use of agricultural land while accounting for the carbon sink potential across the supply chain. The study also explores future trends in global protein sources, emphasizing shellfish as a key to achieving food security from both nutritional and environmental perspectives. By reviewing terrestrial livestock, farmed seafood, vegetal proteins, and alternative sources like insects and cultured cells, the study assesses sustainability, food security potential, and challenges from nutritional, environmental, and consumer viewpoints. We conclude that shellfish aquaculture, particularly oysters, mussels, clams, and scallops, has significant potential in enhancing food security, fostering sustainable protein consumption, reducing land use, and contributing to climate change mitigation by sequestering significant amounts of atmospheric carbon.

Determination of tannin activity and Paenibacillus alvei (Cheshire &amp; Cheyne) Ash et al. (Bacillii: Paenibacillaceae) on the biocontrol of tannin-tolerant Agelastica alni L., 1758 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larvae

2025-06-23
Nurver Altun , Emel Topçu , Leyla Kılcı +2 more | Turkish Journal of Entomology
Tannins are among the most abundant secondary metabolites synthesized by plants. Agelastica alni L., 1758 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a critical forest pest. This study investigated the effect of Paenibacillus alvei … Tannins are among the most abundant secondary metabolites synthesized by plants. Agelastica alni L., 1758 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a critical forest pest. This study investigated the effect of Paenibacillus alvei (Cheshire &amp;amp; Cheyne) Ash et al. (Bacillii: Paenibacillaceae) and tannins against A. alni larvae. The larvae were collected from the Çayeli district of Rize province in 2022. In the feeding experiments, artificial diets containing 1.25%, 2.5% and 5% tannins were prepared. 100 and 200 µl of P. alvei were applied to the infected groups. Nutritional indices, pupal masses, phenoloxidase activities, antioxidant enzyme activities and mortality rates of larvae fed with different diets were studied. Relative consumption rate (RCR) increased with tannin concentration in all groups. Relative growth rate (RGR) increased with rising tannin concentrations across all groups. In the infected groups, the increase in tannin concentration caused a decrease in developmental time. While superoxide dismutase and phenoloxidase activities of uninfected larvae decreased with tannin concentration, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities of larvae increased. In infected larvae, catalase activity decreased with increasing tannin concentration. The dose of P. alvei caused an increase in superoxide dismutase and phenoloxidase activities, but did not affect catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities. The diet containing 5% tannic acid had the lowest mortality rate.

Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior and Purchasing Decisions Regarding Mud Crabs (Scylla paramamosain) in the Major Cities of Vietnam

2025-06-23
Le Ngoc Danh , Duong The Duy , Dinh The Nhan +1 more | Foods
The mud crab (Scylla paramamosain), also known as the mangrove crab, thrives in shallow mangrove forests, subtidal zones, and muddy intertidal habitats. It is a highly valuable species in the … The mud crab (Scylla paramamosain), also known as the mangrove crab, thrives in shallow mangrove forests, subtidal zones, and muddy intertidal habitats. It is a highly valuable species in the mangroves and estuaries of tropical regions and is in high demand in Vietnam’s coastal markets. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the key factors influencing consumer behavior and purchasing decisions regarding mud crabs in Vietnam’s three largest cities: Can Tho City, Ho Chi Minh City, and Hanoi Capital. To achieve this, the research employs rigorous analytical methods, including Cronbach’s alpha reliability test, principal component analysis, and multivariate regression analysis, to identify the primary determinants of consumer behavior and purchasing preferences for fresh mud crabs. The multiple regression analysis reveals two key factors that significantly influence consumer choices: nutritional knowledge and convenience awareness. Most of consumers perceive fresh mud crabs as superior in quality, expecting them to offer greater freshness; higher levels of protein, amino acids, and minerals; as well as excellent flesh texture and enhanced palatability. Based on these findings, two strategic directions are proposed for the sustainable development of Vietnam’s crab industry: (1) improving the nutritional quality of crab products to align with consumer expectations for health benefits and (2) enhancing the distribution network and diversifying product offerings to improve accessibility and convenience for consumers.

Beyond the buzz: insect-based foods are unlikely to significantly reduce meat consumption

2025-06-23
Corentin Biteau , Tom Bry-Chevalier , Dustin Crummett +2 more | npj Sustainable Agriculture
Abstract The substantial environmental footprint of meat production means that dietary shifts are needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Insects may offer one alternative, but must first be widely accepted … Abstract The substantial environmental footprint of meat production means that dietary shifts are needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Insects may offer one alternative, but must first be widely accepted and consumed by the general public. This review evaluates the prospects of insect-based foods to compete with meat. We find that insect-based foods face major challenges, including low consumer acceptance and limited investment. They have a low likelihood of significantly reducing meat consumption, particularly when compared to more accepted plant-based alternatives.

Efficiency of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal (BSFLM) as Partial or Total Replacement of Fishmeal (FM) on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization and Haematological Changes in Walking Catfish Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822)

2025-06-23
Biswajyoti Bordoloi , Pabitra Kumar Saharia , Hemanta Pokhrel +3 more | Indian Journal of Animal Research
Background: Clarias magur is an airbreathing walking cat fish native to South Asia with high market value. Successful culture of this species depends on proper feed supplementation and utilization. Therefore, … Background: Clarias magur is an airbreathing walking cat fish native to South Asia with high market value. Successful culture of this species depends on proper feed supplementation and utilization. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to study the effect of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) incorporated diet on growth performances, nutrient utilization and haematological changes by replacing fish meal (FM) in Clarias magur. Methods: The experimental fishes were reared in controlled condition for 120 days and fed with 6 different isonitrogenous sinking experimental diets having 35% crude protein. The main ingredient in experimental diet was BSFLM, which was incorporated as an alternative source to FM along with soyabean meal (SM), mustard oil cake (MOC) and wheat bran (WB) with varying percentage. Healthy Clarias magur fingerlings were (average individual weight of 2 g) stocked in experimental tanks at a stocking density of 4 fish per m2 area. Result: The highest final mean weight of Clarias magur was found to be 52.67 g (T2) followed by 42.59 g (T1) which was significantly different (P less than 0.05) when compared within the treatments. Final biomass (755.13±27.6 g) was found be to significantly high in T2 (P less than 0.05) when compared to other treatments. The lowest value of feed conversion ratio (2.10±0.03) was observed for treatment T2 followed by T1 (2.18±0.02) and protein efficiency ratio was highest for treatment T2 (1.41±0.02) followed by T3 (1.40±0.04) with significant variation (P less than 0.05) among treatments. Haematological indices also showed significant differences (P less than 0.05) among treatments, T2 recorded the highest RBC (2.10 million/m3) followed by T3 (1.92 million/m3). On the contrary, WBC level was found highest in Treatment T5 (49.64 million/m3) followed by T4 (48.17 million/m3). Thus, from the above findings, it can be stated that 50% replacement of fish meal with BSFLM enhanced growth performance and health status of Clarias magur. Thus, BSFL may be considered as a viable source of animal protein for Clarias magur in the aquafeed business.

