Arts and Humanities › Philosophy

Mental Health and Psychiatry

Works Count: 99366

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Description

This cluster of papers explores philosophical perspectives on health, psychiatric disorders, and the DSM, with a focus on phenomenology, self-experience in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, embodiment, and person-centered medicine. It delves into redefining health, examining anomalous self-experience, and understanding the temporal structure of consciousness in psychiatric conditions.

Keywords

Phenomenology; Psychiatric Disorders; DSM; Self-Experience; Health Definition; Schizophrenia Spectrum; Embodiment; Neuroscience; Person-Centered Medicine; Temporal Experience

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( <scp>DSM</scp> ‐ <scp>IV</scp> ‐ <scp>TR</scp> )

2010-01-22

Daniel L. Segal

Abstract The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , fourth edition, text revision (DSM‐IV‐TR) (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000) is a compendium of mental disorders, a listing of the … Abstract The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , fourth edition, text revision (DSM‐IV‐TR) (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000) is a compendium of mental disorders, a listing of the criteria used to diagnose them, and a detailed system for their definition, organization, and classification. Put simply, it is the primary diagnostic manual for mental health professionals in the United States and much of the Western world. Diagnosis refers to the identification and labeling of a mental disorder by examination and analysis. Mental health professionals diagnose individuals based on the symptoms that they report experiencing and the signs of illness with which they present. The DSM‐IV‐TR aids professionals in understanding and diagnosing mental disorders through its provision of explicit diagnostic criteria and an official classification system.

Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope

2001-11-21

Gro Harlem Brundtland

A Critique of Eysenck’s Theory of Personality

1981-01-01

J.A. Gray

"The ghost in the machine".

1968-01-01

Arthur Koestler

Koestler examines the notion that the parts of the human brain-structure which account for reason and emotion are not fully coordinated. This kind of deficiency may explain the paranoia, violence, … Koestler examines the notion that the parts of the human brain-structure which account for reason and emotion are not fully coordinated. This kind of deficiency may explain the paranoia, violence, and insanity that are central parts of human history, according to Koestler's challenging analysis of the human predicament.

The logic of care: health and the problem of patient choice

2009-04-01

Annemarie Mol

The Logic of CareWhat is good care?In this innovative and compelling book, Annemarie Mol argues that good care has little to do with 'patient choice' and, therefore, creating more opportunities … The Logic of CareWhat is good care?In this innovative and compelling book, Annemarie Mol argues that good care has little to do with 'patient choice' and, therefore, creating more opportunities for patient choice will not improve health care.Although it is possible to treat people who seek professional help as customers or citizens, Mol argues that this undermines ways of thinking and acting crucial to health care.Illustrating the discussion with examples from diabetes clinics and diabetes self care, the book presents the 'logic of care' in a step by step contrast with the 'logic of choice'.She concludes that good care is not a matter of making well-argued individual choices but is something that grows out of collaborative and continuing attempts to attune knowledge and technologies to diseased bodies and complex lives.Mol does not criticise the practices she encountered in her field work as messy or ad hoc, but makes explicit what it is that motivates them: an intriguing combination of adaptability and perseverance.The Logic of Care: Health and the problem of patient choice is crucial reading for all those interested in the theory and practice of care, including sociologists, anthropologists and health-care professionals.It will also speak to policymakers and become a valuable source of inspiration for patient activists.

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American Handbook of Psychiatry

1960-08-01

Silvano Arieti

AMERICAN HANDBOOK OF PSYCHIATRY , AMERICAN HANDBOOK OF PSYCHIATRY , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران AMERICAN HANDBOOK OF PSYCHIATRY , AMERICAN HANDBOOK OF PSYCHIATRY , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران

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Sick Individuals and Sick Populations

1985-01-01

Geoffrey Rose

ResumenEste ensayo, fruto de una investigación teórica e historiográfica, tiene como propósito revisar a partir de la propuesta de Michel Foucault de umbrales de conocimiento, la trayectoria epistemológica de la … ResumenEste ensayo, fruto de una investigación teórica e historiográfica, tiene como propósito revisar a partir de la propuesta de Michel Foucault de umbrales de conocimiento, la trayectoria epistemológica de la epidemiología desde el siglo XVIII -cuando surgió una práctica discursiva sobre la salud y la enfermedad de las poblaciones en los nacientes Estados modernos-hasta hoy, momento en el que está consolidada como una disciplina científica con alto refinamiento instrumental y técnico enmarcado en el positivismo científico, pero con una escasa reflexión teórica alrededor de su objeto: la salud, la enfermedad y la población.En consecuencia, se propone la urgencia de una apertura epistemológica y metodológica

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Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept

1988-05-01

W T Carpenter , Douglas W Heinrichs , Althea M. I. Wagman

The authors provide a rationale for distinguishing the primary, enduring negative symptoms of schizophrenia (termed "deficit symptoms") from the more transient negative symptoms secondary to other factors. They argue that … The authors provide a rationale for distinguishing the primary, enduring negative symptoms of schizophrenia (termed "deficit symptoms") from the more transient negative symptoms secondary to other factors. They argue that the former are more likely to provide a basis for meaningful subtyping of the schizophrenic syndrome, while the latter are more likely to respond to currently available treatments. They describe their experience in using clinical judgment based on longitudinal observations to identify deficit and nondeficit subtypes of schizophrenic patients and propose criteria for defining schizophrenia with the deficit syndrome.

The illness narratives: suffering, healing, and the human condition

1988-09-01

Arthur Kleinman

Based on twenty years of clinical experience studying and treating chronic illness, a Harvard psychiatrist and anthropologist argues that diagnosing illness is an art tragically neglected by modern medical training, … Based on twenty years of clinical experience studying and treating chronic illness, a Harvard psychiatrist and anthropologist argues that diagnosing illness is an art tragically neglected by modern medical training, and presents a compelling case for bridging the gap between patient and doctor.

