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Medicine › Infectious Diseases

Dermatological diseases and infestations

Works Count: 29693

Description

This cluster of papers explores the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of ectoparasitic diseases such as scabies, bed bugs, lice, and tungiasis in both humans and animals. It also delves into topics like insecticide resistance, molecular analysis of parasites, and the public health implications of these diseases.

Keywords

Scabies; Bed Bugs; Lice; Tungiasis; Impetigo; Insecticide Resistance; Treatment Protocols; Epidemiology; Molecular Analysis; Public Health

Interventions for treating scabies

2007-07-03
Mark Strong , Paul Johnstone
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Scabies in the developing world–-its prevalence, complications, and management

2012-03-19
R. J. Hay , Andrew C. Steer , Daniel Engelman +1 more

Investigations on the biology, epidemiology, pathology and control of Tunga penetrans in Brazil: I. Natural history of tungiasis in man

2003-02-07
Margit Eisele , Jörg Heukelbach , Eric Van Marck +4 more

The Global Epidemiology of Impetigo: A Systematic Review of the Population Prevalence of Impetigo and Pyoderma

2015-08-28
Asha C Bowen , A. Mahé , Roderick J. Hay +4 more
Objective We conducted a comprehensive, systematic review of the global childhood population prevalence of impetigo and the broader condition pyoderma. Methods PubMed was systematically searched for impetigo or pyoderma studies … Objective We conducted a comprehensive, systematic review of the global childhood population prevalence of impetigo and the broader condition pyoderma. Methods PubMed was systematically searched for impetigo or pyoderma studies published between January 1 1970 and September 30 2014. Two independent reviewers extracted data from each relevant article on the prevalence of impetigo. Findings Sixty-six articles relating to 89 studies met our inclusion criteria. Based on population surveillance, 82 studies included data on 145,028 children assessed for pyoderma or impetigo. Median childhood prevalence was 12·3% (IQR 4·2–19·4%). Fifty-eight (65%) studies were from low or low-middle income countries, where median childhood prevalences were 8·4% (IQR 4·2–16·1%) and 14·5% (IQR 8·3–20·9%), respectively. However, the highest burden was seen in underprivileged children from marginalised communities of high-income countries; median prevalence 19·4%, (IQR 3·9–43·3%). Conclusion Based on data from studies published since 2000 from low and low-middle income countries, we estimate the global population of children suffering from impetigo at any one time to be in excess of 162 million, predominantly in tropical, resource-poor contexts. Impetigo is an under-recognised disease and in conjunction with scabies, comprises a major childhood dermatological condition with potential lifelong consequences if untreated.
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Tungiasis: a neglected health problem of poor communities

2001-04-01
Jörg Heukelbach , Fabíola Araújo Oliveira , Gerhard Hesse +1 more
Tungiasis is caused by the flea Tunga penetrans . Growing urbanization, improved housing and use of appropriate footwear presumably have led to an overall reduction of the occurrence of this … Tungiasis is caused by the flea Tunga penetrans . Growing urbanization, improved housing and use of appropriate footwear presumably have led to an overall reduction of the occurrence of this ectoparasitosis within the last decades. However, it is still highly prevalent where people live in extreme poverty, occurring in many Latin American and African countries. Although the infection has long been known, data on the ectoparasite’s biology and the epidemiology of the disease are scant. Methods for treatment, prevention and control have never been evaluated in a scientific manner. Tungiasis remains an important public health problem for the very poor, a problem neglected by those who are affected, by the medical profession and by the scientific community.
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A STUDY OF SARCOIDOSIS

1952-02-01
WARFIELD T. LONGCOPE , DAVID G. PREIMAN
From the Medical Clinic Johns Hopkins University and Hospital and the Department of Pathology of the Massachusetts General Hospital From the Medical Clinic Johns Hopkins University and Hospital and the Department of Pathology of the Massachusetts General Hospital

The development of symptoms, parasitic infection and immunity in human scabies

1944-03-01
Kenneth Mellanby
1. Scabies is usually transmitted by intimate personal contact. 2. The young, newly fertilized adult female Sarcoptes is the stage usually responsible for transmission. 3. Patients with a high parasite … 1. Scabies is usually transmitted by intimate personal contact. 2. The young, newly fertilized adult female Sarcoptes is the stage usually responsible for transmission. 3. Patients with a high parasite rate (over 100 adult female mites) are much more likely to spread scabies than those with few parasites. 4. The distribution of the parasites in clinical scabies gives no clue to the original sites of infection. 5. When a volunteer is infected for the first time he gives no reaction for about a month. During this period he may be quite unaware that the parasites are burrowing in his cuticle. 6. After a month the patient becomes sensitized, itching and other symptoms develop. 7. In a first infection the mites increase in numbers far less rapidly than is theoretically possible. A parasite rate of about 25 may be reached in 50 days and of up to 500 in 100 days; after this the number of mites decreases rapidly. 8. The second time an individual has scabies he itches at the sites of infection within 24 hr. His mite population seldom rises to a fraction of the height reached in his first infection. 9. Reinfection of cured cases is much more difficult than infection for the first time. 10. Sarcoptes causes antibody function in man. This causes a partial immunity. 11. The mechanism of immunity is due to three reactions: ( a ) scratching by the host which removes the parasites mechanically; ( b ) oedema renders the cuticle unsuitable for colonization and causes the mites to vacate their burrows; ( c ) scratching produces sepsis which is fatal to Sarcoptes . 12. The partial immunity obtained may account for fluctuations in the incidence of the disease.

Scabies and Pediculosis

1989-01-01
Lawrence Charles Parish , Joseph A. Witkowski
Scabies has been known since antiquity. It was among the first diseases to be correlated with a parasitic agent. Although treatment is simple and straightforward, the word scabies often creates … Scabies has been known since antiquity. It was among the first diseases to be correlated with a parasitic agent. Although treatment is simple and straightforward, the word scabies often creates pandemonium [1].

A Manual of Tropical Medicine.

1967-04-01
Aldo Castellani , Albert John Chalmers
The third edition of Castellani and Chalmers' "Tropical Medicine" presents to us in enlarged form a work that is of the greatest value to dermatologists. It is valuable for its … The third edition of Castellani and Chalmers' "Tropical Medicine" presents to us in enlarged form a work that is of the greatest value to dermatologists. It is valuable for its account of skin diseases in the tropics, but its greatest value lies in the systematic and exact exposition of the subject of the vegetable and animal parasites that attack the skin. In this field it is a reference book which the reviewer has in the past found invaluable. One cannot but admire to the highest degree the thoroughness with which these subjects have been covered. Not less than 270 pages are devoted to the section on skin diseases, not including such important diseases as yaws, verruca peruana, leprosy and pellagra, which are treated under general diseases, nor the parasitology of skin diseases, which is a part of the general consideration of parasitology. This amount given to skin diseases is testimony

Genetic Analysis of Lice Supports Direct Contact between Modern and Archaic Humans

2004-09-30
David L. Reed , Vincent Smith , Shaless L Hammond +2 more
Parasites can be used as unique markers to investigate host evolutionary history, independent of host data. Here we show that modern human head lice, Pediculus humanus, are composed of two … Parasites can be used as unique markers to investigate host evolutionary history, independent of host data. Here we show that modern human head lice, Pediculus humanus, are composed of two ancient lineages, whose origin predates modern Homo sapiens by an order of magnitude (ca. 1.18 million years). One of the two louse lineages has a worldwide distribution and appears to have undergone a population bottleneck ca. 100,000 years ago along with its modern H. sapiens host. Phylogenetic and population genetic data suggest that the other lineage, found only in the New World, has remained isolated from the worldwide lineage for the last 1.18 million years. The ancient divergence between these two lice is contemporaneous with splits among early species of Homo, and cospeciation analyses suggest that the two louse lineages codiverged with a now extinct species of Homo and the lineage leading to modern H. sapiens. If these lice indeed codiverged with their hosts ca. 1.18 million years ago, then a recent host switch from an archaic species of Homo to modern H. sapiens is required to explain the occurrence of both lineages on modern H. sapiens. Such a host switch would require direct physical contact between modern and archaic forms of Homo.
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Accuracy of standard dermoscopy for diagnosing scabies

2006-11-14
Alain Dupuy , L. Dehen , E. Bourrat +6 more

Benign melanocytic naevi as a risk factor for malignant melanoma.

1986-06-14
Anthony J. Swerdlow , John English , R. M. MacKie +4 more
Examination of 180 patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma and 197 control patients in a case-control study showed that the risk of melanoma is strongly related to numbers of benign melanocytic … Examination of 180 patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma and 197 control patients in a case-control study showed that the risk of melanoma is strongly related to numbers of benign melanocytic naevi (moles). Some unusual features of naevi--a diameter exceeding 7 mm, colour variation, and irregular lateral outline--also showed a strong association with the risk of melanoma, but the relation of numbers of naevi to risk was present even in the group of patients whose naevi had none of these unusual features. Biopsy of clinically atypical naevi from several of the patients at highest risk generally did not show dysplastic histology. Thus a group of people at high risk of melanoma may be identified by using simple clinical assessment of naevi.
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Crusted scabies: clinical and immunological findings in seventy-eight patients and a review of the literature

2004-10-05
L. Jackson Roberts , S Huffam , Shelley F. Walton +1 more

Scabies: more than just an irritation

2004-07-01
James McCarthy , Darrell J. Kemp , Shelley F. Walton +1 more
Abstract Human scabies, caused by skin infestation with the arthropod mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, typically results in a papular, intensely pruritic eruption involving the interdigital spaces, and flexure creases. Recent research … Abstract Human scabies, caused by skin infestation with the arthropod mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, typically results in a papular, intensely pruritic eruption involving the interdigital spaces, and flexure creases. Recent research has led to a reassessment of the morbidity attributable to this parasite in endemic communities, particularly resulting from secondary skin sepsis and postinfective complications including glomerulonephritis. This has led to studies of the benefits of community based control programmes, and to concerns regarding the emergence of drug resistance when such strategies are employed. The renewed research interest into the biology of this infection has resulted in the application of molecular tools. This has established that canine and human scabies populations are genetically distinct, a finding with major implications for the formulation of public health control policies. Further research is needed to increase understanding of drug resistance, and to identify new drug targets and potential vaccine candidates.
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Permethrin and Ivermectin for Scabies

2010-02-24
Bart J. Currie , James McCarthy
A 4-year-old boy is brought to a health center with sores on his arms and legs. He and several siblings receive a diagnosis of scabies. Crusted scabies is diagnosed in … A 4-year-old boy is brought to a health center with sores on his arms and legs. He and several siblings receive a diagnosis of scabies. Crusted scabies is diagnosed in an elderly aunt in the same household. The family members are treated with topical permethrin, which disrupts the function of voltage-gated sodium channels in arthropods. The aunt is treated with oral ivermectin, which disrupts the function of chloride ion channels.