Effect of partial replacement of soybean meal with gamma-irradiated black soldier fly larvae or crushed grasshopper on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality and organoleptic characteristics in broiler chickens

2025-06-23
A. Reyan Mohassesi , H. Darmani Kuhi , Ardeshir Mohit +1 more | British Poultry Science
1. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of feeding varying levels of gamma-irradiated black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and crushed grasshopper (GH) on performance, meat quality … 1. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of feeding varying levels of gamma-irradiated black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and crushed grasshopper (GH) on performance, meat quality and organoleptic characteristics of broiler chickens2. A feeding trial with 546, one d old male broiler chicks was conducted for 42 d. The birds were weighed and randomly divided into seven dietary treatments in a completely randomised design experiment. Each treatment was replicated six times with 13 chicks in each. The experimental diets were isonitrogenic and isocaloric and consisted of: 1) basal diet (maize/soybean-based diet, control group) and diets 2-7 containing either 8%, 16% or 24% of BSFL or GH replacement instead of soybean meal in the basal diet, respectively.3. Results indicated that chicks fed 24% BSFL replacement exhibited a significant increase in average daily gain and a decrease in feed conversion ratio, along with marked improvements in carcass and breast meat yields (p < 0.05), while meat colour remained unaffected. In contrast, the sensory attributes of breast muscle were significantly enhanced in chicks receiving an 8% GH replacement (p < 0.05).4. The data showed that dietary inclusion of 24% BSFL enhanced growth performance, carcass traits and oxidative stability and 8% GH meal optimised meat sensory properties and lipid metabolism. These dietary interventions did not adversely affect meat colour, carcass traits or internal organ weights, which confirmed their safety and nutritional suitability. Gamma irradiation further promoted microbial safety, nutrient bioavailability, thereby demonstrating the advantages of irradiated insect-based feeds in poultry production.

Exploring the suitability of Tenebrio molitor powder (whole and defatted by supercritical CO2) as a partial fat replacement in bologna-type sausages

2025-06-22
Judith Rodríguez-Párraga , Raquel Lucas‐González , Manuel Viuda‐Martos +4 more | Meat Science
Currently, insects are being introduced in Europe as an alternative, healthy, and sustainable food ingredient. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using Tenebrio molitor larvae … Currently, insects are being introduced in Europe as an alternative, healthy, and sustainable food ingredient. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using Tenebrio molitor larvae (as powder) as a pork fat replacement in Bologna-type sausages. Sausages were made with 7.5 and 15 % pork fat replacement by T. molitor powder (TP). Two types of powder were used: whole powder (WTP) and defatted powder (DTP: applying CO2 supercritical fluid extraction). The effect of this replacement on the technological, nutritional, oxidative, and sensory properties of resulted sausages was evaluated. Emulsion stability increased with adding TP. The reformulations resulted in final products with less fat (reductions of 39-46 % in WTP-sausages and 57-67 % in DTP-sausages), more protein (increases of 14-33 % in WTP-sausages and 25-51 % in DTP-sausages) and higher levels of K, Mg, P, and Zn. In addition, the reformulation using WTP resulted in healthier lipid fraction (more proportion of polyunsaturated fraction) and the corresponding increase in lipid oxidation, although in any sausages the detection threshold for rancidity was exceeded. The worst score for "general acceptance" was obtained when WTP was used at the highest concentration (15 %) with odor, taste, and color as the attributes that most influence this valuation. Some unpleasant odors attributed to insect powders seem to be reduced during defatting by the supercritical CO2 process.

Technological evaluation of defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal as a food ingredient in adult maintenance dog biscuits

2025-06-21
Pietro Ragozzino Paulino , Maria Lúcia Cocato , Bianca Guimarães Negrão +5 more | Journal of Insects as Food and Feed
Abstract The incorporation of insect-based protein is emerging as a sustainable alternative in food production systems, particularly in the pet food industry. This study evaluated the partial replacement of wheat … Abstract The incorporation of insect-based protein is emerging as a sustainable alternative in food production systems, particularly in the pet food industry. This study evaluated the partial replacement of wheat flour with Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HILM) at levels of 10%, 15%, and 20% in dog biscuit formulations. The effects on dough rheology, technological quality, and nutritional composition were assessed. HILM inclusion significantly influenced dough behavior, increasing protein and fiber content while altering texture and color properties. The 10% replacement level demonstrated optimal performance, balancing improved nutritional value with acceptable processing characteristics. Texture analysis revealed increased hardness and fracturability, and color evaluation showed biscuit darkening at higher inclusion levels. These findings support the use of HILM as a viable protein source for canine biscuits and emphasize the importance of considering both nutritional and technological aspects when formulating insect-enriched pet foods. This integrated approach contributes to the advancement of innovative and sustainable solutions in the pet food sector.

The Possibilities of Using Non-Traditional Raw Materials for Fertilizing Products

2025-06-20
Goda Gudinskaitė , Rasa Paleckienė | Sustainability
In recent years, the Green Deal has become a cornerstone of the European Union’s development strategy, aiming to establish a sustainable, innovative and environmentally friendly economy. One of its primary … In recent years, the Green Deal has become a cornerstone of the European Union’s development strategy, aiming to establish a sustainable, innovative and environmentally friendly economy. One of its primary goals is to reduce the negative impact of intensive farming by promoting sustainable agricultural practices. These practices include replacing synthetic fertilizers with more natural alternatives and substituting chemical plant protection products with biological solutions. A noteworthy prospect in this context is the growing insect farming industry, which opens up new possibilities for the food industry via waste processing. In Lithuania, insect farming is also expanding rapidly, with companies producing several hundred tons of frass (insect excrement and residues from growing media) every year. As insect farming is projected to increase rapidly over the next decade, the amount of frass produced will also increase. Therefore, it is necessary to find sustainable ways to use this byproduct. Frass is emerging as an important area of research and practical innovation with great potential for fertilizer production. Initial studies show that frass can contain up to 6% nitrogen, 2% phosphorus and 3% potassium, making it a valuable alternative to synthetic fertilizers. The chitin content (nearly 14%) in frass not only improves the soil but also improves plant resistance to disease. In addition, its organic composition improves soil structure and microbiological activity, contributing in the long term to increasing soil fertility. This paper analyses different samples of frass, assesses their physical and chemical properties and discusses the possible applications of these products in the context of sustainable agriculture. The studies show that frass can be a valuable raw material for fertilizer production, potentially reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers and contributing to the reduction in agricultural waste. By combining economic benefits with ecological sustainability, this research contributes to wider sustainable agricultural innovation.

