Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science

Crop Yield and Soil Fertility

Works Count: 107153

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Description

This cluster of papers explores various factors affecting maize yield, including nitrogen uptake, plant density, lodging resistance, hybrid selection, grain quality, stalk strength, source-sink relationship, genetic improvement, and crop management.

Keywords

Maize Yield; Nitrogen Uptake; Plant Density; Lodging Resistance; Hybrid Selection; Grain Quality; Stalk Strength; Source-Sink Relationship; Genetic Improvement; Crop Management

Temperature extremes: Effect on plant growth and development

2015-08-10

Jerry L. Hatfield , John H. Prueger

Temperature is a primary factor affecting the rate of plant development. Warmer temperatures expected with climate change and the potential for more extreme temperature events will impact plant productivity. Pollination … Temperature is a primary factor affecting the rate of plant development. Warmer temperatures expected with climate change and the potential for more extreme temperature events will impact plant productivity. Pollination is one of the most sensitive phenological stages to temperature extremes across all species and during this developmental stage temperature extremes would greatly affect production. Few adaptation strategies are available to cope with temperature extremes at this developmental stage other than to select for plants which shed pollen during the cooler periods of the day or are indeterminate so flowering occurs over a longer period of the growing season. In controlled environment studies, warm temperatures increased the rate of phenological development; however, there was no effect on leaf area or vegetative biomass compared to normal temperatures. The major impact of warmer temperatures was during the reproductive stage of development and in all cases grain yield in maize was significantly reduced by as much as 80−90% from a normal temperature regime. Temperature effects are increased by water deficits and excess soil water demonstrating that understanding the interaction of temperature and water will be needed to develop more effective adaptation strategies to offset the impacts of greater temperature extreme events associated with a changing climate.

Current status of adoption of no-till farming in the world and some of its main benefits.

2010-03-31

Rolf Derpsch , Theodor Friedrich , Amir Kassam +1 more

In 1999 no-tillage farming, synonymous of zero tillage farming or conservation agriculture, was adopted on about 45 million ha world wide, growing to 72 million ha in 2003 and to … In 1999 no-tillage farming, synonymous of zero tillage farming or conservation agriculture, was adopted on about 45 million ha world wide, growing to 72 million ha in 2003 and to 111 million ha in 2009, corresponding to an growth rate of 6 million ha per annum. Fastest adoption rates have been experienced in South America where some countries are using no-tillage farming on about 70% of the total cultivated area. Opposite to countries like the USA where often fields under no-tillage farming are tilled every now and then, more than two thirds of the area under no-tillage systems in South America is permanently not tilled; in other words once adopted, the soil is never tilled again. The spread of no-tillage systems on more than 110 million ha world-wide shows the great adaptability of the systems to all kinds of climates, soils and cropping conditions. No-tillage is now being practiced from the artic circle over the tropics to about 50o latitude south, from sea level to 3 , 000 m altitude, from extremely rainy areas with 2 , 500 mm a year to extremely dry conditions with 250 mm a year. No-till farming offers a way of optimizing productivity and ecosystem services, offering a wide range of economic, environmental and social benefits to the producer and to the society. At the same time, no-till farming is enabling agriculture to respond to some of the global challenges associated with climate change, land and environmental degradation, and increasing cost of food, energy and production inputs. The wide recognition of no-till farming as a truly sustainable system should ensure the spread of the no-till technology and the associated practices of organic soil cover and crop rotation, as soon as the barriers to its adoption have been overcome, to areas where adoption is currently still low. The widespread adoption globally also shows that no-tillage farming cannot any more be considered a temporary fashion or a craze; instead largely through farmers’ own effort, the system has established itself as a farming practice and a different way of thinking about sustainable agro-ecosystem management that can no longer be ignored by scientists, academics, extension workers, farmers at large as well as equipment and machine manufacturers and politicians. Keywords: w orld-wide no-till adoption , zero tillage adoption , conservation agriculture, soil health, climate change, ecosystem services DOI: 10.3965/j.issn.1934-6344.20 1 0.0 1 .0-0 Citation: Rolf D erpsch , Theodor F riedrich , Amir K assam, Li H ongwen . Current status of adoption of no-till farming in the world and some of its main benefits . Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 20 1 0; 3 ( 1 ): <span style=line-height: 140%; font-family:

The Physiological Basis of Variation in Yield

1952-01-01

D. J. WATSON

Soil Organic Matter and Its Role in Crop Production

1973-01-01

Franklin E. Allison

Integrated soil–crop system management for food security

2011-03-28

Xinping Chen , Zhenling Cui , Peter M. Vitousek +7 more

China and other rapidly developing economies face the dual challenge of substantially increasing yields of cereal grains while at the same time reducing the very substantial environmental impacts of intensive … China and other rapidly developing economies face the dual challenge of substantially increasing yields of cereal grains while at the same time reducing the very substantial environmental impacts of intensive agriculture. We used a model-driven integrated soil–crop system management approach to develop a maize production system that achieved mean maize yields of 13.0 t ha −1 on 66 on-farm experimental plots—nearly twice the yield of current farmers’ practices—with no increase in N fertilizer use. Such integrated soil–crop system management systems represent a priority for agricultural research and implementation, especially in rapidly growing economies.

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Growing degree-days: one equation, two interpretations

1997-12-01

Gregory S. McMaster

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The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Expression of Slow-Mildewing Resistance in Knox Wheat

1977-01-01

Gregory Shaner

Why are wheat yields stagnating in Europe? A comprehensive data analysis for France

2010-08-09

Nadine Brisson , Philippe Gate , David Gouache +3 more

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Seed dry weight response to source–sink manipulations in wheat, maize and soybean: a quantitative reappraisal

2003-10-15

Lucas Borrás , Gustavo A. Slafer , María E. Otegui

Recent patterns of crop yield growth and stagnation

2012-12-18

D. K. Ray , Navin Ramankutty , Nathaniel D. Mueller +2 more

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FRACTIONATION OF SOIL PHOSPHORUS

1957-08-01

S. C. Chang , M. L. Jackson

A Correlation and Path‐Coefficient Analysis of Components of Crested Wheatgrass Seed Production1

1959-09-01

Douglas R. Dewey , Kai Lu

Synopsis Fertility and plant size were the most important components of seed yield. Inasmuch as fertility and plant size were negatively correlated, r = −.665, a compromise must be reached … Synopsis Fertility and plant size were the most important components of seed yield. Inasmuch as fertility and plant size were negatively correlated, r = −.665, a compromise must be reached in selection for these two characters if maximum seed yields are to be obtained. The method of “path coefficients” proved useful in analyzing correlation coefficients in this system of interrelated variables.

Crops that feed the world 6. Past successes and future challenges to the role played by maize in global food security

2011-08-23

Bekele Shiferaw , B. M. Prasanna , Jon Hellin +1 more

Maize is one of the most important food crops in the world and, together with rice and wheat, provides at least 30% of the food calories to more than 4.5 … Maize is one of the most important food crops in the world and, together with rice and wheat, provides at least 30% of the food calories to more than 4.5 billion people in 94 developing countries. In parts of Africa and Mesoamerica, maize alone contributes over 20% of food calories. Maize is also a key ingredient in animal feed and is used extensively in industrial products, including the production of biofuels. Increasing demand and production shortfalls in global maize supplies have worsened market volatility and contributed to surging global maize prices. Climatic variability and change, and the consequent rise in abiotic and biotic stresses, further confound the problem. Unless concerted and vigorous measures are taken to address these challenges and accelerate yield growth, the outcome will be hunger and food insecurity for millions of poor consumers. We review the research challenges of ensuring global food security in maize, particularly in the context of climate change. The paper summarizes the importance of maize for food, nutrition and livelihood security and details the historical productivity of maize, consumption patterns and future trends. We show how crop breeding to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses will play a key role in meeting future maize demand. Attention needs to be directed at the generation of high yielding, stress-tolerant and widely-adapted maize varieties through judicious combination of conventional and molecular breeding approaches. The use of improved germplasm per se will not, however, be enough to raise yields and enhance adaptation to climate change, and will need to be complemented by improved crop and agronomic practices. Faced with emasculated state extension provision and imperfect markets, new extension approaches and institutional innovations are required that enhance farmers' access to information, seeds, other inputs, finance and output markets. Over the long-term, large public and private sector investment and sustained political commitment and policy support for technology generation and delivery are needed to overcome hunger, raise the incomes of smallholder farmers and meet the challenges of growing demand for maize at the global level.

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Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Cereal Grain Production with Optical Sensing and Variable Rate Application

2002-07-01

W. R. Raun , John B. Solie , Gordon V. Johnson +5 more

In 2001, N fertilizer prices nearly doubled as a result of increased natural gas prices. This was further troubling when considering that the world N use efficiency (NUE) in cereal … In 2001, N fertilizer prices nearly doubled as a result of increased natural gas prices. This was further troubling when considering that the world N use efficiency (NUE) in cereal grain production averages only 33%. Methods to improve NUE in winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) have not included high spatial‐resolution management based on sensed plant growth properties nor on midseason prediction of grain yield. Our objective was to determine the validity of using in‐season estimates of grain yield (INSEY) and a response index (RI) to modulate N at 1‐m 2 spatial resolution. Four winter wheat field experiments were conducted that evaluated prescribed midseason N applications compared with uniform rates that simulated farmer practices. Our methods recognize that each 1‐m 2 area in wheat fields needs to be sensed and managed independently and that the need for fertilizer N is temporally dependent. Averaged over locations, NUE was improved by >15% when N fertilization was based on optically sensed INSEY, determined for each 1‐m 2 area, and a RI compared with traditional practices at uniform N rates.

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The EPIC Crop Growth Model

1989-01-01

J. R. Williams , Charles Jones , James R. Kiniry +1 more

ABSTRACT The EPIC plant growth model was developed to estimate soil productivity as affected by erosion throughout the U.S. Since soil productivity is expressed in terms of crop yield, the … ABSTRACT The EPIC plant growth model was developed to estimate soil productivity as affected by erosion throughout the U.S. Since soil productivity is expressed in terms of crop yield, the model must be capable of simulating crop yields realistically for soils with a wide range of erosion damage. Also, simulation of many crops is required because of the wide variety grown in the U.S. EPIC simulates all crops with one crop growth model using unique parameter values for each crop. The processes simualted include leaf interception of solar radiation; conversion to biomass; division of biomass into roots, above ground mass, and economic yield; root growth; water use; and nutrient uptake. The model has been tested throughout the U.S. and in several foreign countries.