A comparative study of oral ivermectin and topical permethrin cream in the treatment of scabies☆, ☆☆

2000-02-01
V Usha , T GOPALAKRISHNANNAIR

Scabies: a ubiquitous neglected skin disease

2006-11-21
Ulrich R. Hengge , Bart J. Currie , G. Jäger +2 more

World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of parasiticides for the treatment, prevention and control of flea and tick infestation on dogs and cats

2006-12-01
Alan A. Marchiondo , P.A. Holdsworth , P. Green +2 more

First Documentation of In Vivo and In Vitro Ivermectin Resistance in Sarcoptes scabiei

2004-06-21
B. J. Currie , Pearly Harumal , Melita McKinnon +1 more
Ivermectin is increasingly being used to treat scabies, especially crusted (Norwegian) scabies. However, treatment failures, recrudescence, and reinfection can occur, even after multiple doses. Ivermectin resistance has been documented for … Ivermectin is increasingly being used to treat scabies, especially crusted (Norwegian) scabies. However, treatment failures, recrudescence, and reinfection can occur, even after multiple doses. Ivermectin resistance has been documented for some intestinal helminths in animals with intensive ivermectin exposure. Ivermectin resistance has also been induced in arthropods in laboratory experiments but, to date, has not been documented among arthropods in nature. We report clinical and in vitro evidence of ivermectin resistance in 2 patients with multiple recurrences of crusted scabies who had previously received 30 and 58 doses of ivermectin over 4 and 4.5 years, respectively. As predicted, ivermectin resistance in scabies mites can develop after intensive ivermectin use.
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Bedbugs and Infectious Diseases

2010-12-17
Pascal Delaunay , Véronique Blanc , P. Del Giudice +4 more
Bedbugs are brown and flat hematophagous insects. The 2 cosmopolite species, Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus, feed on humans and/or domestic animals, and recent outbreaks have been reported in occidental … Bedbugs are brown and flat hematophagous insects. The 2 cosmopolite species, Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus, feed on humans and/or domestic animals, and recent outbreaks have been reported in occidental countries. Site assessment for bedbug eradication is complex but can be assured, despite emerging insecticide resistance, by hiring a pest-control manager. The common dermatological presentation of bites is an itchy maculopapular wheal. Urticarial reactions and anaphylaxis can also occur. Bedbugs are suspected of transmitting infectious agents, but no report has yet demonstrated that they are infectious disease vectors. We describe 45 candidate pathogens potentially transmitted by bedbugs, according to their vectorial capacity, in the wild, and vectorial competence, in the laboratory. Because of increasing demands for information about effective control tactics and public health risks of bedbugs, continued research is needed to identify new pathogens in wild Cimex species (spp) and insecticide resistance.
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Prevalence of scabies and impetigo worldwide: a systematic review

2015-06-15
Lucia Romani , Andrew C. Steer , Margot Whitfeld +1 more

Bed Bug Infestations in an Urban Environment

2005-04-01
Stephen W. Hwang , Tomislav Svoboda , Iain J. De Jong +2 more
Abstract Until recently, bed bugs have been considered uncommon in the industrialized world. This study determined the extent of reemerging bed bug infestations in homeless shelters and other locations in … Abstract Until recently, bed bugs have been considered uncommon in the industrialized world. This study determined the extent of reemerging bed bug infestations in homeless shelters and other locations in Toronto, Canada. Toronto Public Health documented complaints of bed bug infestations from 46 locations in 2003, most commonly apartments (63%), shelters (15%), and rooming houses (11%). Pest control operators in Toronto (N = 34) reported treating bed bug infestations at 847 locations in 2003, most commonly single-family dwellings (70%), apartments (18%), and shelters (8%). Bed bug infestations were reported at 20 (31%) of 65 homeless shelters. At 1 affected shelter, 4% of residents reported having bed bug bites. Bed bug infestations can have an adverse effect on health and quality of life in the general population, particularly among homeless persons living in shelters.
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Biology of the Bed Bugs (Cimicidae)

2006-09-01
Klaus Reinhardt , Michael T. Siva‐Jothy
The cimicids, or bed bugs, belong to a highly specialized hematophagous taxon that parasitizes primarily humans, birds, and bats. Their best-known member is the bed bug, Cimex lectularius. This group … The cimicids, or bed bugs, belong to a highly specialized hematophagous taxon that parasitizes primarily humans, birds, and bats. Their best-known member is the bed bug, Cimex lectularius. This group demonstrates some bizarre but evolutionarily important biology. All members of the family Cimicidae show traumatic insemination and a suite of female adaptations to this male trait. Cimicids therefore constitute an ideal model system for examining the extreme causes and consequences of sexual selection. Our dual goal in re-examining the extensive literature on this group is to identify issues relevant to pest control, such as dispersal ecology and the recent global spread, and to understand the selective forces that have shaped the unique aspects of this insect's biology.

Skin microbes on frogs prevent morbidity and mortality caused by a lethal skin fungus

2009-03-26
Reid N. Harris , Robert M. Brucker , Jenifer B. Walke +7 more
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Bed Bugs: Clinical Relevance and Control Options

2012-01-01
Stephen L. Doggett , Dominic E. Dwyer , Pablo Fernández‐Peñas +1 more
SUMMARY Since the late 1990s, bed bugs of the species Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus have undergone a worldwide resurgence. These bed bugs are blood-sucking insects that readily bite humans. … SUMMARY Since the late 1990s, bed bugs of the species Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus have undergone a worldwide resurgence. These bed bugs are blood-sucking insects that readily bite humans. Cutaneous reactions may occur and can start out as small macular lesions that can develop into distinctive wheals of around 5 cm in diameter, which are accompanied by intense itching. Occasionally, bullous eruptions may result. If bed bugs are numerous, the patient can present with widespread urticaria or eythematous rashes. Often, bites occur in lines along the limbs. Over 40 pathogens have been detected in bed bugs, but there is no definitive evidence that they transmit any disease-causing organisms to humans. Anemia may result when bed bugs are numerous, and their allergens can trigger asthmatic reactions. The misuse of chemicals and other technologies for controlling bed bugs has the potential to have a deleterious impact on human health, while the insect itself can be the cause of significant psychological trauma. The control of bed bugs is challenging and should encompass a multidisciplinary approach utilizing nonchemical means of control and the judicious use of insecticides. For accommodation providers, risk management procedures should be implemented to reduce the potential of bed bug infestations.
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Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans

2008-05-01
Jörg Heukelbach , Hermann Feldmeier

Skin infections and infestations in Aboriginal communities in northern Australia

2000-08-01
Bart J. Currie , Jonathan R. Carapetis
The most important skin infections in Aboriginal communities in central and northern Australia are scabies and streptococcal pyoderma. Scabies is endemic in many remote Aboriginal communities, with prevalences in children … The most important skin infections in Aboriginal communities in central and northern Australia are scabies and streptococcal pyoderma. Scabies is endemic in many remote Aboriginal communities, with prevalences in children up to 50%. The cycles of scabies transmission underlie much of the pyoderma. Up to 70% of children have skin sores, with group A streptococcus (GAS) the major pathogen. Group A streptococcus is responsible for the continuing outbreaks of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis and acute rheumatic fever (ARF). The cycles of scabies transmission in dogs and humans do not appear to significantly overlap. Guidelines have been developed for community control of scabies and skin sores and successful community initiated coordinated programmes have occurred. The anthropophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum is ubiquitous in many communities, again reflecting living conditions. Other skin infections related to the tropical environment include melioidosis, nocardiosis, Chromobacterium violaceum and chromoblastomycosis. Sustainable and long-term improvements in scabies, skin sores and GAS-related disease and tinea require fundamental changes that address social and economic inequities and, in particular, living conditions and overcrowding.

Bed Bugs (<emph type="ital">Cimex lectularius</emph>) and Clinical Consequences of Their Bites

2009-03-31
Jerome Goddard
Bed bug (Cimex lectularius) infestations are rapidly increasing worldwide. Health consequences include nuisance biting and cutaneous and systemic reactions. The potential for bed bugs to serve as disease vectors and … Bed bug (Cimex lectularius) infestations are rapidly increasing worldwide. Health consequences include nuisance biting and cutaneous and systemic reactions. The potential for bed bugs to serve as disease vectors and optimal methods for bed bug pest control and eradication are unclear.To present current knowledge of the health and medical effects of bed bugs and to explore key issues in pest control and eradication efforts.A search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases (1960-October 2008) for articles using the keywords bed bugs, Cimex lectularius, humans, parasitology, pathogenicity, and drug effects. For pest control, PubMed and Toxline searches (1960-October 2008) were performed using the keywords bed bugs, Cimex, control, prevention, and eradication. Manual searches of older journals, textbooks, pest control trade journals, and newspapers (1892-October 2008) were also performed.Original accounts or investigations of bed bugs, clinical responses with sufficient detail of cause and effect between the bed bug bite and clinical response, and convincing evidence of substantiated presence of bed bug exposure. For pest control, documentation that an eradication measure quantitatively decreased bed bugs.A trained medical reference librarian assisted with the literature search. Two authors with expertise in the diagnosis, treatment, and eradication of bed bugs reviewed the clinical articles. One author evaluated the pest control articles.Fifty-three articles met inclusion criteria and were summarized. Only 2 clinical trials concerning bed bugs were identified and tested the ability of pest control interventions to eradicate bed bugs. Although transmission of more than 40 human diseases has been attributed to bed bugs, there is little evidence that they are vectors of communicable disease. A variety of clinical reactions to bed bugs have been reported, including cutaneous and rarely systemic reactions. A wide range of empirical treatments, including antibiotics, antihistamines, topical and oral corticosteroids, and epinephrine, have been used for bite reactions with varying results. No evidence-based interventions to eradicate bed bugs or prevent bites were identified.Treatment options for cutaneous and systemic reactions from bed bug bites have not been evaluated in clinical trials and there is no evidence that outcomes differ significantly from those receiving no treatment. Evidence for disease transmission by bed bugs is lacking. Pest control and eradication is challenging due to insecticide resistance, lack of effective products, and health concerns about spraying mattresses with pesticides.