Investigation on the Flavor Characterization of Edible Cooked Insect <i>Clanis Bilineata</i> Larva Products Using SPME-GC-TOF/MS, UHPLC-MS/MS Combined with Sensory Evaluation

2025-06-20
Z H Fan , Danni Zhang , Xueqian Guo +7 more | ACS Food Science & Technology

Public Acceptability and Perception of Sustainable Solutions for Malnutrition and Hunger: Edible Insects

2025-06-20
Murat Nazlı , Can Aslan | Özgür Yayınları eBooks
The study’s purpose is to comprehend the impacts of the industrialization of edible insects on world hunger and malnutrition, which is one of the UN’s sustainability development goals. This study … The study’s purpose is to comprehend the impacts of the industrialization of edible insects on world hunger and malnutrition, which is one of the UN’s sustainability development goals. This study aims to discover the public opinion regarding using edible insects to solve world hunger and malnutrition and explores the perspectives of citizens from diverse backgrounds on world hunger, malnutrition and potential solutions to the issues in a developing economy, Turkey. Qualitative research methods are used. In total, 24 face-to-face online interviews are conducted to obtain data from different stakeholders such as industry experts, academicians, and potential customers. Findings indicate the human population on earth increases exponentially, and food resources will become short for future generations. This problem causes health issues due to a lack of nutrition. Nutrition-rich edible insects can be a part of the solution to this problem if correct processing techniques are used and food safety is ensured.

Bacteriological quality of fresh and processed black soldier fly <i>Hermetia illucens</i> larvae reared on chicken manure in Kitwe, Zambia

2025-06-20
Prudence Mapiki , Ester Laiser , Joyce Mufungwe +6 more | Microbiology Spectrum
ABSTRACT Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have high nutrient content and are rapidly becoming an alternative protein source for animal feed. However, microbial contamination is a potential risk due to … ABSTRACT Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have high nutrient content and are rapidly becoming an alternative protein source for animal feed. However, microbial contamination is a potential risk due to the environment in which they are reared. This study assessed the bacteriological quality of fresh and processed BSFL by comparing the processed BSFL using two traditional methods (oven-dried and sun-dried), on their effectiveness at reducing the bacterial load and further elucidated bacterial composition. PCR was used to identify extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and mec A genes in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp., respectively. A total of 51 fresh BSFL samples were collected from a commercial poultry farm in Kitwe, Zambia. The results showed various bacterial genera, with a higher diversity among gram-positive isolates. The comparison of the effectiveness of two traditional processing methods for BSFL, sun-drying and oven-drying, showed that both methods significantly reduced the bacterial load, with oven-drying causing a larger reduction. While various genera were identified, we focused on E. coli and Staphylococcus spp. This is because some E. coli harbor ESBLs that hydrolyze β-lactam antibiotics like cephalosporins and penicillin, leading to resistance. Similarly, the genus Staphylococcus was selected since some strains are potentially pathogenic and contain the mec A gene that encodes resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. Molecular characterization of the isolated strains revealed bla CTX-M and bla TEM genes among E. coli , but the mecA gene was not detected among Staphylococcus . This study revealed that BSFL harbor bacteria of zoonotic significance, emphasizing the need for good processing methods to eliminate potential risks. IMPORTANCE Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. in processed black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) samples meant for animal feed indicate insufficient processing methods and pose a public health risk. For instance, some E. coli harbor extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) that hydrolyze β-lactam antibiotics like cephalosporins and penicillin, leading to resistance. In addition, some E. coli commensals can transfer antimicrobial resistance genes to pathogenic bacteria through horizontal gene transfer using various mobile genetic elements, leading to resistance. Similarly, for Staphylococcus spp., some strains of the genus Staphylococcus are potentially pathogenic and contain the mec A gene that encodes resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. In this study, we used PCR to screen E. coli isolates for the two commonly reported ESBL genes in Zambia, bla CTX-M and bla TEM , and Sanger sequencing was used to reveal bla CTX-M gene alleles. Our results highlight the importance of using adequate processing methods for BSFL to eliminate potential health risks to animal feed.

Investigating the Microbial Dynamics of Hermetia illucens Powder Throughout Rearing and Processing: An Integrated Approach Using Cultural and Metabarcoding Methods

2025-06-20
Boris Misery , Lenaïg Brulé , Rima Djema +5 more | Foods
The increasing demand for sustainable protein sources highlights Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly, BSF) as a promising alternative. However, microbiological safety remains a key concern. This study investigated the microbial … The increasing demand for sustainable protein sources highlights Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly, BSF) as a promising alternative. However, microbiological safety remains a key concern. This study investigated the microbial diversity of BSF larvae, comparing two processing methods: (1) boiling followed by drying and (2) drying alone. Microbial diversity was assessed via 16S rRNA sequencing, while bacterial loads were quantified using culture-based methods on samples from a French company. A systematic review complemented this analysis by synthesizing the existing knowledge on BSF microbiota. The rearing conditions varied, with substrate pH ranging from 4.1 to 9.0 and ambient temperatures between 24.6 °C and 42.7 °C. Mesophilic bacteria, spores, and lactic acid bacteria reached up to 8.6, 7.7, and 8.5 log CFU/g in the substrates and larvae, while yeasts, molds, and sulfite-reducing bacteria remained below 4.8 log CFU/g. Boiling reduced most loads below detection thresholds, particularly for yeasts, molds, and ASR. Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Cronobacter sp., and coagulase-positive staphylococci were absent, whereas Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli were variably detected. Metabarcoding showed shifts in composition, with Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, and Firmicutes (Bacillota and Clostridiota) dominating. Process 1 more effectively reduced the bacterial loads, though Bacillus and Clostridium remained. Campylobacter sp. detection in powders raises food safety concerns.