Nonlinear heat effects on African maize as evidenced by historical yield trials

2011-03-13

David B. Lobell , Marianne Bänziger , Cosmos Magorokosho +1 more

A uniform decimal code for growth stages of crops and weeds

1991-12-01

Peter Lancashire , H. Bleiholder , T. van den Boom +4 more

Summary A universal scale (to be known as the BBCH scale) using a decimal code for the description of the growth stages of most agricultural crops and weeds is proposed. … Summary A universal scale (to be known as the BBCH scale) using a decimal code for the description of the growth stages of most agricultural crops and weeds is proposed. The scale and codes are based on the well‐known Zadoks code for cereals. Developmentally similar growth stages of different crops are given the same codes. The general scale provides a framework within which more specific scales for individual crops may be constructed. The uniformity of the scale makes it easy to remember and use in agricultural practice and simplifies storage and retrieval in a computer system. A description of the general scale is given followed by specific scales for cereals, rice, maize, oilseed rape, field beans, peas and sunflower. Comparisons with scales currently in use are given where appropriate.

Analysis and Interpretation of Factors Which Contribute to Efficiency of Nitrogen Utilization1

1982-05-01

R. H. Moll , E. J. Kamprath , W. Andrew Jackson

Abstract Differences in N response among corn ( Zea mays L.) genotypes reflect variation in numerous processes involved in N use efficiency. In order to facilitate the study of such … Abstract Differences in N response among corn ( Zea mays L.) genotypes reflect variation in numerous processes involved in N use efficiency. In order to facilitate the study of such variation, we develop and demonstrate a concept for evaluating the contribution of N uptake and utilization processes to variation in N use efficiency. Eight hybrids were grown in a replicated field experiment at two levels of N fertilizer on a Dothan loamy sand (Typic Plinthic Paleudult). Differences among the hybrids for components of N use efficiency were evaluated from measurements of grain yield, N accumulation in the plant at silking, and N accumulation in the grain and stover at harvest. Significant differences were found among hybrids and between N levels for all traits. Interactions among hybrids and N levels were significant for all traits except grain yield. At low N supply, differences among hybrids for N use efficiency were due largely to variation in utilization of accumulated N, but with high N they were due largely to variation in uptake efficiency. Variation in proportion of N translocated to grain was also important at the low N supply. Variation in N accumulated after silking was not important at either level of N supply. Variation in N remobilization from vegetative tissue to grain was moderately important at the low N supply. Hybrids with similar levels of N use efficiency showed marked differences in component traits which contribute to efficiency.

The decimal code for the growth stages of cereals, with illustrations

1987-04-01

D. R. Tottman

SUMMARY The decimal code for the growth stages of cereals, devised by Zadoks, Chang & Konzak (1974), is reproduced with stylised drawings of selected stages of wheat, barley and oat … SUMMARY The decimal code for the growth stages of cereals, devised by Zadoks, Chang & Konzak (1974), is reproduced with stylised drawings of selected stages of wheat, barley and oat plants. Expanded definitions of some of the descriptive phrases are designed to assist the application of the code to agrochemical research, development and use in the UK.

Greater Sensitivity to Drought Accompanies Maize Yield Increase in the U.S. Midwest

2014-05-01

David B. Lobell , Michael J. Roberts , Wolfram Schlenker +4 more

A key question for climate change adaptation is whether existing cropping systems can become less sensitive to climate variations. We use a field-level data set on maize and soybean yields … A key question for climate change adaptation is whether existing cropping systems can become less sensitive to climate variations. We use a field-level data set on maize and soybean yields in the central United States for 1995 through 2012 to examine changes in drought sensitivity. Although yields have increased in absolute value under all levels of stress for both crops, the sensitivity of maize yields to drought stress associated with high vapor pressure deficits has increased. The greater sensitivity has occurred despite cultivar improvements and increased carbon dioxide and reflects the agronomic trend toward higher sowing densities. The results suggest that agronomic changes tend to translate improved drought tolerance of plants to higher average yields but not to decreasing drought sensitivity of yields at the field scale.

Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Cereal Production

1999-05-01

W. R. Raun , Gordon V. Johnson

Abstract Worldwide, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for cereal production (wheat, Triticum aestivum L.; corn, Zea mays L.; rice, Oryza sativa L. and O. glaberrima Steud.; barley, Hordeum vulgare L.; sorghum, … Abstract Worldwide, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for cereal production (wheat, Triticum aestivum L.; corn, Zea mays L.; rice, Oryza sativa L. and O. glaberrima Steud.; barley, Hordeum vulgare L.; sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench; millet, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.; oat, Avena sativa L.; and rye, Secale cereale L.) is approximately 33%. The unaccounted 67% represents a $15.9 billion annual loss of N fertilizer (assuming fertilizer‐soil equilibrium). Loss of fertilizer N results from gaseous plant emission, soil denitrification, surface runoff, volatilization, and leaching. Increased cereal NUE is unlikely, unless a systems approach is implemented that uses varieties with high harvest index, incorporated NH 4 ‐N fertilizer, application of prescribed rates consistent with in‐field variability using sensor‐based systems within production fields, low N rates applied at flowering, and forage production systems. Furthermore, increased cereal NUE must accompany increased yields needed to feed a growing world population that has yet to benefit from the promise of N 2 ‐fixing cereal crops. The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) linked with advanced research programs at universities and research institutes is uniquely positioned to refine fertilizer N use in the world via the extension of improved NUE hybrids and cultivars and management practices in both the developed and developing world.

Number of kernels in wheat crops and the influence of solar radiation and temperature

1985-10-01

R. A. Fischer

SUMMARY The number of kernels per m 2 ( K ) in well managed and watered wheat crops was studied using results of experiments in Mexico and Australia in which … SUMMARY The number of kernels per m 2 ( K ) in well managed and watered wheat crops was studied using results of experiments in Mexico and Australia in which short spring wheat cultivars were subjected to independent variation in radiation, largely via artificial shading, and in temperature. Also crops subjected to differences in weather (year), sowing date and location within Mexico, revealed responses to the natural and simultaneous variation which occurs in radiation and temperature. Responses in K were interpreted in terms of spike dry weight at anthesis (g/m 2 ) and number of kernels per unit of spike weight. K was linearly and most closely related to incident solar radiation in the 30 days or so preceding anthesis, herein termed the spike growth period; for the cultivar Yecora 70 with full ground cover the slope was 19 kernels/MJ. This response seemed largely due to a linear response of crop growth rate to intercepted solar radiation. The proportion of dry weight increase partitioned to the spike increased somewhat with reduced radiation. Also increasing temperature in the range 14–22 °C during this period reduced K (slope approximately 4% per CC at 15 °C). The cause appeared to be lower spike dry weight due to accelerated development. The number of kernels per unit spike weight at anthesis was little affected by radiation or temperature, and averaged 78±2/g for the cultivar Yecora 70. With natural variation in radiation and temperature, K was closely and linearly correlated with the ratio of mean daily incident or intercepted radiation to mean temperature above 4·5 °C in the 30 days preceding anthesis. As this ratio, termed the photothermal quotient, increased from 0·5 to 2·0 MJ/m 2 /day/degree, K increased from 70 to 196 × 10 2 /m 2 . These responses of K to weather, sowing date and location were closely associated with variation in spike dry weight. It was concluded that the ratio of solar radiation to temperature could be very useful for estimating K in wheat crop models. Also the analysis of K determination in terms of spike dry weight appeared promising, and suggests that wheat physiologists should place greater emphasis on the growth period immediately before anthesis.

Breeding Opportunities for Increasing the Efficiency of Water Use and Crop Yield in Temperate Cereals

2002-01-01

Richard A. Richards , G. J. Rebetzke , Anthony G. Condon +1 more

Genetic advances in grain yield under rainfed conditions have been achieved by empirical breeding methods. Progress is slowed, however, by large genotype x season and genotype x location interactions arising … Genetic advances in grain yield under rainfed conditions have been achieved by empirical breeding methods. Progress is slowed, however, by large genotype x season and genotype x location interactions arising from unpredictable rainfall, which is a feature of dry environments. A good understanding of factors limiting and/or regulating yield now provides us with an opportunity to identify and then select for physiological and morphological traits that increase the efficiency of water use and yield under rainfed conditions. The incorporation of these traits into breeders' populations should broaden their genetic base. It also may lead to faster selection methods and selection for the traits may result in correlated gains in yield. Here, we undertake a review of factors that limit yield in rainfed environments and discuss genetic opportunities and genetic progress in overcoming them. The examples given are for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), but the principles apply to all cereal crops grown in dry environments.

Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn

2004-02-27

Recep Çakır

A test of the computer simulation model ARCWHEAT1 on wheat crops grown in New Zealand

1991-11-01

P. D. Jamieson , John R. Porter , D.R. Wilson

WOFOST: a simulation model of crop production

1989-03-01

C.A. van Diepen , J. Wolf , H. van Keulen +1 more

Abstract. The WOFOST simulation model is a tool for analysing the growth and production of field crops under a wide range of weather and soil conditions. Such an analysis is … Abstract. The WOFOST simulation model is a tool for analysing the growth and production of field crops under a wide range of weather and soil conditions. Such an analysis is important first to assess to what extent crop production is limited by the factors of light, moisture and macro‐nutrients, and second to estimate what improvements are possible. The theoretical concept of a production situation, as modelled by WOFOST, is explained, as is the hierarchy of potential production and water‐limited and nutrient‐limited production situations in the analysis. The organization of the computer files in the model, the structure of the FORTRAN source program and the available standard sets of data are described briefly.