Problems in Diagnosing Scabies, a Global Disease in Human and Animal Populations

2007-04-01
Shelley F. Walton , Bart J. Currie
SUMMARY Scabies is a worldwide disease and a major public health problem in many developing countries, related primarily to poverty and overcrowding. In remote Aboriginal communities in northern Australia, prevalences … SUMMARY Scabies is a worldwide disease and a major public health problem in many developing countries, related primarily to poverty and overcrowding. In remote Aboriginal communities in northern Australia, prevalences of up to 50% among children have been described, despite the availability of effective chemotherapy. Sarcoptic mange is also an important veterinary disease engendering significant morbidity and mortality in wild, domestic, and farmed animals. Scabies is caused by the ectoparasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei burrowing into the host epidermis. Clinical symptoms include intensely itchy lesions that often are a precursor to secondary bacterial pyoderma, septicemia, and, in humans, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Although diagnosed scabies cases can be successfully treated, the rash of the primary infestation takes 4 to 6 weeks to develop, and thus, transmission to others often occurs prior to therapy. In humans, the symptoms of scabies infestations can mimic other dermatological skin diseases, and traditional tests to diagnose scabies are less than 50% accurate. To aid early identification of disease and thus treatment, a simple, cheap, sensitive, and specific test for routine diagnosis of active scabies is essential. Recent developments leading to the expression and purification of S. scabiei recombinant antigens have identified a number of molecules with diagnostic potential, and current studies include the investigation and assessment of the accuracy of these recombinant proteins in identifying antibodies in individuals with active scabies and in differentiating those with past exposure. Early identification of disease will enable selective treatment of those affected, reduce transmission and the requirement for mass treatment, limit the potential for escalating mite resistance, and provide another means of controlling scabies in populations in areas of endemicity.
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Long‐Term Treatment of Intestinal Helminths Increases Mite Skin‐Test Reactivity in Gabonese Schoolchildren

2004-02-23
Anita H.J. van den Biggelaar , Laura C. Rodrigues , Ronald van Ree +7 more
Several studies have shown an inverse association between helminth infections and atopy, but none have clearly established that the pathogens themselves, rather than other associated factors, cause the suppression of … Several studies have shown an inverse association between helminth infections and atopy, but none have clearly established that the pathogens themselves, rather than other associated factors, cause the suppression of atopy. To show a direct link, prospective intervention studies are required.A randomized, controlled trial was performed to study whether repeated anthelminthic treatment results in increased allergic sensitivity to house dust mites (HDMs) in chronically infected children. The trial population consisted of 317 Gabonese schoolchildren with a high prevalence of intestinal helminths. Intervention consisted of treatment every 3 months with praziquantel and mebendazole and with placebo in the control group. Follow-up lasted 30 months: at 6-month intervals, skin-test sensitivity to mites, helminth infection status, and levels of total IgE were determined.Treatment resulted in a significant increase in the rate of developing skin sensitivity to HDMs (hazard ratio, 2.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.85-3.41), which was mediated, in part, by reductions in Ascaris and/or Trichuris infections. Levels of total IgE were reduced, but this did not mediate the effect of treatment on skin-test reactivity.Anthelminthic treatment of chronically infected children results in increased atopic reactivity, which indicates that helminths directly suppress allergic reactions.
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Hookworms of dogs and cats as agents of cutaneous larva migrans

2010-02-27
Dwight D. Bowman , Susan P. Montgomery , Anne M. Zajac +2 more

Insecticide Resistance in the Bed Bug: A Factor in the Pest’s Sudden Resurgence?

2007-03-01
Álvaro Romero , Michael F. Potter , Daniel Potter +1 more
Infestations of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Heteroptera: Cimicidae), are increasing around the world at an alarming rate and have become a major public health concern. The evolution of … Infestations of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Heteroptera: Cimicidae), are increasing around the world at an alarming rate and have become a major public health concern. The evolution of insecticide resistance could be a primary factor in explaining this resurgence. Extremely high levels of resistance to two pyrethroid insecticides, deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, relative to a susceptible colony, were detected in populations collected from human dwellings in Kentucky and Ohio. Offspring of a cross between a resistant and susceptible colony had intermediate susceptibility. Evaluations of populations from across the United States indicate that resistance to pyrethroid insecticides is already widespread. Without the development of new tactics for bed bug management, further escalation of this public health problem should be expected.

Biology, Host Relations, and Epidemiology of <i>Sarcoptes scabiei</i>

1989-01-01
Larry G. Arlian
Scabies continues to be an important parasitic disease of humans, and other mammals. Suprisingly for a disease that has afflicted humans since antiquity, little is directly known about the basic … Scabies continues to be an important parasitic disease of humans, and other mammals. Suprisingly for a disease that has afflicted humans since antiquity, little is directly known about the basic biology of the parasite, the host-parasite interactions, the host immune response, and host susceptibility. Much more research in these areas is needed if we are to understand fully the occurrence, transmission, and epidemiology of both human and animal scabies.

The chewing lice : world checklist and biological overview /

2003-01-01
Dale H. Clayton , Ronald A. Hellenthal , Kevin P. Johnson +2 more
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Evaluation of Serodiagnostic Tests for Visceral Larva Migrans

1978-05-01
Lawrence T. Glickman , Peter Schantz , Rebecca Dombroske +1 more
Four serologic techniques for the diagnosis of visceral larva migrans caused by Toxocara canis, namely indirect hemagglutination (IHA), bentonite flocculation (BF), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and double diffusion in agar … Four serologic techniques for the diagnosis of visceral larva migrans caused by Toxocara canis, namely indirect hemagglutination (IHA), bentonite flocculation (BF), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and double diffusion in agar (Ouchterlony), were evaluated using sera sent to the Center for Disease Control from patients with a presumptive diagnosis of visceral larva migrans (VLM). Patients having 5–6 of the clinical or laboratory criteria for VLM were designated as cases while those with 0–2 criteria served as controls. The sensitivity of the ELISA was 78.3% compared to 18.2%, 25.8%, and 65.2% for the IHA, BF, and Ouchterlony, respectively; the specificity of all four tests was greater than 92%. The predictive value of a positive test was greater than 85% for all tests except the IHA, while the predictive value of a negative test was greater than 85% only for the ELISA. The results of the ELISA were reproducible in different laboratories. Based on these findings, the ELISA using a larval antigen appears to be the serodiagnostic method of choice for VLM.

Mass Drug Administration for Scabies Control in a Population with Endemic Disease

2015-12-10
Lucia Romani , Margot Whitfeld , Josefa Koroivueta +7 more
Scabies is an underrecognized cause of illness in many developing countries. It is associated with impetigo, which can lead to serious systemic complications. We conducted a trial of mass drug … Scabies is an underrecognized cause of illness in many developing countries. It is associated with impetigo, which can lead to serious systemic complications. We conducted a trial of mass drug administration for scabies control in Fiji.
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Scabies

2006-04-19
O. Chosidow
A 30-year-old man notes diffuse, intense itching. He reports that his girlfriend has the same itchiness. Examination of the skin reveals interdigital lesions, with small papules, vesicles, and excoriations on … A 30-year-old man notes diffuse, intense itching. He reports that his girlfriend has the same itchiness. Examination of the skin reveals interdigital lesions, with small papules, vesicles, and excoriations on the hands and indurated nodules on the genitalia, all of which are suggestive of classic scabies. How should this case be managed?

Global Skin Disease Morbidity and Mortality

2017-03-01
Chanté Karimkhani , Robert P. Dellavalle , Luc E. Coffeng +7 more
Disability secondary to skin conditions is substantial worldwide. The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 includes estimates of global morbidity and mortality due to skin diseases.To measure the burden of … Disability secondary to skin conditions is substantial worldwide. The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 includes estimates of global morbidity and mortality due to skin diseases.To measure the burden of skin diseases worldwide.For nonfatal estimates, data were found by literature search using PubMed and Google Scholar in English and Spanish for years 1980 through 2013 and by accessing administrative data on hospital inpatient and outpatient episodes. Data for fatal estimates were based on vital registration and verbal autopsy data.Skin disease data were extracted from more than 4000 sources including systematic reviews, surveys, population-based disease registries, hospital inpatient data, outpatient data, cohort studies, and autopsy data. Data metrics included incidence, prevalence, remission, duration, severity, deaths, and mortality risk.Data were extracted by age, time period, case definitions, and other study characteristics. Data points were modeled with Bayesian meta-regression to generate estimates of morbidity and mortality metrics for skin diseases. All estimates were made with 95% uncertainty intervals.Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years lived with disability, and years of life lost from 15 skin conditions in 188 countries.Skin conditions contributed 1.79% to the global burden of disease measured in DALYs from 306 diseases and injuries in 2013. Individual skin diseases varied in size from 0.38% of total burden for dermatitis (atopic, contact, and seborrheic dermatitis), 0.29% for acne vulgaris, 0.19% for psoriasis, 0.19% for urticaria, 0.16% for viral skin diseases, 0.15% for fungal skin diseases, 0.07% for scabies, 0.06% for malignant skin melanoma, 0.05% for pyoderma, 0.04% for cellulitis, 0.03% for keratinocyte carcinoma, 0.03% for decubitus ulcer, and 0.01% for alopecia areata. All other skin and subcutaneous diseases composed 0.12% of total DALYs.Skin and subcutaneous diseases were the 18th leading cause of global DALYs in Global Burden of Disease 2013. Excluding mortality, skin diseases were the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide.
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A review of Sarcoptes scabiei: past, present and future