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The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia

1993-09-01

Chris Frith

Schizophrenic patients have bizarre experiences which reflect a disorder in the contents of consciousness. For example, patients hear voices talking about them or they are convinced that alien forces are … Schizophrenic patients have bizarre experiences which reflect a disorder in the contents of consciousness. For example, patients hear voices talking about them or they are convinced that alien forces are controlling their actions. Their abnormal behaviour includes incoherence and lack of will. In this book an explanation of these baffling signs and symptoms is provided using the framework of cognitive neuropsychology.The cognitive abnormalities that underlie these signs and symptoms suggest impairment in a system which constructs and monitors representations of certain abstract (especially mental) events in consciousness. For example, schizophrenic patients can no longer construct representations of their intentions to act. Thus, if actions occur, these will be experienced as coming out of the blue and hence can seem alien. The patient who lacks awareness of his own intentions will stop acting spontaneously and hence will show a lack of will.The psychological processes that are abnormal in schizophrenia can be related to underlying brain systems using evidence from human and animal neuropsychology. Interactions between prefrontal cortex and other parts of the brain, especially temporal cortex appear critical for constructing the contents of consciousness. It is these interactions that are likely to be impaired in schizophrenia.

Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies

1994-11-01

John I. Nürnberger , Mary C. Blehar , Charles A. Kaufmann +6 more

This the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS), a clinical interview especially constructed for the assessment of major mood and psychotic disorders and their spectrum conditions. The DIGS, which was … This the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS), a clinical interview especially constructed for the assessment of major mood and psychotic disorders and their spectrum conditions. The DIGS, which was developed and piloted as a collaborative effort of investigators from sites in the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Genetics Initiative, has the following additional features: (1) polydiagnostic capacity; (2) a detailed assessment of the course of the illness, chronology of psychotic and mood syndromes, and comorbidity; (3) additional phenomenologic assessments of symptoms; and (4) algorithmic scoring capability. The DIGS is designed to be employed by interviewers who exercise significant clinical judgment and who summarize information in narrative form as well as in ratings. A two-phase test-retest (within-site, between-site) reliability study was carried out for<i>DSM-III-R</i>criteria—based major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder. Reliabilities using algorithms were excellent (0.73 to 0.95), except for schizoaffective disorder, for which disagreement on estimates of duration of mood syndromes relative to psychosis reduced reliability. A final best-estimate process using medical records and information from relatives as well as algorithmic diagnoses is expected to be more reliable in making these distinctions. The DIGS should be useful as part of archival data gathering for genetic studies of major affective disorders, schizophrenia, and related conditions.

A Modified Labeling Theory Approach to Mental Disorders: An Empirical Assessment

1989-06-01

Bruce G. Link , Francis T. Cullen , Elmer L. Struening +2 more

Critics of labeling theory vigorously dispute Scheff's (1966) provocative etiological hypothesis and downplay the importance of factors such as stigma and stereotyping. We propose a modified labeling perspective which claims … Critics of labeling theory vigorously dispute Scheff's (1966) provocative etiological hypothesis and downplay the importance of factors such as stigma and stereotyping. We propose a modified labeling perspective which claims that even if labeling does not directly produce mental disorder, it can lead to negative outcomes. Our approach asserts that socialization leads individuals to develop a set of beliefs about how treat mental patients. When individuals enter treatment, these beliefs take on new meaning. The more patients believe that they will be devalued and discriminated against, the more they feel threatened by interacting with others. They may keep their treatment a secret, try to educate others about their situation, or withdraw from social contacts that they perceive as potentially rejecting. Such strategies can lead to negative consequences for social support networks, jobs, and self-esteem. We test this modified labeling perspective using samples of patients and untreated community residents, and find that both believe that most people will reject mental patients. Additionally, patients endorse strategies of secrecy, withdrawal, and education to cope with the threat they perceive. Finally, patients' social support networks are affected by the extent to which they fear rejection and by the coping responses they adopt to deal with their stigmatized status.

Loss of self: a fundamental form of suffering in the chronically ill

1983-07-01

Kathy Charmaz

Physical pain, psychological distress and the deleterious effects of medical procedures all cause the chronically ill to suffer as they experience their illnesses. However, a narrow medicalized view of suffering, … Physical pain, psychological distress and the deleterious effects of medical procedures all cause the chronically ill to suffer as they experience their illnesses. However, a narrow medicalized view of suffering, solely defined as physical discomfort, ignores or minimizes the broader significance of the suffering experienced by debilitated chronically ill adults. A fundamental form of that suffering is the loss of self in chronically ill persons who observe their former self-images crumbling away without the simultaneous development of equally valued new ones. As a result of their illnesses, these individuals suffer from (1) leading restricted lives, (2) experiencing social isolation, (3) being discredited and (4) burdening others. Each of these four scores of suffering is analysed in relation to its effects on the consciousness of the ill person. The data are drawn from a qualitative study of 57 chronically ill persons with varied diagnoses.

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The measurement of disability

1996-06-01

David V. Sheehan , K. Harnett‐Sheehan , B A Raj

The frequent occurrence of desynchrony between psychiatric symptoms and disability makes it necessary to measure disability/ functional impairment in addition to psychiatric symptoms when tracking treatment outcome. Existing disability measures … The frequent occurrence of desynchrony between psychiatric symptoms and disability makes it necessary to measure disability/ functional impairment in addition to psychiatric symptoms when tracking treatment outcome. Existing disability measures in psychiatry are comprehensive but lengthy. There is a need for short, simple, cost-effective, sensitive measures of disability and functional impairment in psychiatric disorders. We developed a discretized analog disability scale (DISS) which uses visual-spatial, numeric and verbal descriptive anchors to assess disability across three domains: work, social life and family life. The DISS has proved to be very sensitive to change in drug treatment studies in psychiatry. The usefulness of the DISS in assessing disability in terms of work, social and family relationships is discussed.