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Grain filling of cereals under soil drying

2005-11-02

Jianchang Yang , Jianhua Zhang

Summary Monocarpic plants require the initiation of whole‐plant senescence to remobilize and transfer assimilates pre‐stored in vegetative tissues to grains. Delayed whole‐plant senescence caused by either heavy use of nitrogen … Summary Monocarpic plants require the initiation of whole‐plant senescence to remobilize and transfer assimilates pre‐stored in vegetative tissues to grains. Delayed whole‐plant senescence caused by either heavy use of nitrogen fertilizer or adoption of lodging‐resistant cultivars/hybrids that remain green when the grains are due to ripen results in a low harvest index with much nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) left in the straw. Usually, water stress during the grain‐filling period induces early senescence, reduces photosynthesis, and shortens the grain‐filling period; however, it increases the remobilization of NSC from the vegetative tissues to the grain. If mild soil drying is properly controlled during the later grain‐filling period in rice ( Oryza sativa ) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), it can enhance whole‐plant senescence, lead to faster and better remobilization of carbon from vegetative tissues to grains, and accelerate the grain‐filling rate. In cases where plant senescence is unfavorably delayed, such as by heavy use of nitrogen and the introduction of hybrids with strong heterosis, the gain from the enhanced remobilization and accelerated grain‐filling rate can outweigh the loss of reduced photosynthesis and the shortened grain‐filling period, leading to an increased grain yield, better harvest index and higher water‐use efficiency. Contents Summary 223 I. Introduction 224 II. Problems in grain filling: unfavorably delayed whole‐plant senescence 224 III. Controlled soil drying improves carbon remobilization and grain filling as a result of enhanced whole‐plant senescence 225 IV. Hormonal regulation of whole‐plant senescence and grain filling 229 V. Activities of key enzymes involved in carbon remobilization and grain filling 230 VI. Conclusions 232 Acknowledgements 232 References 232

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Harvest index: a review of its use in plant breeding and crop physiology

1995-02-01

R. K. M. Hay

Summary This review charts the use of the concept of harvest index in crop improvement and physiology, concentrating on the literature from the last 20 years. Evidence from abstract journals … Summary This review charts the use of the concept of harvest index in crop improvement and physiology, concentrating on the literature from the last 20 years. Evidence from abstract journals indicates that the term has been applied most to small grain cereal crops and pulses, in India, Western Europe and the USA, and that it has been less useful for maize and tuber crops. Standard methods of measuring harvest index, the associated problems of measurement and interpretation, and representative values for a range of world species are reviewed. The values for modern varieties of most intensively‐cultivated grain crops fall within the range 0.4 to 0.6. Variation between varieties of the same species is illustrated by trends in the harvest indices of old, outclassed and recent varieties of temperate and mediterranean wheat and barley (compared under uniform conditions); this shows a progressive increase throughout the present century, although improvement has been much slower in Australia and Canada than in the UK. In most cases, the improvement in harvest index has been a consequence of increased grain population density coupled with stable individual grain weight. The high heritability of harvest index is explored by examining its (rather weak) response to variation in environmental factors (fertilisation, population density, application of growth regulators) in the absence of severe stress. A fuller perspective is gained by reviewing aspects of the harvest index of rice, maize and tropical pulses. With rice, attention must be paid to the fact that the adhering lemma and palea (not primarily part of economic yield) can make up 20% of grain weight; and there are important interactions among biomass, grain yield and season length. Maize differs from most small grain crops in that harvest index (in N. American varieties) was already high at the start of this century, and increases in yield potential have been largely the consequence of increased biomass production. The harvest index of many pulse species and varieties tends to be low because selection has been for some yield in all seasons. Extension of the harvest index concept to express the partitioning of mineral nutrients as well as dry matter (e.g. the nitrogen harvest index) has provided a range of responses whose implications for production and breeding remain to be explored. It is concluded that even though the principal cereal crops appear to be approaching the upper limit of harvest index, and future yield gains will have to be sought by increased biomass production, there will still be a need for the concept of harvest index as a tool in interpreting crop response to different environments and climatic change.

Potassium influences on yield and quality production for maize, wheat, soybean and cotton

2008-03-05

William T. Pettigrew

Potassium is one of the principle plant nutrients underpinning crop yield production and quality determination. While involved in many physiological processes, potassium's impact on water relations, photosynthesis, assimilate transport and … Potassium is one of the principle plant nutrients underpinning crop yield production and quality determination. While involved in many physiological processes, potassium's impact on water relations, photosynthesis, assimilate transport and enzyme activation can have direct consequences on crop productivity. Potassium deficiency can lead to a reduction in both the number of leaves produced and the size of individual leaves. Coupling this reduced amount of photosynthetic source material with a reduction in the photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area, and the result is an overall reduction in the amount of photosynthetic assimilates available for growth. The production of less photosynthetic assimilates and reduced assimilate transport out of the leaves to the developing fruit greatly contributes to the negative consequences that deficiencies of potassium have on yield and quality production. Goals aimed toward increasing crop productivity and improved quality dictate either increased potassium supply or more efficient use of potassium. Developing plants that more efficiently use potassium might be a worthwhile goal for geneticists.

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A Flexible Sigmoid Function of Determinate Growth

2002-12-19

Xinyou Yin

A new empirical equation for the sigmoid pattern of determinate growth, ‘the beta growth function’, is presented. It calculates weight (w) in dependence of time, using the following three parameters: … A new empirical equation for the sigmoid pattern of determinate growth, ‘the beta growth function’, is presented. It calculates weight (w) in dependence of time, using the following three parameters: tm, the time at which the maximum growth rate is obtained; te, the time at the end of growth; and wmax, the maximal value for w, which is achieved at te. The beta growth function was compared with four classical (logistic, Richards, Gompertz and Weibull) growth equations, and two expolinear equations. All equations described successfully the sigmoid dynamics of seed filling, plant growth and crop biomass production. However, differences were found in estimating wmax. Features of the beta function are: (1) like the Richards equation it is flexible in describing various asymmetrical sigmoid patterns (its symmetrical form is a cubic polynomial); (2) like the logistic and the Gompertz equations its parameters are numerically stable in statistical estimation; (3) like the Weibull function it predicts zero mass at time zero, but its extension to deal with various initial conditions can be easily obtained; (4) relative to the truncated expolinear equation it provides more reasonable estimates of final quantity and duration of a growth process. In addition, the new function predicts a zero growth rate at both the start and end of a precisely defined growth period. Therefore, it is unique for dealing with determinate growth, and is more suitable than other functions for embedding in process‐based crop simulation models to describe the dynamics of organs as sinks to absorb assimilates. Because its parameters correspond to growth traits of interest to crop scientists, the beta growth function is suitable for characterization of environmental and genotypic influences on growth processes. However, it is not suitable for estimating maximum relative growth rate to characterize early growth that is expected to be close to exponential.

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Selectable traits to increase crop photosynthesis and yield of grain crops

2000-02-01

Richard A. Richards

The grain yield of cereals has almost doubled this century as a result of genetic manipulation by plant breeding. Surprisingly, there has been no change in the rate of photosynthesis … The grain yield of cereals has almost doubled this century as a result of genetic manipulation by plant breeding. Surprisingly, there has been no change in the rate of photosynthesis per unit leaf area to accompany these increases. However, total photosynthesis has increased as a result of an increase in leaf area, daily duration of photosynthesis or leaf area duration. There remain substantial opportunities to continue to improve total photosynthesis and crop yield genetically using conventional breeding practices. Selectable traits are discussed here in the context of increasing total above‐ground biomass under favourable conditions. Opportunities exist to alter crop duration and the timing of crop development to match it better to radiation, temperature and vapour pressure during crop growth, and to increase the rate of development of early leaf area to achieve rapid canopy closure. The importance of these traits will depend on the environment in which the crop is grown. Increases in crop photosynthesis through breeding are also likely to come via indirect means. Selection for a high and sustained stomatal conductance during the period of stem elongation is one way. Increasing assimilate allocation to the reproductive primordia so as to establish a large potential sink should also indirectly increase total crop photosynthesis. Evidence in the major grain crops suggests that by anthesis the capacity for photosynthesis is high and that photosynthesis is not limiting during grain filling. To use this surplus capacity it is suggested that carbon and nitrogen partitioning to the reproductive meristem be increased so as to establish a high potential grain number and the potential for a large grain size. It is then expected that additional photosynthesis will follow, either by a longer daily duration of photosynthesis or by an extended leaf area duration.

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Crop Yield Gaps: Their Importance, Magnitudes, and Causes

2009-07-02

David B. Lobell , Kenneth G. Cassman , Christopher B. Field

Future trajectories of food prices, food security, and cropland expansion are closely linked to future average crop yields in the major agricultural regions of the world. Because the maximum possible … Future trajectories of food prices, food security, and cropland expansion are closely linked to future average crop yields in the major agricultural regions of the world. Because the maximum possible yields achieved in farmers' fields might level off or even decline in many regions over the next few decades, reducing the gap between average and potential yields is critical. In most major irrigated wheat, rice, and maize systems, yields appear to be at or near 80% of yield potential, with no evidence for yields having exceeded this threshold to date. A fundamental constraint in these systems appears to be uncertainty in growing season weather; thus tools to address this uncertainty would likely reduce gaps. Otherwise, short-term prospects for yield gains in irrigated agriculture appear grim without increased yield potential. Average yields in rainfed systems are commonly 50% or less of yield potential, suggesting ample room for improvement, though estimation of yield gaps for rainfed regions is subject to more errors than for irrigated regions. Several priorities for future research are identified.

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The effect of drought and heat stress on reproductive processes in cereals

2007-09-17

Beáta Barnabás , Katalin Jäger , Attila Fehér

ABSTRACT As the result of intensive research and breeding efforts over the last 20 years, the yield potential and yield quality of cereals have been greatly improved. Nowadays, yield safety … ABSTRACT As the result of intensive research and breeding efforts over the last 20 years, the yield potential and yield quality of cereals have been greatly improved. Nowadays, yield safety has gained more importance because of the forecasted climatic changes. Drought and high temperature are especially considered as key stress factors with high potential impact on crop yield. Yield safety can only be improved if future breeding attempts will be based on the valuable new knowledge acquired on the processes determining plant development and its responses to stress. Plant stress responses are very complex. Interactions between plant structure, function and the environment need to be investigated at various phases of plant development at the organismal, cellular as well as molecular levels in order to obtain a full picture. The results achieved so far in this field indicate that various plant organs, in a definite hierarchy and in interaction with each other, are involved in determining crop yield under stress. Here we attempt to summarize the currently available information on cereal reproduction under drought and heat stress and to give an outlook towards potential strategies to improve yield safety in cereals.