Chemopreventive Effects of Bioactive Peptides Derived from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Protein Hydrolysates in a Rat Model of Early-Stage Colorectal Carcinogenesis

2025-06-20
Kwanchanok Praseatsook , Arpamas Vachiraarunwong , Kenji Sato +7 more | International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Bioactive peptides from black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) protein hydrolysates have gained attention for their health-promoting properties. Our previous study demonstrated the chemopreventive potential of BSFL hydrolysates prepared with Alcalase … Bioactive peptides from black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) protein hydrolysates have gained attention for their health-promoting properties. Our previous study demonstrated the chemopreventive potential of BSFL hydrolysates prepared with Alcalase (ASBP-AH) in colon cancer cells; their in vivo efficacy has not been fully elucidated. This study evaluated the chemopreventive effects of ASBP-AH, processed by spray-drying (ASBP-AHS) or freeze-drying (ASBP-AHF), in a diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced rat model of early-stage colorectal carcinogenesis. Oral administration of ASBP-AHS or ASBP-AHF significantly reduced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and downregulated PCNA, COX-2, and NF-κB expression, without affecting apoptosis. Furthermore, both treatments restored microbial species richness and shifted gut microbial diversity disrupted by carcinogen exposure. ASBP-AHS specifically enriched short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, while ASBP-AHF favored anti-inflammatory microbial signatures. Likewise, correlation analysis revealed positive associations between microbial changes and SCFA levels, particularly with ASBP-AHS. Peptidomic profiling identified identical peptides in both hydrolysates, including stable pyroglutamyl-containing sequences with potential anti-inflammatory and microbiota-modulating effects. These findings support the in vivo chemopreventive potential of ASBP-AH and its promise as a functional food ingredient for promoting gut health and reducing colorectal cancer risk.

Replacing fishmeal with an insect meal blend: Implications for intestinal microbiota in European seabass

2025-06-20
Violeta Kalemi , Simona Rimoldi , R.S. Costa +4 more | Aquaculture Reports

Insects as an option of sustainable food consumption? A qualitative content analysis of social media data in China

2025-06-20
Liu Xiao-xiao , Hai Zhou , Qirui Tian +1 more | Asian Journal Of Social Psychology
Abstract Insect‐based protein has been proposed as a substitute of meat for sustainability. Previous research on insect‐eating mostly relies on self‐report surveys or hypothetical scenarios. Since the appropriateness of food … Abstract Insect‐based protein has been proposed as a substitute of meat for sustainability. Previous research on insect‐eating mostly relies on self‐report surveys or hypothetical scenarios. Since the appropriateness of food and food consumption are deeply rooted in the socio‐cultural context, a systematic examination of sharing on social media regarding attitudes and behaviours of insect‐eating is highly necessary. We retrieved personal sharing on insect‐eating via Sina Weibo from 2019 to 2023 and analysed the data using qualitative content analysis. The findings indicate polarised attitudes towards insect‐eating, influenced by cognitive reconfiguration, both direct and indirect experiences of insect‐eating, as well as perceived necessity. In the attitude–behaviour link, we also identify several contingency factors, such as attribution to conspiracy theory and mostly negative stereotypes of insect‐eating as well as insect‐eaters. Implications for both research and practices are discussed. In particular, practitioners should pay attention to the within‐country variation of insect‐eating customs, concerns for risk of eating insects and be cautious to use moralised communication strategies to promote sustainable food consumption.

Utilizing spent mushroom substrate for rearing black soldier fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) larvae: enhancing fertilizer efficiency and improving animal feed quality for sustainable agriculture

2025-06-19
Kanokkan Kanjanarat , Parichart Laksanawimol , Jittawadee Lersawhanwaree +2 more | PeerJ
Spent mushroom substrate (SMS), a byproduct of mushroom cultivation, has high potential as a substrate for rearing animals, including black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). However, due to its low nutrient … Spent mushroom substrate (SMS), a byproduct of mushroom cultivation, has high potential as a substrate for rearing animals, including black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). However, due to its low nutrient content, mixing it with other organic waste is necessary to enhance its efficiency and effectiveness. We evaluated three types of SMS-Agrocybe cylindracea, Lentinus polychrous, and Pleurotus pulmonarius-supplemented with mixed vegetables at three different levels (0% (VEG or control), 15%, and 30% (w/w)) and subjected to two pre-treatment processes (non-fermented and fermented). The SMS from three different mushroom types did not differ much in their influences upon BSFL growth performance at a 15% (w/w) SMS supplement, and were similar to VEG. Increasing the SMS level to 30% resulted in smaller larval, prepupal, and pupal weights. Self-fermentation of SMS for two months neither significantly altered its nutrient composition nor affected larval growth. However, it resulted in a better nutrient quality of the BSFL biomass and its frass, which was associated with the nutrient composition in SMS. Accordingly, BSFL decomposition significantly enhanced the efficiency of low-nutrient substrates, resulting in a 6- to 10-fold increased protein content in the larval biomass and higher total nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (NPK) levels in their frass compared to raw SMS. Nevertheless, further optimizing the substrate formulation would likely enhance the benefits from available waste materials and so support sustainable agriculture.

Unveiling the physical chemistry behind sustainable silk dyeing using an acetylshikonin based extract from lichen Parmotrema perlatum: Adsorption kinetics, thermodynamic modelling and docking studies

2025-06-19
Rupsa Roychowdhury , Saptarshi Maiti , Ravindra V. Adivarekar +1 more | Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy

Edible insects as an alternative protein source in meat products: advantages, challenges, limitations, and gaps

2025-06-19
Rui Albuquerque , Yago Alves de Aguiar Bernardo , Carlos Adam Conté-Júnior | European Food Research and Technology

Sustainable use and conservation of edible fungi and invertebrates used as dietary components of food/feed

2025-06-19
| FAO eBooks

A Multidisciplinary View on Animal Welfare and Alternative Protein: Convergences and Perspectives from Professionals in Agricultural, Food, and Veterinary Sciences

2025-06-19
Iliani Patinho , Robson Mateus Freitas Silveira , Erick Saldaña +3 more | Foods
This study investigated the perceptions of animal welfare and the consumption of alternative protein sources among future professionals in agronomy, food science, and veterinary medicine. A sample of 769 participants … This study investigated the perceptions of animal welfare and the consumption of alternative protein sources among future professionals in agronomy, food science, and veterinary medicine. A sample of 769 participants from three faculties [ESALQ ("Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture), FZEA (School of Animal Science and Food Engineering), and FMVZ (School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science)] of the University of São Paulo was used. These faculties have different teaching focuses: agronomy, food and animal production, and veterinary, respectively. A relationship between the perception of animal welfare and alternative sources of protein based on the participants' educational background was verified, specifically: (i) participants from the FZEA (food science) and FMVZ (veterinary) units would be interested in consuming farmed meat and expressed interest in trying it; (ii) students from the ESALQ (agronomy) have a low level of knowledge about animal welfare and are not very interested in knowing how animals are reared, and few participants attribute the presence of the health inspection seal as influencing their purchasing intention; (iii) participants, regardless of their academic background, did not express an intention to reduce their red meat consumption; (iv) the ESALQ was the campus which showed the most skepticism about animal sentience; (v) most participants from the FMVZ and FZEA reported being willing to pay 4-5% more for products that guarantee animal welfare. The findings suggest that the academic context influences individuals' perceptions and food choices, highlighting the need for educational strategies that foster a greater awareness of animal welfare, encourage the adoption of more sustainable practices, and promote the acceptance of alternative protein sources within the agri-food sector.