2017-06-20
Larry G. Arlian , Marjorie S. Morgan
The disease scabies is one of the earliest diseases of humans for which the cause was known. It is caused by the mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, that burrows in the epidermis … The disease scabies is one of the earliest diseases of humans for which the cause was known. It is caused by the mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, that burrows in the epidermis of the skin of humans and many other mammals. This mite was previously known as Acarus scabiei DeGeer, 1778 before the genus Sarcoptes was established (Latreille 1802) and it became S. scabiei. Research during the last 40 years has tremendously increased insight into the mite's biology, parasite-host interactions, and the mechanisms it uses to evade the host's defenses. This review highlights some of the major advancements of our knowledge of the mite's biology, genome, proteome, and immunomodulating abilities all of which provide a basis for control of the disease. Advances toward the development of a diagnostic blood test to detect a scabies infection and a vaccine to protect susceptible populations from becoming infected, or at least limiting the transmission of the disease, are also presented.
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European guideline for the management of scabies

2017-06-22
Carmen Sălăvăstru , O. Chosidow , M. J. Boffa +2 more
Abstract Scabies is caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis . The disease can be sexually transmitted. Patients’ main complaint is nocturnal itch. Disseminated, excoriated, erythematous papules are usually seen on … Abstract Scabies is caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis . The disease can be sexually transmitted. Patients’ main complaint is nocturnal itch. Disseminated, excoriated, erythematous papules are usually seen on the anterior trunk and limbs. Crusted scabies occurs in immunocompromised hosts and may be associated with reduced or absent pruritus. Recommended treatments are permethrin 5% cream, oral ivermectin and benzyl benzoate 25% lotion. Alternative treatments are malathion 0.5% aqueous lotion, ivermectin 1% lotion and sulphur 6–33% cream, ointment or lotion. Crusted scabies therapy requires a topical scabicide and oral ivermectin. Mass treatment of large populations with endemic disease can be performed with a single dose of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg of bodyweight). Partner management needs a look‐back period of 2 months. Screening for other STI is recommended. Patients and close contacts should avoid sexual contact until completion of treatment and should strictly observe personal hygiene rules when living in crowded spaces. Written information should be provided to suspected cases.
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Global Burden of Skin Disease: Inequities and Innovations

2017-08-07
Divya Seth , Khatiya Cheldize , Danielle Brown +1 more
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The global burden of scabies: a cross-sectional analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

2017-09-21
Chanté Karimkhani , Danny V. Colombara , Aaron M. Drucker +7 more
BackgroundNumerous population-based studies have documented high prevalence of scabies in overcrowded settings, particularly among children and in tropical regions. We provide an estimate of the global burden of scabies using … BackgroundNumerous population-based studies have documented high prevalence of scabies in overcrowded settings, particularly among children and in tropical regions. We provide an estimate of the global burden of scabies using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2015.MethodsWe identified scabies epidemiological data sources from an extensive literature search and hospital insurance data and analysed data sources with a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2·1, to yield prevalence estimates. We combined prevalence estimates with a disability weight, measuring disfigurement, itch, and pain caused by scabies, to produce years lived with disability (YLDs). With an assumed zero mortality from scabies, YLDs were equivalent to disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We estimated DALYs for 195 countries divided into 21 world regions, in both sexes and 20 age groups, between 1990 and 2015.FindingsScabies was responsible for 0·21% of DALYs from all conditions studied by GBD 2015 worldwide. The world regions of east Asia (age-standardised DALYs 136·32), southeast Asia (134·57), Oceania (120·34), tropical Latin America (99·94), and south Asia (69·41) had the greatest burden of DALYs from scabies. Mean percent change of DALY rate from 1990 to 2015 was less than 8% in all world regions, except North America, which had a 23·9% increase. The five individual countries with greatest scabies burden were Indonesia (age-standardised DALYs 153·86), China (138·25), Timor-Leste (136·67), Vanuatu (131·59), and Fiji (130·91). The largest standard deviations of age-standardised DALYs between the 20 age groups were observed in southeast Asia (60·1), Oceania (58·3), and east Asia (56·5), with the greatest DALY burdens in children, adolescents, and the elderly.InterpretationThe burden of scabies is greater in tropical regions, especially in children, adolescents, and elderly people. As a worldwide epidemiological assessment, GBD 2015 provides broad and frequently updated measures of scabies burden in terms of skin effects. These global data might help guide research protocols and prioritisation efforts and focus scabies treatment and control measures.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies Consensus Criteria for the Diagnosis of Scabies

2020-02-08
Daniel Engelman , Junko Yoshizumi , Roderick J. Hay +7 more
Scabies is a common parasitic skin condition that causes considerable morbidity globally. Clinical and epidemiological research for scabies has been limited by a lack of standardization of diagnostic methods. Scabies is a common parasitic skin condition that causes considerable morbidity globally. Clinical and epidemiological research for scabies has been limited by a lack of standardization of diagnostic methods.
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Scabies

2006-05-01
Jörg Heukelbach , Hermann Feldmeier

Clinical Parasitology

1984-12-01
Donald Heyneman , P. C. Beaver , R. C. Jung +1 more

Sarcoptic mange in wildlife

2002-08-01
D.B. PENCE , E. UECKERMANN
Sarcoptic manage caused by Sarcoptes scabiei is responsible for epizootic disease in populations of wild canids in North America, Europe and Australia, wild cats in Europe and Africa, wild ungulates … Sarcoptic manage caused by Sarcoptes scabiei is responsible for epizootic disease in populations of wild canids in North America, Europe and Australia, wild cats in Europe and Africa, wild ungulates and wild boars in Europe, wombats and koalas in Australia, and great apes and various wild bovids in Africa. Although short-term mortality may appear devastating, in a self-sustaining population, mortality is non-compensatory and a mange epizootic generally does not affect long-term population dynamics. Alternatively, the net effect of a mange epizootic can have serious consequences in remnant or fragmented populations of CITES-listed, threatened, or endangered species where loss of even a few individuals can be critical to the survival or restoration of a species (CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). The pathogenesis and concordant clinical symptoms of mange depends on the immune status of the respective host. Naïve, immunocompromised or anergic animals that are unable to evoke hypersensitivity responses develop an extensive epidermal hyperkeratosis usually without marked alopecia, but with an underlying chronic dermal inflammation and an abundance of mites in the skin. Immunocompetent hosts are able to develop strong types I and IV hypersensitivity responses that result in a marked decrease and eventual loss of mites in the skin. However, there are dramatic structural and functional changes in the skin; it becomes extensively thickened, greyish in colour and there is a marked eosinophilia throughout the epidermis and dermis. There is often almost complete alopecia. Isolation and treatment of infected individuals may be warranted, and has met with some success in small remaining populations of certain highly endangered species.
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Base de datos y catálogo de helmintos parásitos de anuros de México

2023-01-01
Guillermo Salgado Maldonado
Este proyecto propone recopilar la información disponible, publicada en la literatura especializada, para elaborar la base de datos y catálogo, que den cuenta del registro de helmintos parásitos de anuros … Este proyecto propone recopilar la información disponible, publicada en la literatura especializada, para elaborar la base de datos y catálogo, que den cuenta del registro de helmintos parásitos de anuros (Amphibia: Anura) estudiados hasta la fecha en México. Se integrarán datos de gusanos del Phylum Platyhelminthes, Clases Monogenea, Trematoda y Cestoda, Phylum Acanthocephala, Clase Palaeacanthocephala y de Nematoda, Clase Secernentea. Esta base derivada de la bibliografía, será completada con datos generados en investigaciones previas del responsable del proyecto, sobre los helmintos parásitos de 12 especies de anfibios anuros. La cobertura geográfica de estos registros incluye varios estados de la República, pero primordialmente por el número de registros que se aportarán están las siguientes, Cajón de Peñas - Chamela(R24) (incorporaremos registros de colectas realizadas en localidades situadas a los 19º24'N, 104º59'W); Soconusco (R32) (15º09'N, 92º28'W); Pátzcuaro y cuencas endorreicas cercanas (R62) (19º30'N, 101º36'W); Remanentes del complejo lacustre de la cuenca de México (R68); Los Tuxtlas (R80) (18º35'N,95º06'W). Reino: 1 Filo: 4 Clase: 8 Orden: 11 Familia: 37 Género: 40 Especie: 53

Sarcoptic manage in wildlife.

2002-08-01
D. B. Pence , E. Ueckermann
Sarcoptic manage caused by Sarcoptes scabiei is responsible for epizootic disease in populations of wild canids in North America, Europe and Australia, wild cats in Europe and Africa, wild ungulates … Sarcoptic manage caused by Sarcoptes scabiei is responsible for epizootic disease in populations of wild canids in North America, Europe and Australia, wild cats in Europe and Africa, wild ungulates and wild boars in Europe, wombats and koalas in Australia, and great apes and various wild bovids in Africa. Although short-term mortality may appear devastating, in a self-sustaining population, mortality is non-compensatory and a mange epizootic generally does not affect long-term population dynamics. Alternatively, the net effect of a mange epizootic can have serious consequences in remnant or fragmented populations of CITES-listed, threatened, or endangered species where loss of even a few individuals can be critical to the survival or restoration of a species (CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). The pathogenesis and concordant clinical symptoms of mange depends on the immune status of the respective host. Naïve, immunocompromised or anergic animals that are unable to evoke hypersensitivity responses develop an extensive epidermal hyperkeratosis usually without marked alopecia, but with an underlying chronic dermal inflammation and an abundance of mites in the skin. Immunocompetent hosts are able to develop strong types I and IV hypersensitivity responses that result in a marked decrease and eventual loss of mites in the skin. However, there are dramatic structural and functional changes in the skin; it becomes extensively thickened, greyish in colour and there is a marked eosinophilia throughout the epidermis and dermis. There is often almost complete alopecia. Isolation and treatment of infected individuals may be warranted, and has met with some success in small remaining populations of certain highly endangered species.