Breeding for Yield Potential and Stress Adaptation in Cereals

2008-11-18

J. L. Araus , Gustavo A. Slafer , C. Royo +1 more

Abstract The need to accelerate breeding for increased yield potential and better adaptation to drought and other abiotic stresses is an issue of increasing urgency. As the population continues to … Abstract The need to accelerate breeding for increased yield potential and better adaptation to drought and other abiotic stresses is an issue of increasing urgency. As the population continues to grow rapidly, the pressure on resources (mainly untouched land and water) is also increasing, and potential climate change poses further challenges. We discuss ways to improve the efficiency of crop breeding through a better physiological understanding by both conventional and molecular methods. Thus the review highlights the physiological basis of crop yield and its response to stresses, with special emphasis on drought. This is not just because physiology forms the basis of proper phenotyping, one of the pillars of breeding, but because a full understanding of physiology is also needed, for example, to design the traits targeted by molecular breeding approaches such as marker-assisted selection (MAS) or plant transformation or the way these traits are evaluated. Most of the information in this review deals with cereals, since they include the world's main crops, however, examples from other crops are also included. Topics covered by the review include the conceptual framework for identifying secondary traits associated with yield potential and stress adaptation, and how to measure these secondary traits in practice. The second part of the review deals with the real role of molecular breeding for complex traits from a physiological perspective. This part examines current developments in MAS and quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection as well as plant transformation. Emphasis is placed on the current limitations of these molecular approaches to improving stress adaptation and yield potential. The essay ends by presenting some ideas regarding future avenues for crop breeding given the current and possible future challenges, and on a multidisciplinary approach where physiological knowledge and proper phenotyping play a major role. Keywords: breedingcerealsdroughtyield potential ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are very grateful to Prof. Martin AJ Parry, Head of Plant Science Centre for Crop Genetic Improvement, Rothamsted Research (Email: [email protected]) and Prof. Roberto Tuberora, head of the Biotechnology Applied to Plant Breeding Group, Department of Agroenvironmental Sciences and Technology, University of Bologna, ([email protected]) for their very valuable comments and corrections. This study was supported in part by the European research project OPTIWHEAT (INCO-STRIP 015460) and by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology projects, AGL-2006-13541-C02-1 (for J.L. Araus and M.D. Serret), AGL 2006-07814/AGR (for G.A. Slafer) and AGL-2006-09226-C02-01 (for C. Royo). Referee: Richard Richards, Program Leader, 'High Performance Crops for Australia', CSIRO Plant Industry, POB 1600 Canberra 2601 Notes a Additive effect for grain yield (q ha− 1) computed as half of the difference between the mean phenotypic values of the RILs homozygous for the Svevo and Kofa alleles [(Svevo – Kofa) / 2]. † QTLs influencing more than one trait in a range of environments.

Agroecosystems, Nitrogen-use Efficiency, and Nitrogen Management

2002-03-01

Kenneth G. Cassman , Achim Dobermann , Daniel T. Walters

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Testing a Conceptual Model of Soil Emissions of Nitrous and Nitric Oxides

2000-01-01

Eric A. Davidson , Michael Keller , Heather E. Erickson +2 more

I nve s ti ga tors from many diverse disciplines-agron o- m i s t s , a tm o s ph eric ch em i s t s , … I nve s ti ga tors from many diverse disciplines-agron o- m i s t s , a tm o s ph eric ch em i s t s , eco l

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CERES-Maize: A simulation model of maize growth and development

1987-10-01

Janice MacKinnon

Crop Production under Drought and Heat Stress: Plant Responses and Management Options

2017-06-29

Shah Fahad , Ali Ahsan Bajwa , Usman Nazir +7 more

Abiotic stresses are one of the major constraints to crop production and food security worldwide. The situation has aggravated due to the drastic and rapid changes in global climate. Heat … Abiotic stresses are one of the major constraints to crop production and food security worldwide. The situation has aggravated due to the drastic and rapid changes in global climate. Heat and drought are undoubtedly the two most important stresses having huge impact on growth and productivity of the crops. It is very important to understand the physiological, biochemical, and ecological interventions related to these stresses for better management. A wide range of plant responses to these stresses could be generalized into morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses. Interestingly, this review provides a detailed account of plant responses to heat and drought stresses with special focus on highlighting the commonalities and differences. Crop growth and yields are negatively affected by sub-optimal water supply and abnormal temperatures due to physical damages, physiological disruptions, and biochemical changes. Both these stresses have multi-lateral impacts and therefore, complex in mechanistic action. A better understanding of plant responses to these stresses has pragmatic implication for remedies and management. A comprehensive account of conventional as well as modern approaches to deal with heat and drought stresses have also been presented here. A side-by-side critical discussion on salient responses and management strategies for these two important abiotic stresses provides a unique insight into the phenomena. A holistic approach taking into account the different management options to deal with heat and drought stress simultaneously could be a win-win approach in future.

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Soil Fertility and Fertilizers

1957-04-01

Samuel L. Tisdale , W. L. Nelson

Nitrogen in Crop Production

1984-01-01

The effects of bulk, biologic and nano-form fertilizers on Zea mays growth under irrigated circumstances

2025-06-25

Mohsen Janmohammadi , Soheila Samadi , Naser Sabaghnia | Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Biologia

In practical plant biology, nanotechnology has involvements on every step of cropping, such as early growing, maintenance, harvesting and post harvesting and it has caused remarkable changes in findings solutions … In practical plant biology, nanotechnology has involvements on every step of cropping, such as early growing, maintenance, harvesting and post harvesting and it has caused remarkable changes in findings solutions for facing problems. A trial was done to study the effects of different fertilizers on maize performance. The trial compared NPK bulk fertilizer, synthetic nano-sized fertilizers (boron, zinc, and complete), and biological fertilizers. Analyzing the data through principal component (PC) analysis indicated that the PC1 and PC2 explained for 56 and 27% of the variability in the dataset. Synthetic nano-zinc and nano-boron emerged as the most promising fertilizers, showcasing superior performance in terms of yield performance and yield components. A vector-tool biplot highlighted a robust positively correlation between chlorophyll content and straw yield, along with similar trends in grain yield and number of kernels per ear. Conventional bulk fertilizer (NPK) showed relatively lower efficiency across most evaluated traits. Based on ideal trait biplot, biological yield and stem diameter exhibited similar properties like to ideal trait, while oil percentage and hundred grain weight demonstrated unfavorable performance across treatments. This analysis underscores the efficacy of the treatment × trait biplot in elucidating relationships among traits and facilitating visual comparisons between different fertilizers. Overall, the findings underscore the significant enhancement of various maize cultivation traits through the application of synthetic nano-zinc and boron fertilizers, particularly in full irrigation condition. Article history: Received 15 March 2024; Revised 16 December 2024; Accepted 5 May 2025; Available online 25 June 2025

Improving yield by breaking the seed furrow and covering the soil after sowing in strip-tillage mode

2025-06-25

Xinliang Zhao , Wei Zhang | Plant Soil and Environment

Effect of sowing methods and spacings on growth and yield attributes of spring maize (Zea mays L.) in Parbat, Nepal

2025-06-25

Pankaj Kumar Tiwari , Roman Karki , Sangeeta Tiwari +2 more | Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science

The study was conducted in Phalewas Municipality, Parbat district, Nepal to assess the effect of two sowing methods (ridge bed and raised bed) and four plant spacings (60×15 cm, 60×20 … The study was conducted in Phalewas Municipality, Parbat district, Nepal to assess the effect of two sowing methods (ridge bed and raised bed) and four plant spacings (60×15 cm, 60×20 cm, 60×25 cm and 60×30 cm) on growth and yield characteristics of spring maize for improving the maize yield. This experiment aimed to identify adequate sowing method and optimum spacing using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results of this study showed that yield attributing characteristics per plant was significantly (p<0.05) impacted with decrement in plant spacing up to 60×15 cm. Likewise, number of cobs per plant, ear length, ear circumference, number of kernels per row, grains per cob was found significantly at par up to 60×20 cm spacing but significantly (p<0.05) higher than 60×15 cm. 60×20 cm spacing was found to have the highest impact on biometrical as well as yield attributes. The grain yield (6.53 Mt/ha) was significantly (p<0.05) higher at 60×20 cm than at 60×25 cm and 60×30 cm but at par with 60×15 cm. There was no discernible effect of the sowing method on the metrics of grain yield between ridge bed and raised bed sowing. However, both bed sowing methods significantly (p<0.05) improved the grain yield of maize (5.78 Mt/ha), compared to the farmer's practice in Parbat district. Therefore, this study suggested that farmers of Parbat can combine 60×20 cm plant spacing with bed sowing methods to maximize the production of maize.

Evaluation of maize hybrids for agro-morphological traits and grain yield during winter season at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

2025-06-25

B. C. Mahato , P. Bhandari , Bishwash Poudel +1 more | Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science

Maize is a vital cereal crop in Nepal, contributing to food security and livestock feed. Enhancing its productivity through high-yielding maize hybrids is essential to meet the increasing demand. This … Maize is a vital cereal crop in Nepal, contributing to food security and livestock feed. Enhancing its productivity through high-yielding maize hybrids is essential to meet the increasing demand. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of maize hybrids based on agro-morphological traits, yield-attributing parameters, and flowering attributes to identify promising hybrids for cultivation in maize growing regions of Nepal. The experiment was conducted during the winter season of the year 2023 at the National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal, using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data were collected on days to 50% flowering and silking, plant height, cob height, ear number per hectare, kernel rows per cob, kernel count per row, and grain yield. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation analysis were performed to assess variability and trait relationships with yield. Results showed the significant (p<0.05/p<0.01) differences among hybrids, with the commercial hybrid SULTAN achieving the highest grain yield (11.00 t/ha), followed by CML161/RML96 (10.68 t/ha) and RML36/RML2244 (9.87 t/ha), both statistically on par with SULTAN. These hybrids outperformed the national checks Rampur Hybrid 10 (4.82 t/ha) and Rampur Hybrid 16 (7.11 t/ha). Correlation analysis indicated strong positive associations between grain yield and plant height, cob height, kernel rows per cob, and kernel count per row. Therefore, maize hybrids demonstrating superior yield potential and favorable trait combinations will advance to multi-location trials, holding promise as future recommendations for the inner terai maize-growing zones of Nepal.

Impact of agricultural subsidy on three cereal crops cultivated in Dailekh district, Nepal

2025-06-25

Namuna Khatri , Surya Mani Dhungana , Rosna Devkota +1 more | Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science

This study aimed to investigate the impact of agricultural subsidies on the three primary cereal crops—rice, maize, and wheat in Dailekh district of Karnali province, Nepal and to evaluate the … This study aimed to investigate the impact of agricultural subsidies on the three primary cereal crops—rice, maize, and wheat in Dailekh district of Karnali province, Nepal and to evaluate the current status of subsidies, their impact on agricultural cultivation, and the variables affecting their allocation. The data was collected through a scheduled of semi-structured surveys and interviews from Narayan municipality of Dailekh district. Data was collected from 100 respondents, among them 60 were subsidy recipients and 40 were non-recipient, using a random sampling technique. A logistic regression model was used to determine the main factors affecting access to subsidies, such as gender, cooperative membership, farm size, and educational attainment. The results showed that the cost NPR 12,283 (90.94$) and NPR 17,625 (130.49$) on land preparation for rice cultivation; NPR 2,737 (20.26$) NPR 9,973 (73.84$) on land preparation for maize cultivation, while NPR 7,010 (51.90$) and NPR 9,417 (69.72$) on land preparation for wheat cultivation was found to be significantly (p<0.01) different among the subsidy recipients and subsidy non-recipient’s farmers, respectively. Similarly, cost of seeds of rice, maize and wheat was also found to be significantly (p<0.05) different between the subsidy recipients and subsidy non-recipient’s farmers. The findings emphasize that targeted and effective subsidy programs should be required to increase the cereal production in Dailekh district of Nepal. Thus, policymakers should concentrate on enhancing marginalized farmer’s access to subsidies, guaranteeing distribution transparency, and launching training programs in order to optimize the advantages of agricultural support programs.