Yenilebilir Böceklerin Tüketimine İlişkin Ürün Geliştirme Çalışması: Kriket Unu Örneği (Product Development Study for Consumption of Edible Insects: Case of Cricket Flour)

2025-06-19
Ersin Arıkan , Özlem Altun | Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies
Günümüzde meydana gelen hızlı nüfus artışı beraberinde gıda krizini getirmektedir. Yapılan araştırmalar sonucunda dünyadaki insan nüfusunun 2050 yılında 9 milyar olacağı ve gıda talebinin %70 oranda artacağı öngörülmektedir. Buna ek … Günümüzde meydana gelen hızlı nüfus artışı beraberinde gıda krizini getirmektedir. Yapılan araştırmalar sonucunda dünyadaki insan nüfusunun 2050 yılında 9 milyar olacağı ve gıda talebinin %70 oranda artacağı öngörülmektedir. Buna ek olarak kişi başına düşen protein oranlarında azalma meydana gelmektedir. Bu sebeplerle gastronomi yeni trendleri kapsamında alternatif protein kaynağı olan yenilebilir böceklere yönelme başlamıştır. Yenilebilir böceklerin protein başta olmak üzere besin değerleri oldukça yüksek, vitamin ve mineral bakımından zengindir. Dünyada birçok insan günlük diyetinde yenilebilir böcekleri kullanmaktadır. Ancak ilerleyen yıllarda olası bir gıda krizinde tüm insanların gıda açığını yenilebilir böceklerden kapatacağı beklenmektedir. Bu nedenle dünyanın birçok yerinde insanları teşvik amaçlı böcek ürünleri üretilmekte ve böcek çiftlikleri kurulmaktadır. Böcek yetiştiriciliği incelendiğinde, yenilebilir böceklerde sera gazı salınımının az olması, fazla araziye ihtiyaç duyulmaması, az su ve yem ihtiyacı olması gibi faktörler sayesinde sürdürülebilir özellik barındırmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmada belirli düzeylerde nitel ve nicel araştırma yöntemlerinin aynı oranda yürütülmesi için her iki yöntem kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, insanların yenilebilir böceklere karşı algısını ölçmek ve tüketilebilirlik boyutunu saptamaktır. Çalışmanın verileri görüşme tekniği ve duyusal analiz tekniği ile elde edilmiştir. Geliştirilen ürünlerin besin değerleri BEBİS programı kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Duyusal analiz testi 11-12 Haziran tarihlerinde Gazimağusa’da bulunan 15 katılımcıya gönüllülük esasına dayalı olarak yapılmıştır

Characterisation and Valorisation of Solid Food Waste into Quality, Safe, Palatable and Digestible Feed for Sustainable Edible Insect (House Cricket) Protein Production

2025-06-18
Geoffrey Ssepuuya , George William Ssendagala | Waste and Biomass Valorization

Multi-trait pedigree-based selective breeding to optimise farmed insects: Evidence from a house fly population

2025-06-18
Stine Frey Laursen , H.M. Nielsen , Simon Bahrndorff +4 more | Journal of Insects as Food and Feed
Abstract Selective breeding has been proposed as an effective mean to enhance the production of insects used for food and feed. Despite advantages of incorporating pedigree information in selective breeding … Abstract Selective breeding has been proposed as an effective mean to enhance the production of insects used for food and feed. Despite advantages of incorporating pedigree information in selective breeding schemes no studies have yet explored this approach for insects farmed for food and feed. Here we performed a multi-trait selective breeding experiment aimed at increasing larval size and decreasing egg-to-adult development time in a pedigreed house fly ( Musca domestica ) population. Estimated breeding values (EBVs) based on family average phenotypic records were used as the primary selection criterion, and selection responses were evaluated over the seven generations of the selective breeding experiment. Following termination of selection, larval size, egg-to-adult development time, larval heat stress tolerance, and egg-to-adult survival were compared between the selection line and a non-selected control line when reared in a mass-rearing setup on a standard and a low-quality diet. The selection line had higher larval size compared to the control line, while no differences were found for egg-to-adult development time, larval heat stress tolerance and egg-to-adult survival. The larger larval size of the selection line compared to the control line was most evident when larvae were reared on the low-quality diet, indicating that the selection line copes better with nutritionally stressful conditions. The selection line exhibited genetic improvement throughout the selective breeding experiment, but those effects were not reflected in the phenotype, possibly indicating negative and accumulative environmental influences on the traits.

Chitin and Chitosan Production from Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermertia illucens) as Bioresource: Current Progress, Applications, Challenges and Way Forwards

2025-06-18
Chin Seng Liew , Serene Sow Mun Lock , Shahrizad Yusof +5 more | Waste and Biomass Valorization

Growth, feed utilization and digestibility of <i>Oreochromis shiranus</i> (Boulenger 1905) fed dietary yellow mealworm larvae ( <i>Tenebrio molitor)</i> meal raised in earthen ponds

2025-06-18
Thokozire Gwaza , Jeremiah Kang’ombe , Daniel Sikawa +4 more | Cogent Food & Agriculture

Production of Protein Hydrolysates with Antioxidant and Antihypertensive Activity from Edible Larvae of Aegiale hesperiaris and Comadia redtenbacheri

2025-06-17
Eduardo R. Garrido-Ortiz , Jocksan I. Morales-Camacho | Foods
The search for sustainable and health-promoting food sources has increased interest in edible insects, which are rich in proteins and bioactive compounds with potential nutraceutical applications. In this study, we … The search for sustainable and health-promoting food sources has increased interest in edible insects, which are rich in proteins and bioactive compounds with potential nutraceutical applications. In this study, we evaluated the bioactive properties of protein hydrolysates derived from Aegiale hesperiaris (maguey white worm, WW) and Comadia redtenbacheri (maguey red worm, RW), two culturally and economically significant insect species in Mexico. Hydrolysates were obtained via enzymatic treatments: either single hydrolysis with pepsin (PH) or sequential hydrolysis with pepsin followed by trypsin (PTH). The PTH hydrolysates exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical inhibition above 90% and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity between 75-85%. Additionally, they showed significant angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, reaching IC50 values of 0.35 and 0.017 μg/mL for WWPH and RWPH, respectively-the latter outperforming the commercial drug Enalapril (IC50 = 0.11 μg/mL). SDS-PAGE analysis revealed low molecular weight peptides (<10 kDa), especially between 5-9 kDa, associated with enhanced bioactivity. Peptides from RW also showed low Hill coefficients, suggesting a gradual and sustained interaction with ACE. These findings support the use of insect-derived hydrolysates as promising multifunctional ingredients for the development of functional foods targeting cardiovascular health.