Toward a theory of schizophrenia

2007-01-17

Gregory Bateson , Don D. Jackson , Jay Haley +1 more

Schizophrenia—its nature, etiology, and the kind of therapy to use for it—remains one of the most puzzling of the mental illnesses. The theory of schizophrenia presented here is based on … Schizophrenia—its nature, etiology, and the kind of therapy to use for it—remains one of the most puzzling of the mental illnesses. The theory of schizophrenia presented here is based on communications analysis, and specifically on the Theory of Logical Types. From this theory and from observations of schizophrenic patients is derived a description, and the necessary conditions for, a situation called the "double bind"—a situation in which no matter what a person does, he "can't win." It is hypothesized that a person caught in the double bind may develop schizophrenic symptoms. How and why the double bind may arise in a family situation is discussed, together with illustrations from clinical and experimental data.

‘Discovering’ chronic illness: Using grounded theory

1990-01-01

Kathy Charmaz

Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia.

1978-05-01

Hernán Vera , Gilles Deleuze , Félix Guattari +3 more

Is the first volume of the landmark philosophical project, Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Together with the second volume, A Thousand Plateaus, it is widely regarded as the single most brilliant work … Is the first volume of the landmark philosophical project, Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Together with the second volume, A Thousand Plateaus, it is widely regarded as the single most brilliant work of Continental philosophy of the last forty years.

Person-Centered Care — Ready for Prime Time

2011-07-24

Inger Ekman , Karl Swedberg , Charles Taft +7 more

Long-term diseases are today the leading cause of mortality worldwide and are estimated to be the leading cause of disability by 2020. Person-centered care (PCC) has been shown to advance … Long-term diseases are today the leading cause of mortality worldwide and are estimated to be the leading cause of disability by 2020. Person-centered care (PCC) has been shown to advance concordance between care provider and patient on treatment plans, improve health outcomes and increase patient satisfaction. Yet, despite these and other documented benefits, there are a variety of significant challenges to putting PCC into clinical practice. Although care providers today broadly acknowledge PCC to be an important part of care, in our experience we must establish routines that initiate, integrate, and safeguard PCC in daily clinical practice to ensure that PCC is systematically and consistently practiced, i.e. not just when we feel we have time for it. In this paper, we propose a few simple routines to facilitate and safeguard the transition to PCC. We believe that if conscientiously and systematically applied, they will help to make PCC the focus and mainstay of care in long-term illness.

Beyond the divide between cognition and discourse: Using interpretative phenomenological analysis in health psychology

1996-02-01

Jonathan A. Smith

Abstract This paper introduces interpretative phenomenological analysis (PA) and discusses the particular contribution it can make to health psychology. This is contextualized within current debates, particularly in social psychology, between … Abstract This paper introduces interpretative phenomenological analysis (PA) and discusses the particular contribution it can make to health psychology. This is contextualized within current debates, particularly in social psychology, between social cognition and discourse analysis and the significance for health psychology of such debates is considered. The paper outlines the theoretical roots of PA in phenomenology and symbolic interactionism and argues the case for a role for PA within health psychology. Discussion then focuses on one area in the health field, the patient's conception of chronic illness and research in medical sociology from a similar methodological and epistemological orientation to PA is introduced. The paper concludes with an illustration of PA from the author's own work on the patient's perception of renal dialysis. Key Words: Cognitiondiscoursephenomenologyqualitativerenal dialysischronic illness

Suicide as escape from self.

1990-01-01

Roy F. Baumeister

Suicide is analyzed in terms of motivations to escape from aversive self-awareness. The causal chain begins with events that fall severely short of standards and expectations. These failures are attributed … Suicide is analyzed in terms of motivations to escape from aversive self-awareness. The causal chain begins with events that fall severely short of standards and expectations. These failures are attributed internally, which makes self-awareness painful. Awareness of the self's inadequacies generates negative affect, and the individual therefore desires to escape from self-awareness and the associated affect. The person tries to achieve a state of cognitive deconstruction (constricted temporal focus, concrete thinking, immediate or proximal goals, cognitive rigidity, and rejection of meaning), which helps prevent meaningful self-awareness and emotion. The deconstructed state brings irrationality and disinhibition, making drastic measures seem acceptable. Suicide can be seen as an ultimate step in the effort to escape from self and world.

The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI

1997-01-01

Y. Lecrubier , David V. Sheehan , E. Weiller +5 more

Summary The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) is a short diagnostic structured interview (DSI) developed in France and the United States to explore 17 disorders according to Diagnostic and Statistical … Summary The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) is a short diagnostic structured interview (DSI) developed in France and the United States to explore 17 disorders according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-III-R diagnostic criteria. It is fully structured to allow administration by non-specialized interviewers. In order to keep it short it focuses on the existence of current disorders. For each disorder, one or two screening questions rule out the diagnosis when answered negatively. Probes for severity, disability or medically explained symptoms are not explored symptom-by-symptom. Two joint papers present the inter-rater and test-retest reliability of the MINI the validity versus the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) (this paper) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R patients (SCID) (joint paper). Three-hundred and forty-six patients (296 psychiatric and 50 non-psychiatric) were administered the MINI and the CIDI ‘gold standard’. Forty two were interviewed by two investigators and 42 interviewed subsequently within two days. Interviewers were trained to use both instruments. The mean duration of the interview was 21 min with the MINI and 92 for corresponding sections of the CIDI. Kappa coefficient, sensitivity and specificity were good or very good for all diagnoses with the exception of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) (kappa = 0.36), agoraphobia (sensitivity = 0.59) and bulimia (kappa = 0.53). Interrater and test-retest reliability were good. The main reasons for discrepancies were identified. The MINI provided reliable DSM-III-R diagnoses within a short time frame, The study permitted improvements in the formulations for GAD and agoraphobia in the current DSM-IV version of the MINI.

The NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Project: Precision Medicine for Psychiatry

2014-04-01

Thomas R. Insel

Philosophical conceptions of the self: implications for cognitive science

2000-01-01

Shaun Gallagher

A critical evaluation of the use of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) in health psychology

2005-12-21

Joanna M. Brocki , Alison Wearden

With the burgeoning use of qualitative methods in health research, criteria for judging their value become increasingly necessary. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is a distinctive approach to conducting qualitative research … With the burgeoning use of qualitative methods in health research, criteria for judging their value become increasingly necessary. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is a distinctive approach to conducting qualitative research being used with increasing frequency in published studies. A systematic literature review was undertaken to identify published papers in the area of health psychology employing IPA. A total of 52 articles are reviewed here in terms of the following: methods of data collection, sampling, assessing wider applicability of research and adherence to the theoretical foundations and procedures of IPA. IPA seems applicable and useful in a wide variety of research topics. The lack of attention sometimes afforded to the interpretative facet of the approach is discussed.

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The Biopsychosocial Model 25 Years Later: Principles, Practice, and Scientific Inquiry

2004-11-01

Francesc Borrell Carrió , Anthony L. Suchman , Ronald M. Epstein

The biopsychosocial model is both a philosophy of clinical care and a practical clinical guide. Philosophically, it is a way of understanding how suffering, disease, and illness are affected by … The biopsychosocial model is both a philosophy of clinical care and a practical clinical guide. Philosophically, it is a way of understanding how suffering, disease, and illness are affected by multiple levels of organization, from the societal to the molecular. At the practical level, it is a way of understanding the patient's subjective experience as an essential contributor to accurate diagnosis, health outcomes, and humane care. In this article, we defend the biopsychosocial model as a necessary contribution to the scientific clinical method, while suggesting 3 clarifications: (1) the relationship between mental and physical aspects of health is complex--subjective experience depends on but is not reducible to laws of physiology; (2) models of circular causality must be tempered by linear approximations when considering treatment options; and (3) promoting a more participatory clinician-patient relationship is in keeping with current Western cultural tendencies, but may not be universally accepted. We propose a biopsychosocial-oriented clinical practice whose pillars include (1) self-awareness; (2) active cultivation of trust; (3) an emotional style characterized by empathic curiosity; (4) self-calibration as a way to reduce bias; (5) educating the emotions to assist with diagnosis and forming therapeutic relationships; (6) using informed intuition; and (7) communicating clinical evidence to foster dialogue, not just the mechanical application of protocol. In conclusion, the value of the biopsychosocial model has not been in the discovery of new scientific laws, as the term "new paradigm" would suggest, but rather in guiding parsimonious application of medical knowledge to the needs of each patient.

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Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology

1996-01-01

Dante Cicchetti , Fred A. Rogosch

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the 'Save PDF' … An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the 'Save PDF' action button.

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Handbook of Self and Identity

2004-09-01

Stephen Thielke

Psychosis as a State of Aberrant Salience: A Framework Linking Biology, Phenomenology, and Pharmacology in Schizophrenia

2002-12-27

Shitij Kapur

OBJECTIVE: The clinical hallmark of schizophrenia is psychosis. The objective of this overview is to link the neurobiology (brain), the phenomenological experience (mind), and pharmacological aspects of psychosis-in-schizophrenia into a … OBJECTIVE: The clinical hallmark of schizophrenia is psychosis. The objective of this overview is to link the neurobiology (brain), the phenomenological experience (mind), and pharmacological aspects of psychosis-in-schizophrenia into a unitary framework. METHOD: Current ideas regarding the neurobiology and phenomenology of psychosis and schizophrenia, the role of dopamine, and the mechanism of action of antipsychotic medication were integrated to develop this framework. RESULTS: A central role of dopamine is to mediate the “salience” of environmental events and internal representations. It is proposed that a dysregulated, hyperdopaminergic state, at a “brain” level of description and analysis, leads to an aberrant assignment of salience to the elements of one’s experience, at a “mind” level. Delusions are a cognitive effort by the patient to make sense of these aberrantly salient experiences, whereas hallucinations reflect a direct experience of the aberrant salience of internal representations. Antipsychotics “dampen the salience” of these abnormal experiences and by doing so permit the resolution of symptoms. The antipsychotics do not erase the symptoms but provide the platform for a process of psychological resolution. However, if antipsychotic treatment is stopped, the dysregulated neurochemistry returns, the dormant ideas and experiences become reinvested with aberrant salience, and a relapse occurs. CONCLUSIONS: The article provides a heuristic framework for linking the psychological and biological in psychosis. Predictions of this hypothesis, particularly regarding the possibility of synergy between psychological and pharmacological therapies, are presented. The author describes how the hypothesis is complementary to other ideas about psychosis and also discusses its limitations.

On Being Sane in Insane Places

1973-01-19

David Rosenhan

It is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals. The hospital itself imposes a special environment in which the meanings of behavior can easily … It is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals. The hospital itself imposes a special environment in which the meanings of behavior can easily be misunderstood. The consequences to patients hospitalized in such an environment-the powerlessness, depersonalization, segregation, mortification, and self-labeling-seem undoubtedly countertherapeutic. I do not, even now, understand this problem well enough to perceive solutions. But two matters seem to have some promise. The first concerns the proliferation of community mental health facilities, of crisis intervention centers, of the human potential movement, and of behavior therapies that, for all of their own problems, tend to avoid psychiatric labels, to focus on specific problems and behaviors, and to retain the individual in a relatively non-pejorative environment. Clearly, to the extent that we refrain from sending the distressed to insane places, our impressions of them are less likely to be distorted. (The risk of distorted perceptions, it seems to me, is always present, since we are much more sensitive to an individual's behaviors and verbalizations than we are to the subtle contextual stimuli that often promote them. At issue here is a matter of magnitude. And, as I have shown, the magnitude of distortion is exceedingly high in the extreme context that is a psychiatric hospital.) The second matter that might prove promising speaks to the need to increase the sensitivity of mental health workers and researchers to the Catch 22 position of psychiatric patients. Simply reading materials in this area will be of help to some such workers and researchers. For others, directly experiencing the impact of psychiatric hospitalization will be of enormous use. Clearly, further research into the social psychology of such total institutions will both facilitate treatment and deepen understanding. I and the other pseudopatients in the psychiatric setting had distinctly negative reactions. We do not pretend to describe the subjective experiences of true patients. Theirs may be different from ours, particularly with the passage of time and the necessary process of adaptation to one's environment. But we can and do speak to the relatively more objective indices of treatment within the hospital. It could be a mistake, and a very unfortunate one, to consider that what happened to us derived from malice or stupidity on the part of the staff. Quite the contrary, our overwhelming impression of them was of people who really cared, who were committed and who were uncommonly intelligent. Where they failed, as they sometimes did painfully, it would be more accurate to attribute those failures to the environment in which they, too, found themselves than to personal callousness. Their perceptions and behavior were controlled by the situation, rather than being motivated by a malicious disposition. In a more benign environment, one that was less attached to global diagnosis, their behaviors and judgments might have been more benign and effective.