Long-term application of cattle manure alters functional N cycling genes and improves maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency

2025-06-24

Yansheng Li , Muqing Liu , Zhenhua Yu +7 more | Geoderma

Correction: Enhancing soil health through balanced fertilization: a pathway to sustainable agriculture and food security

2025-06-24

Yingying Xing , Yunxia Xie , Xiukang Wang | Frontiers in Microbiology

Influence of Plant Density on Maize (Zea mays L.) Yield and Yield-Related Traits in the Amik Plain

2025-06-24

Fatma Gokmen YILMAZ , Ömer Konuşkan , İbrahim ERTEKİN | International Journal of Chemistry and Technology

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different plant densities on yield and yield components of maize under main crop conditions in the Amik Plain. The maize cultivar … This study was conducted to determine the effects of different plant densities on yield and yield components of maize under main crop conditions in the Amik Plain. The maize cultivar P1541 was used, and the experiment was established at Mustafa Kemal University Agricultural Research and Application Center in Hatay, following a randomized complete block design with three replications. Six different plant density levels (7,519; 8,071; 8,606; 9,276; 9,990; and 10,989 plants da-1) were applied. The evaluated traits included plant height, stalk diameter, ear insertion height, ear length, ear diameter, number of kernels per ear, ear weight, kernel weight, 1000-kernel weight, and grain yield. Most morphological characteristics did not show statistically significant differences. However, plant density had a significant effect (P &lt; 0.01) on grain yield, with the highest yield obtained at 10,989 plants da-1. These findings indicate that optimal plant density can enhance maize productivity under Amik Plain conditions.

Fertilizer Use Efficiency and Profitability of Maize Varieties with Different Maturity Classes in Semi-Arid Ghana

2025-06-24

Dilys S. MacCarthy , Bright S. Freduah , Yvonne Ohui Kugblenu +4 more | Nitrogen

Optimizing the efficiency of fertilizer use is critical for sustainable maize production and food security, particularly in smallholder systems. Sub-optimal application rates pose a significant risk of soil nutrient depletion … Optimizing the efficiency of fertilizer use is critical for sustainable maize production and food security, particularly in smallholder systems. Sub-optimal application rates pose a significant risk of soil nutrient depletion and low productivity. Split plot experiments were conducted across four locations in Ghana’s Guinea Savannah using seven maize varieties from three different maturity classes. The study assessed the response to nitrogen fertilizer applications (0, 60, 90, and 120 kg N ha−1) regarding yield, Agronomic Efficiency (AEN), Water Use Efficiency (WUE), and economic feasibility. Grain yields across locations and varieties demonstrated a strong linear response to nitrogen fertilization. The 90 kg N ha−1 application generally produced the highest AEN for all sites and varieties. Gross Revenue (GR) and WUE increased with higher N rates, with Value-to-Cost Ratios (VCR) consistently exceeding 2. Applying 90 kg N ha−1 resulted in statistically similar Gross Revenues (GRs) to the 120 kg N ha−1 fertilization. Different maturity classes significantly impacted fertilizer efficiency in semi-arid Ghana, with intermediate varieties outperforming extra-early ones. Though a 90 kg N ha−1 rate was generally identified as the economically optimal rate of N fertilization for the locations, targeted fertilizer recommendations based on maize maturity groups and location are strongly advised.

Correction: Influence of drought stress on phosphorus dynamics and maize growth in tropical ecosystems

2025-06-24

Mohsin Mahmood , Junjie Wang , Sajid Mehmood +7 more | BMC Plant Biology

Enhancing wheat resilience in subtropical agroecosystems through climate-resilient agriculture strategies

2025-06-24

Raj Kumar Jat , Vijay Singh Meena , S. Pazhanisamy +7 more | Frontiers in Agronomy

Wheat production in subtropical agroecosystems is increasingly challenged by climate-induced stresses such as lodging, terminal heat, and erratic rainfall patterns. This study was conducted during the 2023–2024 rabi season across … Wheat production in subtropical agroecosystems is increasingly challenged by climate-induced stresses such as lodging, terminal heat, and erratic rainfall patterns. This study was conducted during the 2023–2024 rabi season across eight locations, namely, the Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA) Research Station at Pusa and seven project hubs located in the districts of Munger, Nawada, Nalanda, Katihar, Purnea, Samastipur, and Vaishali in Bihar, India, and evaluated climate-resilient agronomic strategies to enhance wheat resilience and productivity. A randomized block design with 20 replications was used to assess the interactive effects of tillage practices [conventional tillage (CT), zero tillage (ZT), and permanent raised bed (PRB)], sowing times (early vs. timely), and wheat varieties (HD2967, DBW187, and DBW316) on crop performance. Results indicated that PRB and ZT strategies significantly ( p &lt; 0.05) reduced (80%–90%) risk of lodging and increased (15%–25%) wheat grain yield compared to CT. Furthermore, early sowing (first fortnight of November) and the use of lodging-resilient varieties of HD2967 and DBW187 reduced crop lodging, improved crop performance, and increased wheat grain yield compared to late sowing (second fortnight of November) and the DBW316 variety, respectively. Correlation and regression analysis studies exposed a weak positive correlation between yield and wind speed ( r = 0.133) and a stronger positive correlation effect with rainfall ( r = 0.342) during early-sown crops, with stepwise regression indicating yield gains of 0.32 t/ha and 1.15 t/ha under optimum wind speed and rainfall, respectively ( r = 0.68). In contrast, late sowing exhibited negative correlations, with yield declining by 0.39 and 0.12 t/ha under aberrant wind and rainfall conditions, respectively ( r = 0.52). The study emphasized the significance of adopting climate-resilient agronomic strategies, such as ZT, appropriate variety selection (HD2967 and DBW187), and early sowing, to enhance the sustainability and resilience of wheat production under adverse climatic conditions.

Cultivar mixtures stabilize wheat baking quality rather than improve it

2025-06-24

Laura Stefan , Silvan Strebel , Karl‐Heinz Camp +4 more | bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

Integrating diversity into agricultural systems represent a promising way to increase the resilience of crop production. In particular, cultivar mixtures are gaining attention in Europe because they are a practical … Integrating diversity into agricultural systems represent a promising way to increase the resilience of crop production. In particular, cultivar mixtures are gaining attention in Europe because they are a practical way to stabilize wheat yields. However, the impact of these mixtures on wheat baking quality remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of cultivar mixtures on grain and flour quality. The experiment involved eight Swiss wheat cultivars grown in pure stands, in every possible 2-cultivar mixture, and in the 8-cultivar mixture. The experiment was repeated in eight year-by-site environments, allowing to evaluate the stability of baking quality in mixtures and pure stands. The results showed that the effects of the mixtures were negative for most flour quality parameters. Furthermore, these effects were not due to changes in cultivar proportions within the mixtures, but rather to cultivar-specific alterations in response to the mixture environment. Finally, mixtures significantly increased the stability of flour quality, by buffering the effects of fluctuating weather conditions. This study is the first to extensively investigate flour quality in eight contrasting environments. It demonstrates the potential of cultivar mixtures to mitigate the effects of changing abiotic conditions and ensure stable flour quality.

Effect of Biochar, NPK, and Poultry Manure on Yield Productivity of Maize under Rainfed Conditions

2025-06-24

Emmanuel Appiah , Margaret Esi Essilfie , Emmanuel Kwasi Asiedu +1 more | Journal of Scientific Research and Reports

The demand for maize continues to outstrip supply due to challenges such as low soil fertility, inappropriate agronomic practices, and infestations of pests and diseases. Hence, there is a need … The demand for maize continues to outstrip supply due to challenges such as low soil fertility, inappropriate agronomic practices, and infestations of pests and diseases. Hence, there is a need to explore sustainable solutions like Gliricidia sepium biochar and poultry manure as alternatives to improve maize yields while simultaneously enhancing soil chemical and physical properties. The study employed a 2 x 6 factorial experiment arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with twelve treatments and replicated three times. The treatments included; (i) two maize varieties (Obatanpa and Omankwa), and (ii) six fertiliser rates [10 t ha-1 Poultry manure (PM), 300 kg ha-1 NPK, 2.5 t ha-1 Gliricidia sepium biochar (GB), 150 kg ha-1 NPK + 1.25 t ha-1 GB, 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 PM and No fertiliser (Control)]. The results showed that Omankwa and Obatanpa planted on 10 t ha-1 PM tasseled (3 and 6 days) and silked (2 and 6 days) respectively earlier than the same varieties planted on the control during 2021. Obatanpa planted on 10 t ha-1 PM and 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 PM produced significantly higher plant height and wider stem diameter respectively at 12 weeks after planting across 2021 and 2022 than the control and Omankwa planted on same amendments. Obatanpa produced a significantly wider cob diameter than Omankwa in 2022. Obatanpa grown on 10 t ha-1 PM produced a significantly greater cob diameter than the control. Omankwa had a significantly higher total grain yield than Obatanpa in 2021. Omankwa and Obatanpa maize varieties planted on 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 PM were superior in grain yield which was 10.4% and 25.8% respectively higher than the same varieties planted on the control plot. For higher vegetative growth and total grain yield Obatanpa and Omankwa maize varieties planted on 10 t ha-1 PM and 1.25 t ha-1 GB + 5 t ha-1 PM are recommended to farmers.