Estrategias de manejo y conservación de insectos comestibles en el Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano: perspectiva de actores clave

2025-06-17
Humberto Romero-Jiménez , Luis A. Tarango-Arámbula , Jorge Cadena-Íñiguez +1 more | CienciaUAT
En el Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano, los insectos comestibles, como la hormiga escamolera, el gusano rojo y el gusano blanco del maguey, se extraen de manera continua y de forma no sostenible, … En el Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano, los insectos comestibles, como la hormiga escamolera, el gusano rojo y el gusano blanco del maguey, se extraen de manera continua y de forma no sostenible, desde hace 30 años pese a su importancia económica. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer las limitantes que amenazan la sostenibilidad de la actividad, y las estrategias de manejo y conservación que los recolectores proponen para las tres especies de insectos. Se obtuvo un diagnóstico general de esta actividad mediante entrevistas individuales a recolectores de la zona y se organizó un foro regional participativo en la actividad-recolecta de insectos comestibles desde la perspectiva de actores clave. Se realizó un análisis de componentes principales y una agrupación jerárquica de las limitantes que amenazan la sostenibilidad de la recolección de las tres especies de insectos comestibles en la región, así como las estrategias necesarias para atenderlas. Entre las limitantes más relevantes destacaron el manejo inadecuado de nidos, la extracción clandestina, compradores diversos sin compromisos, ausencia de normativas y de regulación legal, y destrucción del maguey y nopal. Entre las estrategias prioritarias, destacaron las relacionadas con la gobernanza, como la normatividad legal, manejo estratégico de ganado y comités de vigilancia, con poca asociación con tecnología, certificación o educación ambiental, y aunque buscan un marco legal, no consideran las acciones que se asocian con las variables de sostenibibilidad, las cuales no fueron altamente priorizadas por ningún grupo. Las actividades de reforestación, la gestión de centros de acopio y el establecimiento de cercos de exclusión de ganado no muestran una fuerte conexión con capacitaciones o certificaciones técnicas. Por lo que se requiere desarrollar programas de intervención, destinados a implementar las acciones prioritarias para garantizar la continuidad de esta actividad mediante mecanismos de regulación y control efectivos, y promover prácticas de manejo sostenible.

Sofia diet: cooking up a standard diet for black soldier fly research

2025-06-16
M. Zhelezarova , S. Popova , L. Nikovski +2 more | Journal of Insects as Food and Feed
Abstract With increasing interest in Hermetia illucens as a model organism for bioconversion, establishing standardized approaches for evaluating and comparing research outcomes is essential. Diets for black soldier fly (BSF) … Abstract With increasing interest in Hermetia illucens as a model organism for bioconversion, establishing standardized approaches for evaluating and comparing research outcomes is essential. Diets for black soldier fly (BSF) are often based on raw ingredients, which can vary significantly in quality, seasonality and availability, making research difficult to replicate and slowing industry development. To address this variability, we introduce the Sofia diet, an artificial, standardized diet that can be reproduced globally with consistent nutritional composition. Unlike other diets that are used in BSF research, the proposed Sofia diet is engineered to optimize BSF larva performance by following the performance on basic traits (survival and larva weight). Developed using surface mixture experiments, the diet is optimized for application during the larval stage. Hydrolyzed yeast, sucrose, and xanthan gum were identified as core ingredients in a three-step optimization process, followed by refinement of the preparation methodology. The adoption of standardized diets like the Sofia diet offers a valuable tool for enhancing research across diverse scientific disciplines, while supporting industrial efforts to develop efficient BSF rearing systems and high-value products. We also envision that standard diets like Sofia diet could be used to further study insect nutrition in this species. Further optimizations of the diet recipe are also discussed.

Diet‐induced gut microbiota shifts in grasshoppers: ecological implications for management and adaptation under varying grazing intensities

2025-06-16
Tingting Shen , Qian Wu , Yao Tan +2 more | Pest Management Science
Abstract BACKGROUND Grasshoppers play a keystone role in health and stability in grassland ecosystems, which are critical for biodiversity and ecological services. Despite this, in the context of the desert … Abstract BACKGROUND Grasshoppers play a keystone role in health and stability in grassland ecosystems, which are critical for biodiversity and ecological services. Despite this, in the context of the desert steppe, there remains a paucity of knowledge regarding the response of Calliptamus abbreviatus to variations in grazing intensity and the subsequent impact on its gut microbiome and dietary diversity. The present study evaluated the impact of variations in sheep grazing intensity on the composition of plant species, which in turn influences the diet and intestinal microbiota of the grasshopper C. abbreviatus , an abundant species in these ecosystems. RESULTS We found that increased grazing intensity has significant impacts on plant species composition and diversity, reduces grasshopper dietary diversity, increases reliance on Allium tenuissimum , and alters gut microbial community structure. Notably, plant species composition changes associated with high grazing intensity decrease Actinobacteria and Frankia but increase Proteobacteria, potentially affecting grasshopper adaptability and nutrient absorption. Procrustes analysis revealed a significant congruence between diet and gut microbiota, and the plant species changes associated with grazing serve as a pivotal point in the enterotype differentiation of grasshoppers, with enterotype 2 potentially endowing grasshoppers with enhanced nutrient absorption and transport capabilities under grazing, helping them adapt to environmental changes. CONCLUSION Our findings emphasize that the diet and structure and function of grasshopper gut microbial communities are altered by the quality and quantity of food resources. This study provides insights into the long‐term interactions between insects and their environment, and these insights are crucial for sustainable grassland management and pest control strategies. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Establishment of a Method for Biosynthesizing Rare Vitamin Ds by Overexpressing the Neverland Protein in Silkworm (<i>Bombyx mori</i>) using Baculovirus

2025-06-16
Sen Wang , Masato Hino , Jae Man Lee +5 more | Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin with physiological effects that vary depending on differences in its side chains. However, rare forms of vitamin D (D4-D7) are poorly distributed in nature, … Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin with physiological effects that vary depending on differences in its side chains. However, rare forms of vitamin D (D4-D7) are poorly distributed in nature, making them difficult to obtain. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of recombinant baculovirus-injected silkworms to synthesize rare forms of vitamin D. Using the silkworm baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) to overexpress the Bombyx mori neverland (BmNvd) protein, we detected provitamins D3, D5, and D7 in these silkworms. We assessed the synthesis of vitamin D under two different ultraviolet (UV) exposure conditions and identified the synthesized vitamins D3, D5, and D7 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Silkworms achieved a maximum of 6910.81 ± 400.98 μg/100 g of vitamin D3, with vitamin D5 and D7 levels of 1653.57 ± 102.98 and 243.22 ± 19.78 μg/100 g, respectively. The results demonstrated the potential of silkworms to synthesize vitamin D3 and other rare forms of vitamin D, offering a new perspective on insects as viable sources of rare vitamin D.