A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis

2001-02-01

Philippa Garety , Elizabeth Kuipers , David Fowler +2 more

In the last 10 years a consensus has developed that the symptoms of psychosis may be better understood by linking the steps between the phenomenological experiences and social, psychological and … In the last 10 years a consensus has developed that the symptoms of psychosis may be better understood by linking the steps between the phenomenological experiences and social, psychological and neurobiological levels of explanation. Cognitive models of psychosis are an important link in this chain. They provide a psychological description of the phenomena from which hypotheses concerning causal processes can be derived and tested; social, individual, and neurobiological factors can then be integrated via their impact on these cognitive processes. In this paper, we set out the cognitive processes that we think lead to the formation and maintenance of the positive symptoms of psychosis and we attempt to integrate into our model research in social factors. If this model proves useful, a fuller integration with the findings of biological research will be required (Frith, 1992).

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Health as a Theoretical Concept

1977-12-01

Christopher Boorse

This paper argues that the medical conception of health as absence of disease is a value-free theoretical notion. Its main elements are biological function and statistical normality, in contrast to … This paper argues that the medical conception of health as absence of disease is a value-free theoretical notion. Its main elements are biological function and statistical normality, in contrast to various other ideas prominent in the literature on health. Apart from universal environmental injuries, diseases are internal states that depress a functional ability below species-typical levels. Health as freedom from disease is then statistical normality of function, i.e., the ability to perform all typical physiological functions with at least typical efficiency. This conception of health is as value-free as statements of biological function. The view that health is essentially value-laden, held by most writers on the topic, seems to have one of two sources: an assumption that health judgments must be practical judgments about the treatment of patients, or a commitment to “positive” health beyond the absence of disease. I suggest that the assumption is mistaken, the commitment possibly misdescribed.

The illness perception questionnaire: A new method for assessing the cognitive representation of illness

1996-03-01

John Weinman , Keith J. Petrie , Rona Moss‐Morris +1 more

Abstract Abstract The Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ) is a new method for assessing cognitive representations of illness. The IPQ is a theoretically derived measure comprising five scales that provides information … Abstract Abstract The Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ) is a new method for assessing cognitive representations of illness. The IPQ is a theoretically derived measure comprising five scales that provides information about the five components that have been found to underlie the cognitive representation of illness. The five scales assess identity - the symptoms the patient associates with the illness, cause - personal ideas about aetiology, time-line - the perceived duration of the illness, consequences - expected effects and outcome and cure control - how one controls or recovers from the illness. The IPQ has a specific number of core items but allows the user to add items for particular patient groups or health threats. Data is presented supporting the reliability and validity of the IPQ scales in different chronic illness populations. Key Words: Illness perceptionsquestionnairereliabilityvaliditychronic illnesspersonal models

Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and schizophrenia

1978-05-01

Barbara E. O'Brien

Understanding Labeling Effects in the Area of Mental Disorders: An Assessment of the Effects of Expectations of Rejection

1987-02-01

Bruce G. Link

This paper hypothesizes that official labeling gives personal relevance to an individual's beliefs about how others respond to mental patients. According to this view, people develop conceptions of what others … This paper hypothesizes that official labeling gives personal relevance to an individual's beliefs about how others respond to mental patients. According to this view, people develop conceptions of what others think of mental patients long before they become patients. These conceptions include the belief that others devalue and discriminate against mental patients. When people enter psychiatric treatment and are labeled, these beliefs become personally applicable and lead to self-devaluation and/or the fear of rejection by others. Such reactions may have negative effects on both psychological and socialfunctioning. This hypothesis was tested by comparing samples of community residents and psychiatric patients from the Washington Heights section of New York city. Five groups were formed (1) first-treatment contact patients, (2) repeat-treatment contact patients, (3) formerly treated community residents, (4) untreated community cases, and (5) community residents with no evidence of severe psychopathology. These groups were administered a scale that measured beliefs that mental patients would be devalued and discriminated against by most people. Scores on this scale were associated with demoralization, income loss, and unemployment in labeled groups but not in unlabeled groups. The results suggest that labeling may produce negative outcomes like those specified by the classic concept of secondary deviance.

Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience

1975-10-01

Irving Schneider

The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Medicine

1982-03-18

Eric J. Cassel

Abstract The question of suffering and its relation to organic illness has rarely been addressed in the medical literature. This article offers a description of the nature and causes of … Abstract The question of suffering and its relation to organic illness has rarely been addressed in the medical literature. This article offers a description of the nature and causes of suffering in patients undergoing medical treatment. A distinction based on clinical observations is made between suffering and physical distress. Suffering is experienced by persons, not merely by bodies, and has its source in challenges that threaten the intactness of the person as a complex social and psychological entity. Suffering can include physical pain but is by no means limited to it. The relief of suffering and the cure of disease must be seen as twin obligations of a medical profession that is truly dedicated to the care of the sick. Physicians' failure to understand the nature of suffering can result in medical intervention that (though technically adequate) not only fails to relieve suffering but becomes a source of suffering itself. (N Engl J Med. 1982; 306:639–45.)

Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry

1967-12-01

Alfred M. Freedman , Harold Kaplan

The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10

1998-01-01

David V. Sheehan

The interpersonal theory of psychiatry.

1953-01-01

NULL AUTHOR_ID

Vulnerability: A new view of schizophrenia.

1977-04-01

Joseph Zubin , Bonnie Spring

Suprachiasmatic nucleus : the mind's clock

1991-01-01

David C. Klein , Robert Y. Moore , Steven M. Reppert

How and Why Emptiness Manifests in Everyday Life

2025-06-25

Nancy Nyquist Potter | Cambridge University Press eBooks

Mental Health Is Psychological Well‐Being

2025-06-25

John T. Maier | Bioethics

ABSTRACT Many practitioners and organizations see mental health as a kind of well‐being. Recently, several philosophers have criticized this view. I argue that these criticisms are mistaken; mental health is … ABSTRACT Many practitioners and organizations see mental health as a kind of well‐being. Recently, several philosophers have criticized this view. I argue that these criticisms are mistaken; mental health is a kind of well‐being, specifically psychological well‐being. Recognition of this point indicates that standard approaches to mental health rest on sound philosophical foundations and also illuminates the nature of mental health itself.

In-Touch: person-centered palliative care to improve comfort and connection in advanced dementia

2025-06-25

Nicola Cornally | http://isrctn.com/

How I Found My Way to Providing Psychological Care to People With Psychosis

2025-06-25

Emily M. Owens | Psychiatric Services

How Personality Disorder Became an Independent Domain in Psychopathology

2025-06-25

Peter Zachar | Cambridge University Press eBooks

From Paul Tillich’s <i>The Courage to Be</i> to Radical Acceptance and Radical Openness

2025-06-25

Konrad Banicki | Cambridge University Press eBooks

Conceptualizing Personality Disorder

2025-06-25

| Cambridge University Press eBooks

This book offers an interdisciplinary perspective on personality disorder with chapters by philosophers, psychiatrists, and psychological scientists. Written to be accessible to all three disciplines, it updates traditional conceptualizations and … This book offers an interdisciplinary perspective on personality disorder with chapters by philosophers, psychiatrists, and psychological scientists. Written to be accessible to all three disciplines, it updates traditional conceptualizations and offers new and novel perspectives on personality disorder, with a special emphasis on borderline and narcissistic personalities. Featuring contributions from established senior researchers as well as early career scholars from across four continents, it offers surveys of contemporary research and clinical expertise that together plumb the foundational understandings of personality disorder.

A New Way of Doing Research in Psychiatry

2025-06-24

Robert B. Dudas | Cambridge University Press eBooks

Engaging loneliness in the psychotherapy for psychosis

2025-06-24

Jeremy M. Ridenour , Jay A. Hamm , Bethany L. Leonhardt +1 more | Psychosis

Psychiatry from Within and in the Media

2025-06-24

Robert B. Dudas | Cambridge University Press eBooks

Psychiatry and Values

2025-06-24

Mathew Thomson | Cambridge University Press eBooks

Multidisciplinarity in Psychiatry

2025-06-24

Robert B. Dudas , Elizabeth Fistein , Toby Williamson | Cambridge University Press eBooks

The Misuse of Psychiatry

2025-06-23

Keith G. Rasmussen | Routledge eBooks

The Use of Psychiatry

2025-06-23

Keith G. Rasmussen | Routledge eBooks

Correction: Eulogy of Rudolf Nieuwenhuys

2025-06-23

Katrin Amunts | Brain Structure and Function

Why psychosis is not so crazy. A road map to hope and recovery for families and caregivers

2025-06-22

Marc Calmeyn | Psychosis

The Contribution of Fundamental and Applied Pathophysiology to Clinical Psychiatry. Interview with an Academician of RAS Nikolay F. Myasoedov

2025-06-22

N. F. Myasoedov , Н. В. Кост | Psikhiatriya

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Moral Hypochondria in the Clinical Space of Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

2025-06-22

V M Lobanova , M. A. Marshanskaya | Psikhiatriya

Background : the most studies of the problem of moral hypochondria (MI) in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) is devoted to the study of MI in the aspects of: … Background : the most studies of the problem of moral hypochondria (MI) in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) is devoted to the study of MI in the aspects of: 1) exacerbations; 2) remissions/residual states; 3) the continuing “sluggish” course of the endogenous process. Despite the results, that have been achieved, the psychopathological structure of moral hypochondria, which forms during prolonged hypochondriacal post-psychotic states, remains insufficiently studied. The aim was to study the psychopathology of moral hypochondria, developing in the post-psychotic period of schizophrenia and SSD. Patients and Methods : the study sample consisted of 21 patients of the department for the study of borderline mental pathology and psychosomatic disorders of the FSBSI «Mental Health Research Centre». Clinical, psychometric, statistical methods are used. Results : the aspects of formation of moral hypochondria, that realizes in the post-attack period of schizophrenia and SSD, are presented: 1) premorbid personality type (cluster B personality disorder with the inclusion of dimensions of the “as-if personality”); 2) two-stage course of the disease. The first stage is an acute psychogenic debut followed by an anesthetic depression; the second stage is a prolonged hypochondriacal state with symptoms of MI. The rationale for the admissibility of interpreting MH as one of the manifestations of post-processual personality development is formulated. The psychopathological characteristics of the phenomenon of transformation of positive psychopathological disorders into pathocharacterological formations are described. Conclusions : this study presents the formation mechanism of the personalized overvalued phenomena of moral hypochondria, originating in the structure of psychopathological disorders of the depersonalization spectrum.

Integrating rehabilitation into health systems

2025-06-21

Shankar Ganesh | The Indian Journal of Medical Research

Is “Dysfunction” a Value-Neutral Concept?