Maize yield stability under organic and conventional farming systems in sub-humid agro-ecozones of Central Kenya

2025-06-24

Milka Kiboi , David Bautze , Felix Matheri +2 more | European Journal of Agronomy

Predicting planting suitability of globally important grain crops using a hybrid model

2025-06-24

Yongxia Ding , D. Fu , Pengcheng Jiao +2 more | European Journal of Agronomy

Effects of compound fertilizer granulation processes on maize yield, nutrient use efficiency, and soil properties

2025-06-23

Qi Liu , Sheng Wang , Shuang Fang +4 more | Research Square (Research Square)

<title>Abstract</title> Although fertilization optimization is vital for enhancing crop yield and agricultural sustainability, the influence of compound fertilizer granulation processes on productivity and environmental outcomes is frequently disregarded. This study … <title>Abstract</title> Although fertilization optimization is vital for enhancing crop yield and agricultural sustainability, the influence of compound fertilizer granulation processes on productivity and environmental outcomes is frequently disregarded. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of compound fertilizers produced via different granulation processes (spray granulation (SG), novel needle granulation (NNG), high-tower granulation (HTG), and drum granulation (DG)) with identical nutrient levels (N: P₂O₅: K₂O = 15:15:15) on maize (<italic>Zea mays</italic> L.) productivity and the environment, as well as the related underlying mechanisms. A field experiment was conducted on red soil in Southwest China to systematically compare the effect of no fertilization (CK) and that of the four compound fertilizers on maize growth, yield, nutrient uptake, fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), phosphorus use efficiency (PUE), and potassium use efficiency (KUE), soil profile nutrient distribution, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) leaching risks. The results showed that granulation processes significantly altered the physicochemical properties of fertilizers, subsequently affecting crop performance. NNG fertilizer, characterized by the fastest dissolution rate (DR) and lowest particle compressive strength, significantly increased maize yield (12156.8 kg·hm⁻², a 44% increase over CK) and NUE, PUE, and KUE (41%, 23%, and 18%). Therefore, it outperformed other processes in both yield and nutrient use efficiency and exhibited the lowest N leaching risk among the fertilizer treatments. Conversely, DG fertilizer, with the slowest DR, demonstrated the poorest agronomic performance. This study indicated that compound fertilizer granulation processes are essential for regulating crop yield and nutrient efficiency. The NNG process offers a novel pathway for producing high-yield, high-efficiency, and environmentally friendly compound fertilizers, holding significant importance for optimizing nutrient management and sustainable agricultural development.

Correction: Analysis of the impact of price incentives and precipitation fluctuations on maize planting area and yield

2025-06-23

Hao Wang , Cao Yan , Xiangdong Hu +4 more | Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems

Enhancing saline soil fertility through biochar and organic manure combinations: An incubation study

2025-06-23

Muhammad Iqbal Fauzan , Jon Andri Efendi Tumanggor , Septrial Arafat +3 more | Journal of Ecological Engineering

Assessment of the impact of fertilizers on greenhouse gas emission in Rambutan growing soil

2025-06-23

Binh Van Vo , Canh Linh , Linh Ba Tran +2 more | Journal of Ecological Engineering

Synergistic effects of iron oxide nanoparticles and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi through seed coating on maize growth and yield under drought stress

2025-06-23

Widia Sri Fatma , Satriyas Ilyas , Sri Wilarso Budi +1 more | Journal of Ecological Engineering

Effects of Irrigation Level, Plant Density and Nitrogen Doses on Grain Yield and Yield Parameters of Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench var. saccharatum)

2025-06-23

Güngör Köstereli , İlhan Turgut | Turkish Journal Of Field Crops

Experiments were carried out at Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Agriculture Application and Research Centre, in 2022 and 2023 summer seasons to evaluate the effects of irrigation level, plant density … Experiments were carried out at Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Agriculture Application and Research Centre, in 2022 and 2023 summer seasons to evaluate the effects of irrigation level, plant density and nitrogen dose on grain yield and yield parameters of sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench var. saccharatum]. Each field trail included thirty-two treatments represent the combinations among four irrigation levels, two planting densities and four nitrogen fertilization doses. A split-split plot design with three replications was used in both seasons, where the four deficit irrigation levels (0%, 33%, 66% and 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc)) were arranged in the main plots, while two planting densities (142857 and 285714 plants ha⁻¹) were randomly allocated in the sub plots and the four nitrogen doses (0, 70, 140 and 210 kg ha⁻¹) were randomly distributed in the sub-sub plots. The results showed the three factors and their interactions on grain yield and yield components were found significant. Grain yield increased with increasing irrigation level, plant density, nitrogen doses and their interactions in both years. In the study, maximum grain yield was obtained with all N doses at I₃ in 2022, while it was obtained with N₃ in I₁, I₂ and I₃ in 2023. Grain yield increased with increasing plant density in 2022, it did not interact with nitrogen doses, but they interacted in 2023 and the highest grain yield was determined at N₃ interacting with P₂. In the plant density and irrigation level interactions, the maximum grain yield was obtained from the interaction of D₂ and I₃ in the rainy year 2022, while it was obtained from the interaction of D₂ and I₂ in the dry year 2023.

Effect of Slow-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer with NBPT Inhibitor on Popcorn (Zea mays L. everta) Yield and Quality

2025-06-23

Ayşe Gülgün ÖKTEM , Mahmut Nedim AĞAÇKESEN , Abdullah Öktem | Turkish Journal Of Field Crops

This study was conducted to determine the effect of slow-release nitrogen with NBPT inhibitor [(N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT)] fertilizer doses on yield and yield components in popcorn under second crop … This study was conducted to determine the effect of slow-release nitrogen with NBPT inhibitor [(N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT)] fertilizer doses on yield and yield components in popcorn under second crop conditions in Sanlıurfa in 2022 and 2023. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block trial design with 3 replications. In the research, the R-997 popcorn variety was employed as the crop material. Slow-release urea fertiliser with NBPT inhibitor doses were utilised at the following rates: 0, 4 kg da-1, 8 kg da-1, 12 kg da-1, 16 kg da-1, 20 kg da-1, 24 kg da-1, 28 kg da-1, 32 kg da-1, respectively. The analysis of variance revealed that slow-release nitrogen dose applications had a statistically significant impact on several key traits, including the number of kernels per ear, ear diameter, ear length, thousand grain weight, and grain yield (P≤0.01). Furthermore, some quality parameters, including protein ratio, popping volume and unpopped kernel ratio, were also found to be statistically significant (P≤0.01). With the exception of the control, the application of slow-release nitrogen (N) at increasing doses was observed to have a positive effect on the studied traits and grain yield, apart from unpoped kernel. The analysis of regression indicated that the highest grain yield was achieved with the inclusion of the slow-release N with NBPT inhibitor at a dosage of 23 kg N ha-1, while the lowest grain yield was observed in the treatment where no nitrogen was applied. The use of slow-release nitrogen fertilisers may be recommended in areas of high evaporation and hot climates.

Unraveling the mechanisms of natural humus material-induced maize yield increase

2025-06-23

Zhuo Chen , Congzhi Zhang , Zhiwei Ma +5 more | Plant and Soil

Understanding the Potentials of Biochar and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Selected Soil Physical Properties and Maize (Zea mays) Performance

2025-06-23

Basit Adedoja Azeez , Ayodele Joshua Odofin , Mariam Olamide Kareem +3 more | Advances in Research

Biochar (BC) application has recently gained attention from researchers due to its promising quality of improving soil properties, including physical qualities, and crop performance. Therefore, this study was conducted to … Biochar (BC) application has recently gained attention from researchers due to its promising quality of improving soil properties, including physical qualities, and crop performance. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of biochar in combination with nitrogen fertilizer on selected soil physical properties and maize performance through a field experiment at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Technology, Minna. The study was a 3 x 4 factorial experiment set up in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three levels of biochar (0, 2.5, and 5 t/ha) and four levels of fertilizer (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N/ha), replicated three times. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the obtained soil and plant data, and Least Significant Difference (LSD) was used to distinguish the significant means. The findings showed that the soil bulk density and soil moisture constants (SC, FC, PWP, and AWC) were not significantly affected (p ≥ 0.05) by the application of fertilizer and BC. The emergence of seedlings was not significantly impacted following the application of BC or fertilizer. Grain yields, stover, and plant height were all significantly (p ≥ 0.05) impacted following the application of nitrogen fertilizer. Plant height was maximum at 80 and 120kg N/ha application, while the control recorded the shortest plant height. Hence, the application of nitrogen fertilizer increased maize plant height, stover, and grain yields significantly (p ≥ 0.05). Yet, a more long-term study on BC and N fertilizer needs to be done to better understand their impacts on soil and crop performance.

Performance of durum wheat landraces concerning on grain yield and spike characteristics in Bornova ecological conditions

2025-06-23

Rıza Işik , R. Refika Akçalı Giachino | Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the grain yield and spike characteristics of durum wheat landraces collected from different regions of Türkiye under Bornova-Yakaköy conditions and to … Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the grain yield and spike characteristics of durum wheat landraces collected from different regions of Türkiye under Bornova-Yakaköy conditions and to determine the best adapted varieties for the region. Materials and Methods: In the 2021-2022 growing season, the trial was carried out with three replications according to the randomized blocks trial design in Yakaköy conditions of İzmir/Bornova district. Nine local durum wheat varieties and three standard varieties were used as material. Within the scope of the study, heading time, maturity time, spike length, spike weight, number of spikelet per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, spike harvest index and grain yield properties were investigated. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the landraces and the standard varieties for all traits except spike harvest index. Regarding heading times and spike length, it was observed that the local landraces exhibited higher values than the standard varieties. In terms of spike weight, Akpüsen landrace exhibited 22.7% higher mean value than the standard varieties. The local landraces exhibited a 53% decrease in grain yield compared to the standard varieties. Conclusion: Akpüsen, Şahman, Kunduru and Sarı Bursa varieties had differences in terms of yield by giving higher values than both the landrace average and the general average.

Drought stress effects on quality and grain composition in four hybrid maize varieties with different stomatal resistance

2025-06-23

Ali Mahrokh , Farid Golzardi , Vida Ghotbi +3 more | Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate transpiration and its effects on grain quality in some maize hybrids under drought stress conditions. Material and Methods: The experiment was conducted using three … Objective: This study aimed to evaluate transpiration and its effects on grain quality in some maize hybrids under drought stress conditions. Material and Methods: The experiment was conducted using three irrigation levels-60 mm (control), 90 mm (moderate drought stress), and 120 mm (severe drought stress) of evaporation from a class A pan-applied to four maize hybrids: KSC 703, KSC 704, KSC 705, and KSC 706. This study was set up with three replications, carried out at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Karaj, Iran during 2015 and 2016 growing seasons. Results: The results indicated that under drought stress conditions, the levels of crude fiber and ash increased, while starch content decreased. The KSC 706 hybrid exhibited the lowest stomatal resistance and canopy temperature, and the highest grain starch content, averaging 64.84%. These findings suggest that increased stomatal opening and transpiration are associated with improved maize grain quality. Conclusion: Based on the findings, in regions where irrigation water is available and a higher starch content in grain is a priority, the KSC 706 hybrid is recommended.