Potential use of Tenebrio molitor L. to promote sustainable livestock farming

2025-06-16
ISAMAR JANETT LOPEZ VASQUEZ , Jesús Froylán Martínez-Puc , Marco Antonio Ramírez-Bautista +2 more | Agro Productividad
Objective: analyze available information on the potential of T. molitor for feeding livestock species. Design/methodology/approach: a search of scientific information available in national and international databases was carried out with … Objective: analyze available information on the potential of T. molitor for feeding livestock species. Design/methodology/approach: a search of scientific information available in national and international databases was carried out with the search criteria “Sustainable livestock”, “Climate change”, “Animal nutrition alternatives”, “Tenebrio molitor”, “Nutritional properties of T. molitor”, “T. molitormeal”, “T. molitor consumption”, “Weight gain of cattle fed with T. molitor”, “weight gain of poultry fed with T. molitor” and “use of T. molitor in livestock” and their equivalents in English language. Results: T. molitor larvae meal is high in crude protein and essential amino acids, which makes it an ideal supplement for monogastric livestock species, especially broilers. Limitations on study/implications: work with livestock species in tropical conditions is scarce, as are studies on ruminants. Findings/conclusions: the species T. molitor presents an option for protein supplementation in livestock, stimulates consumption and feed conversion in chickens. It is necessary to promote research in ruminant livestock. Keywords: alternative livestock farming, edible insects, animal nutrition

Hybridization in Meat‐Based Dual Protein Foods: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Consumer Insights

2025-06-16
Renyu Zhang , Mustafa M. Farouk , Carolina E. Realini +1 more | Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
ABSTRACT As the global demand for protein‐rich foods continues to rise, developing innovative solutions to enhance sustainability and nutritional quality in meat production has become increasingly important. Meat is a … ABSTRACT As the global demand for protein‐rich foods continues to rise, developing innovative solutions to enhance sustainability and nutritional quality in meat production has become increasingly important. Meat is a tasty source of high‐quality protein and micronutrients, whose integration with alternative proteins offers new avenues to address technical and consumer‐driven challenges. Meat‐based hybrids, also called dual‐protein foods, combine meat with alternative proteins like plant proteins, edible insects, microalgae, and nutritional yeast, offering a promising solution by improving resource efficiency while retaining familiar taste and nutritional benefits of meat. However, challenges remain regarding protein compatibility, functionality, and consumer acceptance. This review critically examines recent advances in hybridizing meat with alternative proteins, highlighting the pivotal roles of pH, temperature, and salt concentration in modulating protein–protein interactions and functionalities essential for cohesive hybrid systems. Emerging protein combinations, such as plant‐yeast or microalgae‐yeast blends, offer promising but underexplored opportunities in hybrid systems to enhance nutritional value and functional performance. Additionally, this review synthesizes recent consumer studies, highlighting that taste, texture, visual appeal, perceived nutritional and environmental benefits are primary drivers of acceptance and willingness to pay for hybrid products. Processing technologies, including high‐moisture extrusion, high‐pressure treatments, and ultrasound, are discussed for their potential to improve hybrid product quality through structural modification. Finally, this review introduces the HYBRID meat framework—a holistic systems‐based roadmap for innovating dual‐protein meat products by integrating raw materials, hybridization mechanisms, processing, consumer insights, and enabling tools like artificial intelligence and machine learning to guide future innovations in meat‐based dual‐protein foods.

Nutritional content and amino acid profile of edible insects (Lethocerus indicus, Dytiscus marginalis, and Odontotermes feae) consumed by ethnic communities of Assam, India

2025-06-16
Ipsah Akhtar , Manas Das | Journal of Food Science and Technology

Invertebrates of Siberia, a Potential Source of Animal Protein for Innovative Food and Feed Production: Biomass Nutrient Composition Change in the Earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) and the House Cricket Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

2025-06-16
S. E. Tshernyshev , Andrey Babenko , Irina B. Babkina +7 more | Insects
The possibility of designing the nutrient composition of invertebrate biomass was investigated. Two model species of terrestrial invertebrates, the house cricket Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and the earthworm Eisenia fetida … The possibility of designing the nutrient composition of invertebrate biomass was investigated. Two model species of terrestrial invertebrates, the house cricket Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826), were studied after feeding on substrates alternately enriched with certain nutrient precursors proposed in single and double doses. Crickets and earthworms showed similar tendencies to increase the B vitamin content of those vitamins whose initial level was high. Double-dose enrichment of the food substrate increased the levels of vitamin C, fat-soluble vitamins and most B vitamins. In a control group of crickets, vitamin C levels were 1.5 times lower than in a control group of earthworms. After enrichment of the feed substrate, the vitamin C content in the biomass of the crickets did not change significantly, but in the earthworms it increased significantly. The content of a wide range of minerals did not change after single-dose enrichment, but some micro-elements such as Pb and Se decreased significantly in earthworms after double-dose enrichment of the feed substrate. The calorific value of crickets was twice that of earthworms and did not change significantly after double-dose enrichment. It is shown that the nutrient composition of invertebrate biomass can be increased by enriching the feed substrate with precursors. The most effective increases are observed for all vitamins and several minerals. The results can be used to achieve specific nutrient concentrations in biomass for food and medical purposes.

Độc tính của acetaminophen làm suy yếu sự tăng trưởng và thúc đẩy tái tạo mô mỡ ở mô hình ruồi giấm thực nghiệm

2025-06-16
Nguyễn Trọng Tuệ , Lương Thị Phượng | Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Y học
Acetaminophen (APAP) là một trong những thành phần chính của thuốc giảm đau, hạ sốt được sử dụng phổ biến trong lâm sàng. Tuy nhiên, việc sử dụng APAP quá … Acetaminophen (APAP) là một trong những thành phần chính của thuốc giảm đau, hạ sốt được sử dụng phổ biến trong lâm sàng. Tuy nhiên, việc sử dụng APAP quá liều có thể dẫn đến ngộ độc, gây ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng đến sức khỏe. Việc đánh giá ảnh hưởng của thuốc lên quá trình chuyển hoá và độc tính đối với cơ thể sinh vật còn gặp nhiều hạn chế khi nghiên cứu trên người hay các mô hình động vật bậc cao. Nghiên cứu này sử dụng mô hình ruồi giấm Drosophila melanogaster nhằm đánh giá tác động của APAP đối với quá trình sinh trưởng và phát triển. Kết quả cho thấy độc tính của APAP có mối liên quan với độ tuổi và giới tính của ruồi giấm. Đặc biệt, việc hấp thu liên tục APAP trong quá trình phát triển làm giảm tuổi thọ, thay đổi kích thước giai đoạn nhộng và thúc đẩy việc tăng sinh mô mỡ trên mô hình ruồi giấm thực nghiệm.