Histochimie : normale et pathologique

1969-01-01
Pierre Ganter , G Jollès

Diversity, dynamics, and predictors of head lice infestation among primary school children in Pakistan

2025-06-25
Fatima Batool , Muhammad Afzal , Syed Aqif Mukhtar +1 more | Deleted Journal

Correction: Scabies prevalence and its associated factors among prisoners in southern Ethiopia: An institution-based analytical cross-sectional study

2025-06-25
Efa Ambaw Bogino , Beshada Zerfu Woldegeorgis , Lantesil Wondewosen +6 more | PLoS neglected tropical diseases
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011826.]. [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011826.].

Trattamento della scabbia

2025-06-24
Ester Sapigni , Roselena Nigro , Giovanna Mattei +6 more | Medico e Bambino
Background. Scabies, a parasitic dermatosis caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, is classified by the World Health Organization as a neglected tropical disease due to its global burden. In recent years, Emilia-Romagna … Background. Scabies, a parasitic dermatosis caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, is classified by the World Health Organization as a neglected tropical disease due to its global burden. In recent years, Emilia-Romagna has reported a significant increase in scabies cases, with higher incidence among males, children, adolescents, and young adults. This guideline aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of scabies, focusing on target populations and types of scabies, with specific considerations for pediatric patients. Materials and methods. This consensus document was developed by a multidisciplinary team of dermatologists, pediatricians, public health officials, and pharmacists from the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy). It is based on systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and international guidelines published in the last six years (2019–2024). Results. Permethrin 5% topical cream remains the first-line therapy. Benzyl benzoate and oral ivermectin are effective alternatives in selected cases; oral ivermectin is specifically recommended for treating large groups or patients with extensive eczema. Crusted scabies requires a combination of topical and systemic agents, along with keratolytics. Early treatment of close contacts and a structured two-week follow-up are also recommended. A practical section on pediatric topical application is included to assist caregivers and improve compliance. Conclusion. This guideline supports healthcare professionals in the standardized management of scabies and emphasizes the need for effective interventions to address the rising incidence of cases.

In Vitro Evaluation of the Efficacy of 27 French Over-the-Counter Anti-lice Treatments

2025-06-23
Berthine Toubaté , Aniss Louchez , Françoise Debierre +1 more | Cureus

HUBUNGAN PERSONAL HYGIENE DENGAN KEJADIAN SCABIES PADA PENDUDUK DESA BAGENDANG KABUPATEN KOTAWARINGIN TIMUR

2025-06-23
Ridha Juliani , Imam Santoso , Erminawati Erminawati +1 more | Jurnal Karya Generasi Sehat
Abstract: Scabies is an infectious skin disease caused by infestation and sensitization of the Sarcoptes Scabiei variant Hominis mite. Factors that influence the development of this disease are lack of … Abstract: Scabies is an infectious skin disease caused by infestation and sensitization of the Sarcoptes Scabiei variant Hominis mite. Factors that influence the development of this disease are lack of personal hygiene. Factors that affect personal hygiene include bathing, dressing, washing and cleaning bedding behaviors are personal hygiene behaviors that greatly affect the occurrence of skin diseases, such as scabies. Purpose: to determine the relationship of personal hygiene to the incidence of scabies in residents of Bagendang Hulu Village, East Kotawaringin Regency. Method: The type of research used in this study was analytical observational with Case Control Study design. The sample in this study were 72 respondents consisting of 36 cases and 36 controls. Data analysis using Sperman's Rank Correlation test statistics. Results: Based on the statistical analysis of the Spearman's Rank Correlation test that has been carried out, it showed that there was a relationship between personal hygiene and the incidence of scabies in Bagendang Hulu Village with p = 0.973 which means that the strength of the relationship is very strong / perfect with OR = 37,000. It is expected that people maintain daily personal hygiene and improve habits that can trigger the occurrence of scabies Keywords: Personal Hygiene; Population at Risk; Scabies. Abstrak: Scabies adalah penyakit kulit menular yang disebabkan oleh infestasi dan sensitisasi tungau Sarcoptes Scabiei varian Hominis. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan penyakit ini adalah kurang bersihnya personal hygiene. Faktor yang mempengaruhi kebersihan diri termasuk perilaku mandi, berpakaian, mencuci dan membersihkan tempat tidur adalah perilaku personal hygiene yang sangat mempengaruhi terjadinya penyakit kulit, seperti scabies. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui hubungan personal hygiene terhadap kejadian scabies pada penduduk Desa Bagendang Hulu Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah observasional analitik dengan rancangan Case Control Study. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 72 responden yang terdiri 36 kasus dan 36 kontrol. Analisis data menggunakan statistik uji Korelasi Sperman’s Rank. Hasil uji statistik Korelasi Sperman’s Rank Berdasarkan analisis statistic uji Korelasi Spearman’s Rank yang telah dilakukan menunjukan bahwa ada hubungan antara personal hygiene dengan kejadian scabies di Desa Bagendang Hulu dengan p = 0,973 yang artinya kekuatan hubungan sangat kuat/sempurna dengan OR = 37.000. Diharapkan agar masyarakat menjaga kebersihan pribadi sehari-hari dan memperbaiki kebiasaan yang dapat memicu terjadinya penyakit scabies. Kata Kunci: Personal Hygiene; Penduduk Berisiko; Scabies.

Análisis dafo de las medidas de control integrado de plagas utilizadas en el control de chinches de cama en Colombia y España

2025-06-18
Julián Felipe Porras-Villamil , Sandra Sáez‐Durán , Rubén Bueno‐Marí +1 more | Revista de Medicina Veterinaria
Despite the worldwide resurgence of bedbugs, information on these infestations is relatively scarce. Consequently, we sought to evaluate the records and experience on the control of this pest from Pest … Despite the worldwide resurgence of bedbugs, information on these infestations is relatively scarce. Consequently, we sought to evaluate the records and experience on the control of this pest from Pest Control and Management Companies in Colombia and Spain. A confidential 27-question questionnaire, designed with Google Forms®, was sent directly through national associations and a survey company. The returned surveys were evaluated using a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) approach. Thirty-one out of 900 surveys, between June and November 2021, were returned. Companies in Spain have on average 23 years of experience while in Colombia 12.7. In Spain, 100% of companies perform bedbug disinfestations compared to 88.2% in Colombia. In Spain, several control visits are made, and a higher proportion of clients are provided with information. In Colombia, neither diatomaceous earth nor sniffer dogs are used. Infestations occurred in all social strata, infestation sites included retirement centers, hospitals, and shelters. This study reports on weaknesses and areas in need of improvement in bed bug management and reinforces the strengths of pest control companies in their fight against the global resurgence of bed bugs.

Psoroptes cuniculi infestation in an Angora rabbit from Kashmir and its therapeutic management

2025-06-18
Abdul Qayoom Mir , IM Allaie , T. Mufeeda +7 more | Journal of Parasitic Diseases

Demographic Characteristics and Prevalence of Skin Diseases among Schoolchildren in Rural Areas of Benghazi, Libya

2025-06-18
Salim Ali Alarifi , Abdulhamed Elorfi , Amal Alerebi +1 more | International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health
Background: Skin diseases are a common health problem in the pediatric age group. The prevalence of skin diseases depends on the health status, hygiene, and nutrition of children in the … Background: Skin diseases are a common health problem in the pediatric age group. The prevalence of skin diseases depends on the health status, hygiene, and nutrition of children in the society. Aim of the Study: To evaluate the prevalence of skin diseases among schoolchildren in west rural areas of Benghazi, Libya. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study included 556 students from three schools conducted in villages west of Benghazi, Libya (Al-Helys School, Bo-Fakra School, and Al-Tarya School), aged 6 to 13 years. Each child and a parent were interviewed regarding age, residence, and any specific complaint related to the skin. All children underwent a complete dermatological examination, including the skin, nails, and mucosa, under adequate daylight. Diagnoses were based on clinical features and appropriate investigations (KOH examination, Gram's stain, Wood's lamp). Results: Among the 556 students, the prevalence of skin diseases was observed in 75.2%. The age range was 6–9 years in 49.6% and 10–13 years in 50.4%. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.03. Dermatitis and related conditions were observed in 36.2%, infectious diseases in 31.8%, pigmentary disorders in 18.3%, other skin disorders in 11%, disorders of skin appendages in 4.1%, vascular disorders in 2.2%, and papulosquamous disorders in 2%. Various pigmentary disorders included post-inflammatory hypo- and hyperpigmentation (6.1%), melanocytic nevi (7.5%), vitiligo (0.2%), and freckles (1.6%). Pityriasis alba was found in 14.8%, dandruff in 6.3%, xerosis in 4.8%, and atopic dermatitis in 1.3%. Acne was diagnosed in 2.9% and alopecia in 0.7%. Pediculosis capitis was found in 25.5%, scabies in 1.8%, warts in 1.6%, and tinea capitis in 0.9%. Lichen planus was observed in 1.3% and lichen nitidus in 0.7%. Vascular disorders were present in 2.2%. Other skin disorders included scars (3.8%), milia (2.3%), insect bites (2%), and hyperhidrosis (1.6%). Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that the prevalence of common skin infections was high among the study subjects. Common skin conditions are easily identifiable and treatable. Early diagnosis is essential for management and implementing preventive programs such as health education and awareness among schoolchildren.