Influence of seed hardening, soil and foliar nutrition of pearl millet under rainfed conditions

2025-06-23

S Manibharathi , K. Senthilkumar , S. Somasundaram +7 more | Plant Science Today

Pearl millet, often called the 'Poor Man’s Food,' is vital for millions of low-income households. A field experiment was conducted at Manathal village, Salem district, Tamil Nadu, during June-August 2021. … Pearl millet, often called the 'Poor Man’s Food,' is vital for millions of low-income households. A field experiment was conducted at Manathal village, Salem district, Tamil Nadu, during June-August 2021. The study followed an RBD design with three replications. There were altogether thirteen treatments viz., T1 - Control, T2 - Seed treatment with 2 % KCl + soil application of vermicompost (VC) @ 5 t ha-1, T3 - Seed treatment with 3 % Panchagavya + soil application of VC @ 5 t ha-1, T4 - Seed treatment with 2 % KCl + soil application of humic acid (HA) @ 25 kg ha-1, T5 - Seed treatment with 3 % Panchagavya + soil application of HA @ 25 kg ha-1, T6 - Seed treatment with 2 % Kcl + soil application of seaweed extract (SE) @ 25 kg ha-1, T7 - Seed treatment with 3 % Panchagavya + soil application of SE @ 25 kg ha-1, T8 - T2 + foliar application of 19:19:19 @ 25 days after sowing (DAS), T9 - T3 + foliar application of 19:19:19 @ 25 DAS, T10 - T4 + foliar application of 19:19:19 @ 25 DAS, T11 - T5 + foliar application of 19:19:19 @ 25 DAS, T12 - T6 + foliar application of 19:19:19 @ 25 DAS, T13 - T7 + foliar application of 19:19:19 @ 25 DAS. Seed treatment with 2 % KCl + soil application of VC @ 5 t ha-1 + foliar spray of 19:19:19 @ 25 DAS (T8) showed superior performance of pearl millet under rainfed conditions.

Effects of Solid and Liquid Fertilizer Applications on Yield and Yield Components of Maize (Zea Mays L.)

2025-06-23

Hatun Barut , Sait Aykanat , İbrahim Cerіt +2 more | Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis

Selection of a better nitrogen rate for off-season corn grown on soybean residue via the AHP–Gaussian method

2025-06-22

Bruno Rodrigues de Oliveira , Rafael Felippe Ratke , Mohammad K. Okla +7 more | Journal of Plant Nutrition

Impact of Temperature Stresses on Wheat Quality: A Focus on Starch and Protein Composition

2025-06-22

Pei Han , Yaping Wang , Hui Sun | Foods

With climate change, maintaining wheat quality has become essential for the functional properties, end-use, commodity value, and nutritional benefits of wheat flour. Temperature indirectly influences wheat quality by modulating grain … With climate change, maintaining wheat quality has become essential for the functional properties, end-use, commodity value, and nutritional benefits of wheat flour. Temperature indirectly influences wheat quality by modulating grain size, starch and protein content, and the balance between these components. This review systematically analyzes temperature-mediated alterations in wheat grain quality, with particular emphasis on the two core components: starch and protein. Specifically, daytime warming generally increases protein content while reducing starch accumulation; however, temperatures exceeding 30 °C diminish key protein quality parameters (UPP%, Glu/Gli ratio, HMW-GS/LMW-GS ratio). Nighttime warming enhances protein quality but compromises starch content and yield potential. Conversely, under low-temperature conditions, starch content declines, whereas protein content is primarily influenced by genotypes and treated temperatures. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms driving temperature-induced changes in wheat quality traits are discussed. However, the mechanisms of temperature effects have not been fully elucidated, and the results often vary between regions or over years. Thus, identifying conserved high/low-temperature resistance genes, QTLs, epialleles, and epiQTL, as well as developing corresponding molecular markers and epi-markers, is an urgent priority. Meanwhile, genome-editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas could serve as a powerful approach for creating new wheat germplasm with durable high/low-temperature resistance.

Assessment of Post-Harvest Soil Macro and Micronutrient Content Under Nutrient Omission Conditions

2025-06-21

V. J. Patel , J. K. Parmar , M. P. Ramani +1 more | International Journal of Plant & Soil Science

A field experiment was carried out at the Main Maize Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Godhra, Gujarat during two successive kharif seasons in 2022 and 2023 to evaluate the impact … A field experiment was carried out at the Main Maize Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Godhra, Gujarat during two successive kharif seasons in 2022 and 2023 to evaluate the impact of nutrient omission on the nutrient status of soil after harvest of maize. Evaluating soil fertility is essential for ensuring adequate and balanced fertilization for high crop productivity. A nutrient omission trial helps identify the most limiting nutrients for crop growth. If a particular nutrient is excluded while all others are supplied at appropriate levels and the plants exhibit poor growth, the omitted nutrient is considered a limiting factor. On the other hand, if a nutrient is omitted but plant growth remains healthy, then that nutrient is not a limiting factor for crop production. The study was designed using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and included fourteen different nutrient omission treatments: control (T1), 160 kg N ha-1 (T2), 20 kg P2O5 kg ha-1 (T3), N160P20 kg ha-1 (RDF) (T4), N160P20K60kg ha-1 (T5), N160P20S20 kg ha-1 (T6), N160P20Zn5 kg ha-1 (T7), N160P20Fe10kg ha-1(T8), N160P20K60S20 kg ha-1(T9), N160P20K60Zn5kg ha-1(T10), N160P20K60Fe10 kg ha-1 (T11), N160P20K60S20Zn5kg ha-1 (T12), N160P20K60S20Fe10kg ha-1 (T13) and N160P20K60S20Zn5Fe10 kg ha-1 (T14). The maize hybrid GAWMH 2 was cultivated for both kharif seasons to assess treatment effects. The organic carbon, soil EC, pH, DTPA-Mn and Cu did not exhibit significant influence by different nutrient omission treatments during both years 2022 and 2023. Among the different treatments studied, significantly higher available nitrogen (239 and 245 kg ha-1), phosphorus (51.84 and 53.50 kg ha-1), potassium (252 and 254 kg ha-1) and sulphur (10.59 and 10.70 mg kg-1) in soil after harvesting of maize was observed under the application of T14 (N160P20K60S20Zn5Fe10 kg ha-1) treatment during both the year. While, lower content (195, 193, 42.41, 41.16, 217, 213 kg ha-1, 8.55 and 8.30 mg kg-1) was observed with control treatment (T1) during 2022 and 2023. Throughout both years of the study, there was a noticeable improvement in the soil’s available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compared to the initial levels. In 2022, nitrogen levels increased by 14.90%, followed by a 17.78% rise in 2023. Phosphorus availability also improved, showing a 12.69% increase in 2022 and 16.30% in 2023. Likewise, available potassium rose by 7.23% in 2022 and 8.06% in 2023 relative to the initial soil nutrient content. Nutrient omission treatments did not significantly affect the available zinc and iron contents in the soil after maize harvest in 2022. However, in 2023, available zinc and iron were significantly higher in treatment T14 while the lowest zinc and iron content observed in the control treatment (T1).

Unveiling the effects of construction measures and heat emissions from underground power cables on maize growth and yield

2025-06-21

Jonas Trenz , Joachim Ingwersen , Alexander Schade +3 more | Soil and Tillage Research

Research Progress on the Impact of Post-Rain Sprouting and Germination on Wheat Yield and Quality

2025-06-20

Simin Feng , Ke Yang , Shiqian Gao | Scientific Journal of Technology

During the wheat harvesting period, extreme weather events have frequently occurred, with an abundance of rainy days significantly impacting crop production. Following rainfall, sprouting and germination in wheat not only … During the wheat harvesting period, extreme weather events have frequently occurred, with an abundance of rainy days significantly impacting crop production. Following rainfall, sprouting and germination in wheat not only alter its external appearance but also lead to substantial changes in its intrinsic quality. This paper reviews the variations in yield, nutritional quality indicators, and processing quality metrics of sprouted and germinated wheat. Additionally, it explores new approaches for utilizing sprouted and germinated wheat.

Yield gaps and the driving factors under different plant density of spring maize in North China Plain

2025-06-20

Teng Li , Jintao Wang , Xinliang Dong +6 more | European Journal of Agronomy

The Physiological Mechanisms and Hurdles of Efficient Water–Nitrogen Utilization in Maize Production: A Review

2025-06-20

Xichao Sun , Qian Zhao , Jia Gao +1 more | Plants

Maize (Zea mays. L) is one of the most important staple food crops globally. One-third of global maize production is located in areas with high or extreme water scarcity and … Maize (Zea mays. L) is one of the most important staple food crops globally. One-third of global maize production is located in areas with high or extreme water scarcity and concurrently faces the challenge of low nitrogen use efficiency. Therefore, achieving synergistically high-efficiency water and nitrogen utilization in maize production is of great significance for agricultural sustainable development and global food security. In recent years, more articles have focused on the physiological mechanisms and management practices of efficient water and nitrogen utilization in maize. Unfortunately, there is a relative scarcity of research on the interactive effects between water and nitrogen on the development of young ears, which plays a crucial role in maize productivity. By compiling the most pertinent publications, this review endeavors to consolidate the existing knowledge on the interactive effects between water and nitrogen on maize production. Moreover, it advances potential physiological mechanisms and strategies for high-efficiency water and nitrogen utilization in terms of root system functioning, phytohormones, metabolism, and organ development. The changes in the availability of water and nitrogen have a significant impact on the development of young ears during the critical period, which in turn directly determines the grain number per ear and grain weight.

Desempenho da aplicação foliar de nitrogênio na cultura do milho: Eficiência e resposta fisiológica

2025-06-20

David Braga de Castro , Leonardo Vieira Campos , Matheus Vinícius Abadia Ventura | Research Society and Development

O milho (Zea mays L.) é uma das principais culturas agrícolas do Brasil, com elevada importância econômica e estratégica para a segurança alimentar e as cadeias produtivas pecuária e industrial. … O milho (Zea mays L.) é uma das principais culturas agrícolas do Brasil, com elevada importância econômica e estratégica para a segurança alimentar e as cadeias produtivas pecuária e industrial. Apesar dos avanços genéticos e de manejo, a nutrição mineral, especialmente a adubação nitrogenada, ainda representa um desafio para alcançar altas produtividades. O nitrogênio (N) é um macronutriente essencial, participando ativamente na fotossíntese, no crescimento vegetativo e na formação dos grãos. Nesse contexto, a adubação foliar surge como alternativa complementar à aplicação via solo, possibilitando respostas fisiológicas rápidas, principalmente em condições de limitação radicular. esta revisão de literatura tem como objetivo analisar e discutir evidências científicas sobre os efeitos da aplicação foliar de nitrogênio na cultura do milho, com ênfase nas respostas fisiológicas e nos reflexos sobre a produtividade. Evidências demonstram que a aplicação foliar de N, especialmente na forma de ureia solúvel, melhora atributos agronômicos como altura de plantas, área foliar, acúmulo de biomassa e produtividade de grãos. Conclui-se que, quando utilizada de forma estratégica, a adubação foliar com nitrogênio pode contribuir para maior eficiência de uso do nutriente e incremento da produtividade do milho, sendo uma ferramenta valiosa no manejo nutricional da cultura.