Environmental modifications of dung beetle larvae shape their growth and life history.

2025-06-15
Nathan J McConnell , Patrick T. Rohner | bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
Organisms are not just passive recipients of environmental pressures but are able to shape the environment they experience. Yet, the mechanisms and the evolutionary implications of such niche construction remain … Organisms are not just passive recipients of environmental pressures but are able to shape the environment they experience. Yet, the mechanisms and the evolutionary implications of such niche construction remain poorly understood. Here, we study these effects in the gazelle dung beetle (Digitonthophagus gazella). Larvae of this species develop in an underground brood chamber (a so-called brood ball) consisting of cow dung which serves as a sole source of food for a single developing larva. Throughout its development, the larva extensively modifies its environment by constantly eating, regurgitating, and shaping particle sizes within the brood ball. Previous research suggests that these larval manipulations increase environmental quality and nutrient availability. However, how larval modifications affect larval growth and how these modifications differ between species remain poorly understood. We studied the impact of larval environmental modifications by transplanting eggs into previously modified or unmodified environments, whilst controlling for the confounding effect of maternally derived microbes. Additionally, we also studied how D. gazella larvae grow in an environment that was modified by a different species (Onthophagus binodis) to investigate species-specific differences of niche construction. Counter to expectations, we found that larval modifications by conspecifics did not confer a fitness benefit to D. gazella. However, surprisingly, individuals developing in a brood ball that was modified by a heterospecific individual emerged significantly quicker. These findings thus provide mixed support for the hypothesis that environmental modifications by a larva enhance its growth. Our research adds to the growing literature on the complex interactions between organisms and their environment and how those interactions feedback on organismal development and performance.

Antioxidant peptides (FYDQ and FVEG) derived from cricket (Acheta domesticus) protein hydrolysate enhance photoprotection and inhibit apoptosis in UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes cells

2025-06-14
Ratasark Summart , Natteewan Udomsil , Sumeth Imsoonthornruksa +1 more | Journal of Functional Foods

Protocol for laboratory rearing and infection tracking of Rhodnius prolixus using 3D-printable designs

2025-06-13
Ruby E. Harrison , Ronald Drew Etheridge | STAR Protocols

Microbial and biochemical characterisation of fermented house crickets (Acheta domesticus) and mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor)

2025-06-13
Polona Jamnik , Nik Mahnič , Simon Ekselenski +7 more | Journal of Insects as Food and Feed
Abstract Edible insects have a large potential to be an alternative source of proteins for human consumption. Lactic acid fermentation can further increase availability of proteins as well as increase … Abstract Edible insects have a large potential to be an alternative source of proteins for human consumption. Lactic acid fermentation can further increase availability of proteins as well as increase functional value of substrates. Thus, the study aimed to microbiologically and biochemically characterise house crickets ( Acheta domesticus ) and mealworm larvae ( Tenebrio molitor ) before and after lactic acid fermentation. Both insects were shown as a suitable substrate for fermentation which lasted 48 hours. Results of microbiological characterisation using culture-dependent microbiological methods show that reared, lyophilized and milled insects have fairly high viable microbial counts determined as aerobic (&gt;7.00 log CFU/g) and anaerobic (&gt;6 log CFU/g) mesophilic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria (&gt;6 log CFU/g) and enterococci (&gt;5 log CFU/g) prior fermentations and all counts were even higher after fermentations, but no pathogens were detected in any sample. High-throughput 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing revealed that most of bacteria (&gt;96% relative abundance) in insects’ prior fermentation are represented by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroides and Actinobacteria and at genus level Enterococcus , Lactonifactor , Clostridium and Klebsiella dominated in house crickets, while in mealworm larvae Enterococcus , Erwinia and Pantoea were the most abundant along with Salmonella which relative abundance was reduced by nearly 100× with fermentations. Regardless of the type of insect, fermentations using the Lb. plantarum starter culture or meat starter culture resulted in the dominance of Lactobacillus , Pediococcus and Enterococcus . In samples fermented with no addition of starter culture, the same bacterial genera still prevailed, suggesting that the native bacteria ( Ped. pentosaceus , Lb. graminis , Lb. sakei in both insects, and Ent. faecalis in house crickets and Ent. avium in mealworm larvae) played an important role in all fermentations. In spite of this both fermented insects differed in lactic acid concentration, free amino groups level and antioxidative activity, which were higher for mealworm larvae.

Edible Stinkbug Oil Extraction Process: Pathways to Commercialisation

2025-06-13
Tendai Abgirl Makore , Brighton M. Mvumi , Faith Matiza Ruzengwe +1 more | Deleted Journal
Abstract Marine oils are a significant source of essential fatty acids. However, concerns about sustainability, mercury contamination and undesirable flavours limit their widespread use. Edible insect oils provide a valuable … Abstract Marine oils are a significant source of essential fatty acids. However, concerns about sustainability, mercury contamination and undesirable flavours limit their widespread use. Edible insect oils provide a valuable alternative, with nutritional, socio-economic, and ecological benefits, aligning with multiple SDGs. We extracted the edible stinkbug oil using ethanol at 50°C, varying the extraction time, followed by evaluation of the fatty acid profiles. Our study showed a maximum extraction yield of 35% obtained after 4 h. The edible stinkbug oil is high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids. The PUFA/SFA ratio is more than 0.7 in the extracted oils, indicating that the edible stinkbug is a good source of high-quality edible oils. Further research is required to explore its commercial viability. Key considerations include scaling-up extraction methods. Ethanol extraction is efficient but it requires careful residual removal in the final product to ensure food safety. Addressing food safety concerns through rigorous testing (microbiological, chemical, toxicological) and assessing potential allergenicity risks is recommended. Understanding these factors paves way for sustainable commercialisation of edible insect oil products. Commercialisation brings new opportunities for downstream scaling-up of edible insects rearing to feed into the insect oil industry. Information © The Authors 2025