High prevalence of scabies and common skin disease in an Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory: results of a population-based screening study

2025-06-17
Victoria Cox , Jessica Gatti , Valda Bokmarkarry +7 more | Research Square (Research Square)
<title>Abstract</title> <bold>Background:</bold> Scabies is a Neglected Tropical Disease with skin manifestations caused by a parasitic mite. It can lead to secondary complications which cause significant morbidity and mortality. The prevalence … <title>Abstract</title> <bold>Background:</bold> Scabies is a Neglected Tropical Disease with skin manifestations caused by a parasitic mite. It can lead to secondary complications which cause significant morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of scabies in remote Aboriginal communities is believed to be among the highest in the world but no recent prevalence assessments have been conducted in northern Australia. <bold>Methods:</bold> An observational cross-sectional prevalence assessment was conducted in a remote Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory, as part of a community health initiative led by the local Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Organisation. Community residents and visitors of all ages were eligible to undergo a simplified skin assessment following verbal consent. Scabies was diagnosed when residents had 3 or more typical skin lesions in a typical body distribution, based on International Alliance for Control of Scabies (IACS) consensus criteria. Treatment of skin disease was according to national clinical guidelines with support from the local healthcare centre.The prevalence of scabies and other skin disease was estimated. To consider whether scabies prevalence was associated with underlying sociodemographic factors or co-infection with another skin disease, adjusted odds ratios were calculated with binomial 95% confidence intervals based on multivariate logistic regression with robust standard errors. Statistical significance was achieved when p&lt;0.05. <bold>Results:</bold> 1353 people from a remote Aboriginal community of approximately 3800 residents underwent a complete simplified skin assessment. The prevalence of scabies was 25.4% (344/1353, 95%CI=23.1-27.7) and 698 people (51.6%, 95%CI=48.4-53.8) had at least one skin disease identified during the study period. On multivariate analysis, young children aged 0–1 year had the highest prevalence of scabiesand an increased risk of scabies (59.4%, aOR=6.22, p&lt;0.001; 95%CI=2.41-16.09). <bold>Conclusions:</bold> The prevalence of scabies in this remote Aboriginal community was very high, especially in young infants. Community-led strategies are required to address the burden of scabies, impetigo and their sequelae.

Evaluation of Family Physicians’ Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to Different Dermatological Diseases

2025-06-17
Ecem Bostan , Mahmut Talha Uçar | Eurasian Journal of Medicine
Background: Skin-related health problems constitute a considerable portion of the reasons for consulting a family physician. Therefore, family physicians play a key role as gatekeepers in evaluating the signs and … Background: Skin-related health problems constitute a considerable portion of the reasons for consulting a family physician. Therefore, family physicians play a key role as gatekeepers in evaluating the signs and symptoms of various skin diseases, triaging the patients, and deciding upon the necessity for referral. The aim was to investigate the most common dermatological diseases encountered by family physicians in the outpatient clinics and determine the diagnostic and remedial approach of family physicians to these skin diseases in Türkiye. Methods: An online questionnaire composed of 48 questions related to the demographic and educational information of the participants, the most frequently seen dermatoses in outpatient settings, and the management skills of the participants for various skin disorders, was created using Google Forms. Via instant messaging and e-mail, the survey was distributed among practitioner family physicians, family physician residents, and family medicine specialists who were actively employed in different healthcare facilities in Türkiye. The snowball sampling method was used to convey the survey. Results: The present questionnaire-based study was conducted between October 2024 and January 2025. A total number of 176 participants who were actively working in different healthcare facilities in Türkiye were included in the study. The median number of patients examined in a month was 1025 (range: 90-4000). The most commonly encountered cutaneous diseases were fungal infections of the hair, nail, skin, and mucous membranes (91.5%) followed by scabies (80.1%), acne vulgaris (72.2%), and herpes simplex infection (65.9%). Herpes simplex infections, fungal infections of the skin, hair, nails, mucosa, and scabies were the 3 leading skin diseases at which family physicians felt competent while administering treatment. Conclusion: The results of the current study point out that since family physicians deal with a relatively high rate of skin disorders in their daily practice, it is quite essential to reinforce their diagnostic and therapeutic proficiencies through intensified dermatology courses and rotations.

Forehead Erythematous Rash: A Rare Manifestation of Tick-Borne Lymphadenopathy (TIBOLA)

2025-06-15
Francisca Bartilotti Matos , Rita de Sousa , Luís Malheiro | Cureus

The Problem of Antimicrobial Resistance in Scabies: An Emerging Public Health Threat

2025-06-13
Andrea Zovi , Francesco Ferrara , Roberto Langella +1 more | International Journal of Dermatology

Scabies in older adults: What Is New in Diagnosis and Treatment?

2025-06-13
Vasiliki Kourouni , Callum Verran , Jonathan P. E. White +1 more | Drugs & Aging

Serpiginous Travels: A Case of Cutaneous Larva Migrans

2025-06-13
Nicole Kandinova , Luis Gonzalez , Natalya Goldshteyn | Cureus
Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is a term used to describe the migrating linear skin lesions caused by the burrowing of parasitic nematode larvae within the epidermis. It may cause significant … Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is a term used to describe the migrating linear skin lesions caused by the burrowing of parasitic nematode larvae within the epidermis. It may cause significant discomfort and distress to patients despite being a relatively self-limiting condition. We present a case of a 34-year-old female with no significant past medical history who arrived at our institution with a pruritic rash on the left foot. Previous treatment with antivirals and azoles was ineffective. Interestingly, her travel history revealed a recent trip to Barbados which broadened the differential for parasitic infections. The patient was prescribed a course of ivermectin and discharged. She returned to the Infectious Disease clinic three weeks later for follow-up with near resolution of the rash. In our case, we highlight the importance of obtaining a thorough social history when encountering cutaneous lesions as well as key differences in the treatment of hookworm compared to other parasitic infections.

Post-COVID-19 resurgence of scabies in Campania, Italy: the hidden burden and challenges in surveillance

2025-06-13
Caterina Mariarosaria Giorgio , Gaetano Licata , Maria Maddalena Nicoletti +5 more | Dermatology Reports
Scabies, a contagious parasitic skin disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, has shown a marked resurgence in several European regions following the COVID-19 pandemic. In Campania, Italy, reported cases increased from … Scabies, a contagious parasitic skin disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, has shown a marked resurgence in several European regions following the COVID-19 pandemic. In Campania, Italy, reported cases increased from 42 in 2020 to 748 in 2024, according to the regional surveillance system (Sistema Premal-UOD). However, the true burden of disease is likely underestimated due to widespread underreporting, delayed diagnosis, and a hidden reservoir of undetected or self-treated cases. This study analyzes epidemiological trends in Campania, highlights limitations in surveillance, and examines the role of pseudo-resistance in treatment failures. The findings underscore the need for robust monitoring, accurate diagnostics, and public health interventions to reduce the ongoing spread of scabies in the region.

Kondisi Perilaku Personal Hygiene Dan Sanitasi Perumahan Pada Penderita Skabies

2025-06-13
Mellysa Rahayu , Vita Pramaningsih , Ratna Yuliawati | Buletin Keslingmas
Skabies adalah penyakit kulit yang disebabkan oleh tungau “Sarcoptes Scabiei Var Homonis” yang dapat menyerang individu dari segala usia, ras dan latar belakang sosial. Perilaku personal hygiene dan sanitasi perumahan … Skabies adalah penyakit kulit yang disebabkan oleh tungau “Sarcoptes Scabiei Var Homonis” yang dapat menyerang individu dari segala usia, ras dan latar belakang sosial. Perilaku personal hygiene dan sanitasi perumahan merupakan faktor yang sangat berpengaruh dalam penyakit skabies. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif yang dilakukan dengan tujuan membuat gambaran atau deskriptif. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 32 responden diambil menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Analisa data diolah secara manual dan disajikan dalam bentuk tabulasi nilai dan presentase Hasil penelitian perilaku personal hygiene yang dilakukan pada rumah yang berada di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sidomulyo Kota Samarinda ditemukan bahwa hasil dari perilaku responden yang memenuhi kriteria baik 8 responden (25%), kriteria cukup 10 responden (31,25%) dan kriteria kurang 14 responden (43,75%). Hasil dari Penilaian Rumah Sehat yang memenuhi kriteria rumah sehat ada 12 rumah (37,5%) dan kriteria rumah tidak sehat ditemukan sebanyak 20 rumah (62,5%). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sidomulyo Kota Samarinda, dapat disimpulkan bahwa masih banyak responden yang memiliki perilaku personal hygiene yang kurang baik dan pada sanitasi perumahan mayoritas rumah responden tidak memenuhi syarat pada pencahayaan, Sarana Pembuangan Air Limbah, Sarana Pembuangan Tempat Sampah, serta jarang membuka jendela kamar, sehingga memungkinkan terjadinya penularan skabies.

Prevalence of Scabies and Its Associated Risk Factors Among Cat Owners in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study

2025-06-12
Aini Aini , Musparlin Halid , Beny Binarto Budi Susilo | Public Health of Indonesia
Background: Mange, a skin disease caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite, poses a serious threat to the health and well-being of both cats and their owners. Clinical manifestations of mange … Background: Mange, a skin disease caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite, poses a serious threat to the health and well-being of both cats and their owners. Clinical manifestations of mange include intense pruritus, erythema, and skin rashes, which may lead to considerable discomfort and psychological distress. In urban environments with high pet density, such as Mataram City, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, the risk of mange transmission increases significantly, especially through close contact with infested animals. Objective: This study aimed to identify factors associated with the incidence of mange among cat owners in Mataram City. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from September 2023 to February 2024 across six sub-districts of Mataram City (Ampenan, Cakranegara, Mataram, Sandubaya, Selaparang, and Sekarbela) in West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. A total of 269 cat owners were selected using a simple random sampling technique. The independent variables included demographic characteristics (age, gender), behavioral and environmental factors (handwashing practices, home hygiene, history of sharing personal items, pet grooming habits, number of pet cats, history of cat mange, and family history of scabies). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression with a significance level of p &lt; 0.05 and 95% confidence interval (CI), utilizing IBM SPSS version 26. Results: Statistical analysis revealed no significant association between gender and mange infection among cat owners (p = 0.921). However, significant associations were found between mange infection and other variables, including age, handwashing practices, home environmental hygiene, sharing of personal items, pet grooming history, history of cat mange, number of pet cats, and family history of scabies (all with p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: The incidence of mange infection among cat owners was significantly associated with various socio-behavioral and environmental factors. These findings underscore the importance of integrated public health strategies to improve awareness, facilitate early diagnosis and treatment, and promote effective preventive measures against mange transmission. Keywords: prevalence; cat owner; Sarcoptes scabiei; scabies