Straw return impacts on crop yield and yield variability: A meta-analysis

2025-06-20

Kan He , Baoluo Ma , Xiaofei Wei +5 more | Soil and Tillage Research

Participatory Evaluation and Demonstration of Improved Forages in the Case of Jarati District, Somali Regional State

2025-06-19

Abubeker Hassen , Abdimawlid Ali | Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International

A participatory study was conducted at Jarati Woreda with main objective to evaluate biomass yield of Improved Forage technology under the rain Fed cultivation for three improved forage species; Rhodes … A participatory study was conducted at Jarati Woreda with main objective to evaluate biomass yield of Improved Forage technology under the rain Fed cultivation for three improved forage species; Rhodes grass and Buffle Grass were evaluated in Mean compares with four replications. Data on growth yield and yield related parameters were collected and analyzed using SAS software. The result indicated that the plant height, and fresh biomass yield (qt/ha) were significantly different (P< 0.05) among the tested improved forage Grass The biomass yield production potential of tested species under rain fed condition in to the study area were 6.1 and 4.6 t/ha for Rhodes, Buffle Grass respectively. Regarding the parameters such as forage recurrent capacity biomass per area, palatability, drought tolerant, disease and pest resistance early maturity, easy management, height at harvesting as evaluated by the research participant PAPRAGs members, Rhodes grass ranked first followed by Buffle grass on farmer perception Based on this data, the researcher came to the conclusion that farmers in Jarati Woreda and other areas with similar agro ecologies are recommended to plant Rhodes grass than other variety. Further adaptation trials across more locations and years are of paramount importance.

Current status and mitigation strategies for malting barley under climate change: a comprehensive review of predictive models, controlled experiments, and field assays

2025-06-19

Mauro Martínez , Agustín F. Arata , Tania Valicenti +4 more | Cereal Research Communications

Timely assessment of maize lodging severity with limited samples using multi-temporal Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data across large spatial extents

2025-06-19

Cheng Cai , Huixia Zhao , Haoyu Zhang +5 more | Computers and Electronics in Agriculture

Structuring and parameterizing a model for simulating annual ryegrass growth

2025-06-19

Débora Pantojo de Souza , Cristiam Bosi , Fernando Campos Mendonça +3 more | European Journal of Agronomy

Impacto de tres regímenes de riego sobre el rendimiento de grano de trigo en el sur de Sonora, México

2025-06-19

José Ángel Marroquín Morales , Gabriel Antonio Lugo García , Odilón Gayosso Barragán +2 more | Revista Bio Ciencias

La escasez de agua para riego está afectando la producción de trigo en México, por lo que es necesario seleccionar genotipos más eficientes con el uso del agua. El objetivo … La escasez de agua para riego está afectando la producción de trigo en México, por lo que es necesario seleccionar genotipos más eficientes con el uso del agua. El objetivo fue evaluar el rendimiento de grano y sus componentes de siete genotipos de trigo cristalino, bajo tres regímenes de riego durante los ciclos otoño–invierno 2021-2022 y 2022-2023. Se evaluaron cinco variedades y dos líneas experimentales bajo tres calendarios de riego por gravedad (2, 3 y 4 riegos de auxilio). Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones. Las láminas aplicadas para dos, tres y cuatro riegos de auxilio fue de 49.5, 63.4 y 72.5 cm respectivamente. Se encontró diferencia significativa (P ≤ 0.05) para rendimiento de grano entre regímenes de humedad. Con cuatro auxilios se obtuvo un rendimiento de 8,482.9 kg ha-1, con tres auxilios 7,709.4 kg ha-1 y con dos auxilios el rendimiento fue de 6,645.9 kg ha-1. La línea STOT presentó el mayor rendimiento de grano, al igual que la línea TARRO y la variedad Noroeste C2021, aunque estas dos últimas presentaron un rendimiento similar (P ≤ 0.05) al resto de los materiales. El peso hectolítrico presentó la mayor correlación con el rendimiento de grano.

Optimizing nitrogen application frequency to enhance the post-flowering matter accumulation, yield and water/nitrogen use efficiency of densely planted and drip-irrigated maize.

2025-06-18

Dongping Shen , Linli Zhou , Keru Wang +7 more | PubMed

Maize yield stability is crucial for China's national food security. Conventional irrigation and nitrogen application methods have problems like low yield, inefficiency and environmental pollution. Optimizing water/fertilizer management is therefore … Maize yield stability is crucial for China's national food security. Conventional irrigation and nitrogen application methods have problems like low yield, inefficiency and environmental pollution. Optimizing water/fertilizer management is therefore imperative. This study reports on a field experiment conducted in Tongliao, Inner Mongolia (2020-2021) that used 'Dika 159' maize grown at a density of 9.0 × 104 plants ha-1. Five nitrogen application frequencies were set up, 0 (F0), 2 (F2), 4 (F3), 6 (F4), 8 (F5) with drip irrigation, in addition to farmers' one-time basal and flood irrigation as the control (F1). Compared that of F1, the leaf area index of F4 increased by 5.05% at the VT (silk emergence) stage and by 73.01% at the R6 (maturity) stage, and the maximum leaf area duration appeared at the VT-R3 (silk emergence-milk ripening) stage. The frequency of nitrogen application mainly affected the post-anthesis photosynthetic rate of maize. F4 and F1 did not differ significantly in their pre-anthesis matter accumulation, but F4's post-anthesis matter accumulation was significantly higher, the maximum dry matter accumulation rate of F4 being 94.44% higher than that of F1. The six-time nitrogen application resulted in the optimum yield (15.82-16.06 t ha-1) and physiological nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE; 7.87-7.44 kg kg-1), and its water-use efficiency (WUE) reached 2.10-2.14 kg m-3, raising the yield by 65.75-69.84%, enhancing the WUE by 62.12-62.79% and improving the PNUE by 29.23-40.11%. A greater frequency of nitrogen application (six times) can prolong the functional period of maize leaves, slow leaf senescence, enhancing the post-anthesis photosynthetic capacity of maize to bolster its post-anthesis matter accumulation and kernel weight, improving the yield and water/fertilizer utilization rate. © 2025 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

The Control of Nitrogen in Farmlands for Sustainability in Agriculture

2025-06-18

Gina Vasile Scăeţeanu , Roxana Maria Madjar | Sustainability

The accelerated growth of the global population and rising food demand place increasing pressure on agricultural systems. While fertilizers have improved crop yields, they have also contributed to environmental degradation … The accelerated growth of the global population and rising food demand place increasing pressure on agricultural systems. While fertilizers have improved crop yields, they have also contributed to environmental degradation due to nutrient overuse, particularly nitrogen. Effective nitrogen management is therefore critical for achieving sustainable agricultural practices. This study investigates nitrogen dynamics in soil and reviews key analytical methods for monitoring total, mineral, and organic nitrogen. It evaluates protocols and technologies—including sensor-based systems—designed to optimize nitrogen application and reduce losses. The study demonstrates that the application of nitrogen fertilizers based on soil analysis and exploratory simulations, supported by Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), can reduce inputs without compromising yield or quality parameters. Enhanced nitrogen monitoring techniques can significantly contribute to the goals of the Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC) and promote sustainable farming, especially in regions facing environmental and technical limitations. Adoption, however, depends on overcoming challenges such as sensor affordability and farmer training. In conclusion, it emphasizes the crucial role of nitrogen management in maintaining soil health, optimizing crop yields, and minimizing environmental impact, ensuring that farming practices remain both productive and sustainable for future generations.

Maize breeding and increases in plant density have decreased root nitrogen concentration, but increased CN ratio and root nitrogen uptake

2025-06-18

Cintia Sciarresi , Douglas Eudy , Slobodan Trifunović +1 more | European Journal of Agronomy

Lessons learned from a detailed exploration of APEX as a tool to represent corn residue management and cover crops

2025-06-18

Carlos Alberto Arnillas , Lamees Shah , George B. Arhonditsis | Agricultural Systems

Construction of nitrogen critical dilution curve and differences in nitrogen nutrition characteristics in different organs of maize varieties with contrasting nitrogen efficiencies

2025-06-18

Shuqin Bao , Xingying Chai , Linzheng Liao +7 more | Frontiers in Plant Science

Introduction This study aimed to establish and verify a critical nitrogen dilution model for different organs of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies and clarify differences in nitrogen nutritional characteristics. … Introduction This study aimed to establish and verify a critical nitrogen dilution model for different organs of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies and clarify differences in nitrogen nutritional characteristics. Methods Two maize varieties (nitrogen-efficient variety ZH 311 and nitrogen-inefficient variety XY 508) were grown under four nitrogen levels to evaluate N dynamics and dry matter accumulation. Results The results showed that the critical nitrogen concentration dilution curves based on root dry matter, stem-sheath dry matter, leaf dry matter, and plant dry matter, with coefficient of determination (R²&gt;0.90), all reached significant levels and could be used for nitrogen nutrition diagnosis of maize. However, a and b values of the critical nitrogen concentration models for different organs differed significantly; e.g., the root model had the lowest a value and the leaf model had the lowest b value. ZH 311 exhibited higher a values and lower b values (except in roots) than XY 508. The model established on ZH 311 based on stem-sheath had the highest stability, and the model established on XY 508 based on leaf had the highest stability. Relative yield (RY), nitrogen nutrition index (NNI), and cumulative nitrogen deficit (AND) were significantly correlated at different growth stages of different organs (R²&gt;0.80) using each critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve to predict yield. Discussion In the high-nitrogen efficiency variety ZH 311, roots, stem-sheath, leaves, and plants showed weaker responses to AND than those of the low nitrogen-efficiency variety ZH 311 with at all growth stages. ZH 311 roots exhibited stronger responses to NNI at the early growth stage, and stem-sheath, leaves, and plants had stronger responses to NNI at the later growth stage, indicating that the high nitrogen-efficiency variety ZH 311 was not sensitive to nitrogen deficiency and was more efficient for nitrogen nutrition.