2025-06-20

Somogy Varga , Andrew J. Latham | Philosophical Studies

Abstract Two important issues in the philosophy of medicine are the evaluative issue (whether the concept of disease is value-laden) and the neutrality issue (whether the concept of dysfunction is … Abstract Two important issues in the philosophy of medicine are the evaluative issue (whether the concept of disease is value-laden) and the neutrality issue (whether the concept of dysfunction is value-laden). The aim of this study was to empirically examine whether a person’s evaluation of their own condition (i.e., patient evaluation) influences whether their condition is considered to be a disease and dysfunction. With respect to the evaluative issue, we observed, consistent with previous research, that patient evaluation does not influence people’s disease judgments, but it does influence their health judgments. Further, with respect to the neutrality issue , we observed that while patient evaluation does not influence people’s dysfunction judgments in physical conditions, it does influence their dysfunction judgments in mental conditions. Depending on exactly how these results are interpreted they might have potentially significant implications for dominant positions in the literature, particularly for those that claim to account for lay judgments. Progress in the philosophy of medicine might benefit from a shift in focus from the concepts of disease and health to a more detailed examination of the concept of dysfunction.

Neurolaw and Psychiatry

2025-06-20

Gerben Meynen | CRC Press eBooks

Why psychosis is not so crazy: a road map to hope and recovery for families and caregivers

2025-06-20

Conor McCormack | Psychoanalysis Culture & Society

Uncertainty Isn’t the Problem; It’s a Paradox that Promotes Possibility: Three Strategies from Critical Disability Studies for Reframing the Unknown

2025-06-19

Ryan Weber , Amanda M. Caleb | Teaching and Learning in Medicine

Uncertainty and disability are simultaneously well-studied and enigmatic conditions in medicine. Yet while uncertainty and disability have individually received significant attention, little mind has been paid to how they interact. … Uncertainty and disability are simultaneously well-studied and enigmatic conditions in medicine. Yet while uncertainty and disability have individually received significant attention, little mind has been paid to how they interact. Common assumptions and biases underscore the frequently negative view of both conditions. However, overemphasis on reducing and eliminating uncertainty has negatively impacted physicians beholden to a culture that venerates certainty. At the same time, medicine's focus on fixing and curing disability, which is founded on ableist practices and policies, has led to deleterious patient health outcomes. If what is required for equitable, person-centered care is a greater tolerance of uncertainty, then we might derive wider benefits from approaches with demonstrated efficacy in dismantling ableist logic. For this reason, we employ the social model of disability to formulate three interrelated strategies for reframing uncertainty as a source of possibility in clinical encounters and life more broadly. The first strategy entails reappraising mental models that have contributed to structural barriers. Applying Paul Han's framework for tolerance to pervasive sources of bias, we argue that reappraisal inhibits certainty preference from erasing the subjectivities that invigorate our collective wisdom and grant significance to our lived experiences. The second strategy involves reexamining ways of knowing that have controlled ways of being. By applying a critical lens to the labels and categories indispensable to contemporary knowledge systems, we illustrate how an ethics of uncertainty can help us realize the principles of epistemic justice. The third strategy involves replacing the "un-choosing of disability" as described by the disabled poet and activist Eli Clare with the reclaiming of uncertainty. This approach reveals how creating a medical culture that fosters meaning and purpose can positively influence the relational aspects of care. Collectively, these strategies form the foundation of a praxis necessary to foster tolerance of uncertainty and bodily variability throughout medicine. We conclude by demonstrating how leaning into the discomfort inherent to paradoxes can transform uncertainty from a limiting factor to a liberating force for epistemic justice.

The Culture of Psychiatric Practice: Metaphors and Similes

2025-06-18

Santosh K. Chaturvedi | Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health

Definitions of “Mental Disorder” from DSM-III to DSM-5

2025-06-18

Margherita Vacca , A. Mura , Gian Pietro Carrogu +3 more | Behavioral Sciences

The definition of "mental disorder" (MD) is one of the most critical themes throughout the history of psychopathology and in the development of the discipline itself. Despite this theme having … The definition of "mental disorder" (MD) is one of the most critical themes throughout the history of psychopathology and in the development of the discipline itself. Despite this theme having been addressed since ancient times, the first explicit and shared definition of MD only appeared in the seventies, soon after the first internationally shared nosographies. In this perspective paper, we focused on the definitions of MD proposed in the various versions of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-DSM", starting from the third edition of 1980. Over about 40 years, in the various versions of the DSM, six definitions of MD were proposed. We discussed the general matrix/structure of those definitions, as well as the main similarities and/or divergences, and some of the specific constructs and approaches used in such definitions. Additionally, we examined some papers that addressed the same topic in a similar manner and discussed the general debate that accompanied the proposal of the various DSM definitions, the significant attention those definitions attracted, and some minor and major criticisms.

Towards a Comprehensive Theory of Affectivity III. On the Affective Attachment and Affects. Tentative Conclusions about a Theory of Affectivity based on Attachment Formation

2025-06-18

Ricardo Morgado Giraldo | Journal of Psychiatry Research Reviews & Reports

This article is the third in a series, in which we wanted to compile our views on Affectivity, while exposing, for the first time, the perspectives that have emerged in … This article is the third in a series, in which we wanted to compile our views on Affectivity, while exposing, for the first time, the perspectives that have emerged in recent times. The most noteworthy novelties, which we now provide, refer to a description of each of the states, or phases, through which both the positive and the negative attachment pass. In addition, we have dedicated a space to try to explain why, in certain moments or situations, the cycle, which provokes the attachment, destabilizes and disappears, or changes direction, from positive to negative. We have also devoted some space to explain how our research methodologies have been combined. Finally, we have stopped to discern on the present and future methods of knowledge transfer, more pertinent to the subject that concerns us; finding ourselves with the need of effective ways to explain and to discuss with professionals of the health and educational areas, the questions that are considered pertinent around intervention and/or therapeutic programs