Cutaneous Larva Migrans Refractory to Therapy with Ivermectin: Case Report and Review of Implicated Zoonotic Pathogens, Epidemiology, Anthelmintic Drug Resistance and Therapy

2025-06-12
Bart J. Currie , Jessica Hoopes , Bonny Cumming | Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is attributed to zoonotic infection with animal hookworm larvae penetrating the human skin, usually the feet and legs. There is, however, a broad range of differential … Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is attributed to zoonotic infection with animal hookworm larvae penetrating the human skin, usually the feet and legs. There is, however, a broad range of differential diagnoses, with the implicated hookworm species usually remaining speculative. Single-dose ivermectin is the most recommended current therapy, with repeat ivermectin doses sometimes required. With the massive global expansion of macrocytic lactone use in both livestock and companion animals, ivermectin resistance is being increasingly described in both helminths and ectoparasites. A case of CLM involving the foot of a healthy 37-year-old is described, with the failure of two doses of ivermectin 15 mg (240 μg/kg) a week apart. This occurred in the context of a remote work environment in tropical Australia with both companion animals (dogs and cats) and wildlife exposed to antiparasitic agents including ivermectin. A combination regimen of multiple doses of albendazole and ivermectin was curative. Parasites with multidrug resistance being described from animals now include hookworms in dogs which are resistant to pyrantel, benzimidazoles such as mebendazole and ivermectin. For relapsed CLM we now recommend a combination of ivermectin and albendazole therapy. This report supports the critical role for a One Health/Planetary Health approach to surveillance and response for emerging zoonoses and antimicrobial resistance in human and animal pathogens. This requires support for systematic approaches to foster and normalize communications and collaborations between human and animal health professionals, environmental scientists and ecologists and First Nations scientists who are the holders of Indigenous knowledge.

The Skin

2025-06-05
Bernard Naafs , John Masenga , Beatrice Amunga Etemesi +1 more | Cambridge University Press eBooks

Reduction of tungiasis prevalence, intensity, and morbidity during a two-year long community-based tungiasis control project in a hyperendemic region in Karamoja, Uganda

2025-06-05
Hannah McNeilly , Francis Mutebi , Felix Reichert +5 more | PLoS neglected tropical diseases
Tungiasis is a widespread and debilitating zoonotic Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). Manual extraction of the sand fleas with non-sterile sharp instruments is the most common but unsafe treatment method in … Tungiasis is a widespread and debilitating zoonotic Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). Manual extraction of the sand fleas with non-sterile sharp instruments is the most common but unsafe treatment method in affected communities. Topical application of a dimeticone oil formula (NYDA) has previously been shown to be a safe and effective method of killing embedded sand fleas. The objective of this study was to evaluate a two-year long humanitarian One Health tungiasis control project in 17 villages in Napak district, Karamoja region, Northeastern Uganda. The community-based intervention included quarterly systematic tungiasis detection and treatment with the dimeticone oil formula in residents and domestic animals in combination with community health promotion. In each of the eight quarterly tungiasis diagnosis and treatment rounds, between 3,674 and 5,155 residents were examined (coverage 73.6-89.9%). Overall, 12,540 tungiasis cases among residents were diagnosed and treated and 16 community dialogue meetings were held. Tungiasis prevalence among residents decreased from 62.8% to 5.7% in the two-year study period. While at baseline tungiasis was most prevalent in children and the elderly, at the end elderly women were the single most affected group. The prevalence of tungiasis-related walking difficulties in the community decreased from 11.5% to 0.5%, and pain and itching were greatly reduced. The number of animals present in the villages was low (between 79 and 414 per treatment round) and the prevalence of tungiasis in animals dropped from 14.2% to 0% throughout the two-year project. This implementation study shows that regular community-based treatment of tungiasis cases among humans and animals with dimeticone oil formula, combined with community engagement and health promotion, can reduce tungiasis prevalence and morbidity to very low levels within two years, even in a hyperendemic area where people live in extreme poverty.

Scabies Treatment in Sudan: Evaluating Permethrin 5% Lotion as a First-Line Treatment

2025-06-05
M Ben-Hadj Mohamed | Deleted Journal
Scabies continues to be a common dermatological and public health issue in Sudan especially in underserved &amp; rural kinds of communities. This research measures the effectiveness of Permethrin 5% lotion … Scabies continues to be a common dermatological and public health issue in Sudan especially in underserved &amp; rural kinds of communities. This research measures the effectiveness of Permethrin 5% lotion as a first-line treatment for scabies in three high-burden regions Atbara, Khasm Al-Girba and New Halfa. All in all, 150 subjects were enrolled and treated with a standardized protocol. Results demonstrated a 76% cure rate following a solitary application and 96.3% full recovery following a second dose. 1.3% of them had treatment resistant, all cases being from Atbara. The results validate Permethrin’s high efficacy, security and applicability to a wider spectrum in healthcare system of Sudan. The latter supports further its generalizability by regional consistency in outcomes. The study in turn recommends formal incorporation of Permethrin 5% lotion in national treatment guideline and cites the necessity of in the long-term surveillance and increase in public health education to ensure that ever control is sustained and prevent secondary attack from occurring.

Prevalence and Intensity of Pediculus humanus capitis in Kindergarten and Primary School Children in Poland

2025-06-03
Marcin Padzik , Gabriela Olędzka , Anita Gromala-Milaniuk +2 more | Journal of Clinical Medicine
Background/Objectives: Head lice is an ever-present public health issue, especially among the child population. The diagnosis of head lice infestation should be based on direct examination of the scalp, but, … Background/Objectives: Head lice is an ever-present public health issue, especially among the child population. The diagnosis of head lice infestation should be based on direct examination of the scalp, but, in practice, this standard is often not followed, giving way to indirect methods, such as questionnaires or sales reports of delousing shampoos. In Poland, there is no national pediculosis capitis control strategy; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of head lice infestation in schools and kindergartens in the years 2021–2023. Methods: Children aged from 3 to 14 years old were directly examined by certified nurses. The same educational institutions were examined across 2021–2023. No personal data of the children were gathered. Results: The prevalence of head lice infestation among children ranged from 8% to 13%, with significantly higher intensity and prevalence observed in girls compared to boys. Conclusions: The prevalence of pediculosis capitis among children in Poland remains persistent and relatively stable over the monitored period. Gender emerged as a significant factor, showing a strong association with both the intensity and extent of head lice infestation.

Prevalence Detection of Otodectes cynotis in Cats in Babylon City, Iraq

2025-06-02
Zahraa Kadhim AL-khafaji , Akeel Mohammad Kadim Al-Musawi | SAR Journal of Anatomy and Physiology
Otodectes cynotis is a common parasitic mite affecting cats and dogs, primarily inhabiting the ear canal, where it causes otitis externa, itching, and potentially severe complications. Despite its clinical significance, … Otodectes cynotis is a common parasitic mite affecting cats and dogs, primarily inhabiting the ear canal, where it causes otitis externa, itching, and potentially severe complications. Despite its clinical significance, data regarding its prevalence and identification in cats within Babylon City remain limited and incomplete. This study aimed to detect and identify Otodectes cynotis in cats using both light and electron microscopy, with identification based on morphological characteristics. A total of 150 cats of various ages and both sexes were examined across different regions of Babylon City during the period from October 2024 and March 2025 Clinical inspection and microscopic examination revealed that 91 out of 150 cats (60.66%) were infested with Otodectes cynotis. Samples were collected from six main areas: Al-Musayyab, Al-Mahawil, Al-Hillah Center, Al-Qasim, Al-Kifl, and Al-Hamza Al-Gharbi, Microscopic analysis confirmed that Otodectes cynotis was the soil mite species detected. Infestation rates were higher in female cats compared to males, and in younger cats (aged 1 to 6 months) compared to older cats (1 year and above). Geographically, the central region of Babylon Governorate exhibited the highest infestation rate, followed by the northern and southern areas, respectively. This study represents the first microscopic identification of Otodectes cynotis in cats in Babylon Province, Iraq, and highlights the need for improved hygiene and veterinary practices to control the spread of this parasite.

Patterns of dermatological emergencies at a tertiary hospital in Southwestern Saudi Arabia

2025-06-01
Hamad Alfahaad | Saudi Medical Journal
To examine the patterns and characteristics of dermatological emergencies managed at a tertiary hospital in the Southwest Region of Saudi Arabia. This study employed a retrospective cross-sectional design conducted at … To examine the patterns and characteristics of dermatological emergencies managed at a tertiary hospital in the Southwest Region of Saudi Arabia. This study employed a retrospective cross-sectional design conducted at King Khalid Hospital in Najran, Saudi Arabia. The study included patients who either visited the dermatology or emergency departments or were hospitalized due to dermatological conditions treated between January 2019 and December 2024. The study included 126 patients, with an almost equal distribution of males (50.8%) and females (49.2%), predominantly Saudi nationals (78.6%). Most patients were aged 18-60 (65.1%) years. The most common skin lesion was vesiculobullous (23.3%), and infectious diseases (42%) were the leading diagnoses. Lesions were mainly generalized (43.7%). Outcomes showed 31% full recovery, 59% recovery with complications, and 10% mortality. Complications included hepatitis (24%) and hyperpigmentation/hypopigmentation (23%). Most patients (77%) had no co-morbidities. All received supportive treatments, with 88.9% given systemic therapies, predominantly systemic steroids (42%). This study highlights the diverse spectrum of dermatological emergencies at a tertiary hospital in Southwest Saudi Arabia, emphasizing the predominance of infectious diseases and significant complications faced by patients. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive management strategies and prompt interventions to improve patient outcomes. Enhanced understanding of demographic factors, common diagnoses, and treatment patterns can guide future healthcare policies and resource sallocation.

The most effective systemic treatment in cats with otodectic mange: A critically appraised topic.