Mental Health and Madness

2025-06-17

Jason D. DeHart , Hannah Helm | Routledge eBooks

Navigating social challenges: A phenomenological exploration of living with schizophrenia

2025-06-17

Feyza Şengül , Hatice Abaoğlu | British Journal of Occupational Therapy

Introduction: Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia face significant barriers that impact their quality of life and restrict their social participation. This study explores the lived experiences of individuals with schizophrenia, focusing … Introduction: Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia face significant barriers that impact their quality of life and restrict their social participation. This study explores the lived experiences of individuals with schizophrenia, focusing on the challenges they encounter in social settings. Method: A qualitative research design with an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis approach was employed to examine the subjective experiences of 18 participants diagnosed with schizophrenia. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and observational field notes to capture both verbal and non-verbal expressions. Findings: Three primary themes emerged from the analysis: (1) personal growth and well-being, (2) adaptation to social environments, and (3) social contexts and support. Conclusion: The study highlights restricted social networks, challenges in daily functioning, and the impact of stigma on social participation. Findings emphasize the need for structured interventions focusing on social skills training, occupational engagement, and reducing stigma. The role of occupational therapy in enhancing autonomy, fostering meaningful social interactions, and promoting long-term community integration is underscored.

Life, care, and the medical humanities: An interview with Frédéric Worms

2025-06-16

Patrick ffrench , Lefève Céline | History of the Human Sciences

Frédéric Worms is professor of philosophy and director of the Ecole Normale Supérieure (Paris). His research focuses, on the one hand, on French philosophy of the 20th century, specifically on … Frédéric Worms is professor of philosophy and director of the Ecole Normale Supérieure (Paris). His research focuses, on the one hand, on French philosophy of the 20th century, specifically on Henri Bergson, and, on the other hand, on vital and moral relations. Indeed, he has developed a philosophy of care conceived as the origin of moral relations. Patrick ffrench and Céline Lefève interviewed Fréderic Worms in January 2023. The interview was conducted in French. In the interview Fréderic Worms engages with issues around the status of the medical humanities in relation to the discipline and mission of philosophy, his philosophy of care and the question of a relational ontology, the central role of Georges Canguilhem and the importance of his thought for the medical humanities, the related questions of violation and precarity, and more generally with the significance of his own thought for the medical humanities.

The disruption of grief in the technological niche: The case of deathbots

2025-06-16

Regina E. Fabry | Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences

The Ascendance of Libido and Psychic Conflicts

2025-06-13

Adrian Perkel | Routledge eBooks

Self, Me, or I? Unravelling the Triumvirate of Selfhood in Pathological Consciousness

2025-06-13

Alexander A. Fingelkurts , Andrew A. Fingelkurts | Brain Sciences

In this conceptual review, we explore how alterations in the configuration and expression of the three core aspects of experiential Selfhood-'Self,' 'Me', and 'I'-both reflect and shape an individual's susceptibility … In this conceptual review, we explore how alterations in the configuration and expression of the three core aspects of experiential Selfhood-'Self,' 'Me', and 'I'-both reflect and shape an individual's susceptibility to neuropsychopathology. Drawing on empirical neurophenomenological evidence and theoretical insights, we examine a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders through the lens of the Selfhood triumvirate. Our findings indicate that, despite variations in the expression of Selfhood aspects across different pathologies, their proportional configuration remains remarkably stable in most conditions, with the 'Self' aspect consistently dominant, followed by the 'Me' aspect, and finally the 'I' aspect. This stability suggests a fundamental neurophenomenological hierarchy in Selfhood organization, which seems to be disrupted only in extreme cases such as vegetative (unresponsive) states and also schizophrenia. Ultimately, we propose that all neuropsychopathologies are best understood as disorders of Selfhood, where disruptions in the dynamic balance and configuration of the 'Self', 'Me', and 'I' aspects accompany neurophenomenological manifestations in distinct dysfunctions and pathologies.

2062-LB: Changing the Narrative from Disease-Focused to Person-Centered Language in the Clinic—ConversationAIly as a Training Tool

2025-06-13

RAJSHRI MALLABADI , Sanjay Kalra | Diabetes

Introduction and Objective: Medical training focuses on clinical skills but often lacks structured communication coaching, more specifically on use of person-centered language during in-clinic interactions We report the impact of … Introduction and Objective: Medical training focuses on clinical skills but often lacks structured communication coaching, more specifically on use of person-centered language during in-clinic interactions We report the impact of training with ConversationAIly™, a novel artificial intelligence (AI)-powered tool that suggests person-centered conversation cues to optimize in-clinic person-physician conversations. Methods: This pilot involved 20 medical residents training in endocrinology. Half of them used ConversationAIly™ during their interactions with persons with type 2 diabetes (PwD) and obesity (PwO), while the other half did not use this tool during their in-clinic interactions. Physician comfort with the tool and the suggested word cues and person satisfaction after the interactions were measured via a survey administered one week after the use of ConversationAIly™. Results: The 10 residents who used ConversationAIly™ reported high level of adaptability of the tool to person-first language cues. All 10 agreed that using the tool enabled them to use person-centered language and avoid introducing unconscious bias and stigmatizing words during their conversations with persons. There was a high level of satisfaction and trust reported by persons who consulted with residents who used ConversationAIly™, while persons who consulted with residents who did not use the tool reported feeling blamed by words such as “uncompliant,” “uncontrolled,” and “better diet” used during their interactions. Conclusion: Introducing ConversationAIly™ as part of medical curricula may potentially standardize training in person-centered language and help residents avoid use of stigmatizing language early in their careers. This can transform person-physician interactions, improve person engagement, satisfaction and induce compliance behaviors in chronic conditions. Disclosure R. Mallabadi: None. S. Kalra: Speaker's Bureau; AstraZeneca, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, USV Private Limited.