2025-06-01
Thierry Burnouf , Éric Guaguère | PubMed
Otodectic mange is one of the most common ectoparasitic diseases in cats and the most common cause of feline otitis externa. It is particularly prevalent in young cats between 3 … Otodectic mange is one of the most common ectoparasitic diseases in cats and the most common cause of feline otitis externa. It is particularly prevalent in young cats between 3 and 6 mo of age and is a veterinary concern, especially in catteries, due to its highly contagious nature. Although there is a risk of overdiagnosis if based solely on cerumen, it is not difficult to identify Otodectes cynotis if there is a clinical suspicion in a young cat. Considering the variety of available acaricidal molecules, as well as the need to use the most effective treatment, the present article reviews evidence comparing various types of systemic treatment for otodectic mange in cats. Isoxazolines (sarolaner, fluralaner, or esafoxolaner) or similar molecules such as tigolaner (a bispyrazole) and macrocyclic lactones (selamectin, eprinomectin, or moxidectin) can lead to parasitological cure and improvement of clinical signs associated with otodectic mange in cats, with rare, mainly cutaneous side effects with mild, autoresolving lesions. Similarities in the clinical and parasitological efficacy of these substances highlight the need for comparative studies that could allow identification of the most efficacious product.

P166 Scabies: not just a neglected disease, but a public health concern among key populations

2025-06-01
G Lenzi , PF Salvo , Valentina Iannone +7 more | The Poster

Petechial Rash: Coinfection with Rubella and Epstein–Barr Viruses

2025-06-01
Yoshihito Mima , Masako Yamamoto , Ken Iozumi | The American Journal of Medicine

Novel knockdown resistance mutations in human lice: artifacts or emerging resistance?

2025-06-01
O. P. Singh , Rajnikant Dixit , David Weetman | Trends in Parasitology

Clinical presentation of scabies from 1996 to 2022: a retrospective cohort study from Finland

2025-06-01
Anna Mikola , Ella Jokela , Jari Jokelainen +3 more | Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care
Increasing numbers of scabies cases have been reported in Europe and around the world in recent years. Scabies is more common in children and adolescents than in adults. To characterise … Increasing numbers of scabies cases have been reported in Europe and around the world in recent years. Scabies is more common in children and adolescents than in adults. To characterise patient profiles and treatment strategies of scabies over time at the dermatology clinic of Oulu University Hospital (OUH), Finland. The OUH database was searched using diagnostic codes, and all patients diagnosed with scabies in the OUH dermatology unit between 1996 and 2022 were included in the study. The retrieved patient records were reviewed for demographic and clinical data. The study included the records of 662 patients. 'Suspected scabies' was given as reason for referral to a specialist care in only 21.5% of cases. Time between a symptom onset and the referral to the dermatology unit was significantly longer in adults and adolescents than in small children (p < 0.001), and was longer than six months in one-fifth of adults. Symptomatic sites varied between age groups: compared with small children, adults more commonly (p < 0.001) presented with symptoms in the genital-gluteal area, whereas symptoms were located on the head and 'foot and ankles' more often in young children than other age groups (p < 0001 for all comparisons). Diagnosis was markedly delayed in many patients, especially adults. Unspecified, pruritic skin symptoms should lead to a suspicion of scabies, and when a diagnosis is unclear, the patient should be referred to a dermatologist as quickly as possible. This would both help patients and prevent further spread of the infestation.

Increase of pediculicidal activity of commercial insecticides by combination with an artificial blend of faeces components

2025-05-30
Victor Adjemian , Federico Gabriel Galassi , María Inés Picollo +1 more | Medical and Veterinary Entomology
Abstract Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), the human head louse, is a parasitic insect responsible for pediculosis, a global health concern. In a previous study, we demonstrated that … Abstract Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), the human head louse, is a parasitic insect responsible for pediculosis, a global health concern. In a previous study, we demonstrated that this hematophagous insect is attracted to a solvent extract from its faeces. In this study, we evaluated the head louse attraction towards mixtures of the three main components present in faeces (uric acid, hypoxanthine and guanine). A basic uric acid:hypoxanthine:guanine (10:10:1) mixture in 0.2 M produced significant attraction towards head lice in behavioural bioassays. In another approach, we evaluated the aggregation response of groups of head lice around collected fresh faeces and around the main components of the synthetic blend. In both studies, we found a significant aggregation of head lice. Finally, we studied the effect of the addition of the attractant blend on the mortality produced by malathion and permethrin, and found an increased mortality effect for both insecticides. We concluded that the blend of the main components of the louse faeces produces both attraction and aggregation of head lice, and increases the insecticide mortality effect of malathion and permethrin insecticides. These findings can contribute to the development of new strategies for pediculosis control.

Literature Review: Risk Factors Affecting The Incidence Of Soil-Transmitted Helminths (Sth) Infection In Adults

2025-05-30
Farras Arlinda Rachmawati , Radi Radi , Dwi Sarwani Sri Rejeki +2 more | Jurnal Riset Kesehatan
Background: Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infection is still a problem in many countries. Studies on risk factors for soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infection are still more focused on children, while studies in … Background: Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infection is still a problem in many countries. Studies on risk factors for soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infection are still more focused on children, while studies in adults are limited. This study aims to summarize risk factors for soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infection in adults. Method: This study used a literature review method by collecting journals from Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Data was collected using the keywords risk factor, soil-transmitted helmet, and adult. The article to be reviewed is a research conducted in 2019 - 2023. Result: The results of the article search were obtained as many as 861 articles which were then selected using inclusion and exclusion criteria so that as many as 10 articles were received for review. The results of the review of the entire article found that the risk factors for soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infection in adults are individual factors (Education level, gender, age, and type of occupation ), socioeconomic (Community ethnicity, area of residence, and population density), and Personal hygiene (habit of washing food before consumption, nail hygiene, interaction with animals, waste or dirt removal, handwashing habit, soil-eating habit, and boiling drinking water)). Conclusion: Risk factors for soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are individual, socioeconomic, and personal hygiene

АНАЛІЗ ФАКТОРІВ, ЩО ВПЛИВАЮТЬ НА ЗАРАЖЕННЯ СОБАК КЛІЩАМИ

2025-05-30
Sergiy Prosyanyi , Yulia Horiuk , V. V. Horiuk | Podilian Bulletin Agriculture Engineering Economics
Інвазії, спричиненні кліщами, є одними з найпоширеніших захворювань для тварин і людей. У дослідженні описано поширення збудників Demodex canis, Sarcoptes scabiei var. сanis і Otodectes cynotis на території України впродовж … Інвазії, спричиненні кліщами, є одними з найпоширеніших захворювань для тварин і людей. У дослідженні описано поширення збудників Demodex canis, Sarcoptes scabiei var. сanis і Otodectes cynotis на території України впродовж останніх п’яти років, досліджено вікові особливості прояву хвороб, вплив породи і статті собак на інтенсивність захворювання. Дослідження, проведене протягом 2019–2023 років, охопило 1452 собаки, які належали власникам із Хмельницької та Чернівецької областей України. Клінічне обстеження здійснювалося за стандартними методами, ураховуючи локалізацію та площу ураження шкіри, наявність свербіння й інші симптоми. Для діагностики акарозів (саркоптозу, отодектозу, демодекозу) використовувалися глибокі зіскреби шкіри, а також отоскопія для оцінювання стану вушного кліща. Дослідження акариформних кліщів у собак протягом 2019–2023 років виявило, що основними видами паразитів, які уражали тварин, є Otodectes cynotis, Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis і Demodex canis. За результатами дослідження, найбільш поширеним захворюванням серед собак є демодекоз (6,3%), отодектоз (4,3%) і саркоптоз (1,2%). Найвища екстенсивність інвазії була зафіксована у 2023 році, зокрема на отодектоз (5,5%), демодекоз (7,5%) і саркоптоз (1,4%). Досліджено також вікові особливості зараження, де відзначено високу зараженість у віці 2–6 місяців і пік ураження у віці 6–12 місяців. Порідні та статеві особливості захворювання також враховані: найбільше випадків отодектозу зареєстровано в змішаних порід собак, а демодекоз частіше зустрічався в безпородних тварин. Самки виявилися більш схильними до зараження акарозами порівняно із самцями. Отримані дані дадуть можливість розробити комплексний підхід щодо профілактики цих захворювань з урахуванням епізотичної ситуації в конкретному регіоні.

A novel calreticulin of Psoroptes ovis regulated keratinocyte function resulting in host skin barrier dysfunction: implications for involvement in the pathogenesis of psoroptic mange

2025-05-30
Yane Li , Guiying Hao , Je Fan +7 more | Parasites & Vectors
Abstract Background Psoroptes ovis , the causative agent of psoroptic mange, affects a wide range of domestic and wild animals, causing substantial economic losses and threatening wildlife survival. However, the … Abstract Background Psoroptes ovis , the causative agent of psoroptic mange, affects a wide range of domestic and wild animals, causing substantial economic losses and threatening wildlife survival. However, the underlying pathogenesis of this ectoparasitic disease remains poorly understood. Methods In this study, we comprehensively characterized the sequence conservation and excretory–secretory properties of P. ovis calreticulin (PsoCRT) using sequence alignment, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence assays. To investigate the functional impact of recombinant PsoCRT (rPsoCRT), we conducted in vitro studies assessing its effects on keratinocyte proliferation, migration, differentiation, and the expression of immune regulatory factors. In addition, we employed rabbit ear intradermal injections of rPsoCRT to histologically observe tissue changes and confirm alterations in the expression profiles of immune regulatory factors. Results PsoCRT was expressed across all developmental stages of P. ovis , with peak expression observed in adult males. Notably, PsoCRT was excreted and secreted into the host epidermis, primarily localizing within the stratum granulosum and spinosum. Intriguingly, sera from rabbits infested with P. ovis did not recognize PsoCRT. In vitro studies revealed that rPsoCRT significantly inhibited keratinocyte proliferation and migration, promoted differentiation, and upregulated the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-36, C–C motif chemokine ligand 27 (CCL27), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in vitro, without altering the levels of interferon (IFN)-γ or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. In vivo, rabbit ear intradermal injections of rPsoCRT induced epidermal cell differentiation, immune cell infiltration, and an upregulation of IL-6, CCL27, and VEGF expression. Conclusions PsoCRT disrupted the physical and immune barriers of keratinocytes, leading to skin dysfunction and facilitating a microenvironment conducive to P. ovis parasitization, thereby highlighting its important role in the pathogenesis of psoroptic mange. Graphical abstract